Chapter 13 - Solutions

1. Homogeneous Solutions - a uniform mixture of two or more

substances.

Gaseous solutions
air( oxygen + other gases)
Liquid solutions
vinegar in water
salt dissolved in water
Solid solutions
liquid Hg dissolved in silver fillings
metal alloys
Solvent - component of a solution present in the greatest
amount
Solute - a solution component present in a small amount
relative to that of solvent.
2. Solubility: the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve
in a specified amount of solvent - units expressed

grams solute
100 grams solvent

Solubility @ specific
temperature, pressure

Saturated Solution - solution contains the maximum amount

of solute that can be dissolved under the conditions at which the
solution exists.

Solutions

Unsaturated Solution - solution where less solute than the

maximum amount possible is dissolved in the solution.
Dilute Solution - solution that contains a small amount of
solute compared to that required for a saturated solution
Concentrated solution - contains a large amount of solute
compared to that required for a saturated solution
Miscible substances dissolve in each other
Immiscible substance do not dissolve in each other
Aqueous solution - solution in which water is the solvent
3. Formation of a solution - For solute to dissolve in solvent:
solute - solute attractions must be overcome
solvent - solvent attractions must be overcome
New interactions must occur between solute and solvent
molecules
These solute - solvent interactions provide the driving
force for the formation of the solution
4. Solubility Rules Review from Chapter 10 notes
A polar solvent will dissolve polar solutes, and nonpolar
solvents will dissolve nonpolar solutes

O
H

Solutions

Problem
Predict the solubility of each solute-solvent combination:
acetone in water
methanol in water
NaBr in water
Ca3(PO4)2 in water
propane in water
BaSO4 in water

5. Percent by mass or volume

mass solute X 100
mass solution

Percent by Mass

mass solution =mass solute + mass solvent

Problem
Calculate the solution concentration as percent by mass given 0.25
grams of sodium chloride are dissolved in 0.75 g water.

Solutions

Problem
How many grams of sugar must be added to 20.0 g of water to
prepare a 65 % by mass sugar solution.

Volume solute
volume solution

X 100

Percent by volume

Vol solution = vol solute + vol solvent

Problem
A salt solution is prepared by mixing 45.0 ml of alcohol with 155.0
ml of solvent. Express the concentration of the solution as percent
by volume:

Solutions

mass solute (g)

X 100
volume solution (ml)

Percent mass - volume

Problem
Vinegar is a 5.0% mass-volume percent of acetic acid. How much
acetic acid in grams is present in 8 oz of vinegar?

Solutions

6. Parts per million, ppm is one part of solute per million parts of
solution:
X 106
mass solute
volume solution

ppm (m/v)

X 109
mass solute
volume solution

ppb (m/v)

Problem
The concentration of sodium fluoride, NaF in tap water is found to
be 32.2 mg of NaF per 20.0 kg of tap water. Express the
concentration of NaF in water in ppm (m/m).

Solutions

7. Molarity (M) and Molality (m)

moles solute
liters solution

Molarity

Problem
Determine the molarity of the following solutions:

1.5 moles of HCl in enough water to give 2.00 liters solution

5.87 g of NH4Cl dissolved in water to make 3.41 liters of solution

Solutions

Problem
How many liters of 0.266 M aqueous hydrochloric acid can be
prepared from 255 g of HCl?

Problem
Calculate the grams of solute needed to prepare 475 ml of 5.62 X
10-2 M potassium sulfate.

Solutions

9
Problem

Calculate the volume of 18.0 M sulfuric acid that must be added to

water to prepare 2.0 L of 0.309 M solution.

Problem
What is the molarity of a concentrated nitric acid with a density of
1.41 g/ml and contains 70.% HNO3 by mass.

Solutions

10
moles solute
kg solvent

Molality

Problem
Calculate the molality of a solution prepared by dissolving 48.0 g
of calcium nitrate in 2.34 X 103 g of water.

Problem
How many grams of KCl must be dissolved in 250. g of water to
make a 0.400 m solution?

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11

8. Concentrations use with chemical equations

Problem
How many grams of NaH2PO4 are needed to react with 28.74 ml of
0.255 M NaOH?
NaH2PO4(s) + 2NaOH(aq)
Na3PO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Problem
How many milliliters of 0.55 M HCl are needed to react with 3.7 g
CaCO3?
HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s)
CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

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12

9. Concentrations molarity, molality, percent composition

and density.
Problem
A 1.45 M KCl solution has a density of 1.06 g/ml.
Calculate the % by weight of KCl in the solution

Calculate the molality of this solution.

Solutions

13

Problem
3.4 grams of sodium phosphate is dissolved in water to make 298
liters of solution.
What is the mass percent of sodium phosphate in the solution if the
density of the solution is 1.12 g/ml?

What is the molarity of the solution?

What is the molality of the solution?

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14

Problem
53.9 mls of a 1.98 M silver nitrate solution is mixed with 7.52 mls
of 1.33 M solution of sodium chloride.
Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

How much silver chloride will be formed?

What is the volume of excess reactant that remains?

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15

10. Dilutions
M1 X

V1

M2 X

V2

Problem
65.9 mls of water is added to 403 mls of 2.39 M solution of HCl.
What is the new molarity of the solution?

Problem
How much water must be added to 420. mls of a 3.61 M solution
of potassium nitrate to decrease the concentration of the solution to
1.40 M?

Solutions - Homework Problems

16

1. Calculate the mass of sodium chloride in 762 grams of a 5.3 % by mass solution
2. What is the mass of solute present in 437 cm3 solution, if the solution is 85% water
and has a density of 1.64 g/ml.

3. Determine the mass of solvent needed for 145 g of 3.20 % by mass solution.

4. What is the molarity of HCl solution, if density is 1.12 g/ml and it contains 31% HCl?

What is molality of the solution?

5. How many molecules of ethanol (CH3CH2OH) in 530 mls of 3.66 M solution?

How many grams of ethanol in solution?

6. Calculate the molality and molarity of a solution made when 222 grams of MgCl2 are
dissolved in enough water to make 969 ml of solution? Density of solution = 1.00g/ml.

7. A 4.621 M KI solution has a density of 1.36 g/ml. Calculate the percent by weight.

Calculate the molality of the solution.

8. In a chemical analysis, 15.6 ml of 0.664 M silver nitrate solution is required to react

with all the nickel (II) chloride in a 13.7 ml sample of plating solution. Balance
equation and find molarity of the nickel (II) chloride solution.

Text Problems
5,7,11,13,15,17,19,23,29,33,41,43,51,53,55,57,61,63,65,67,69,71,75,77a.79a,b,81c,83a,
85a,87c,89,93,97,103,107,112,119,121,125,137,141