Chapter 18 Reading Worksheet

Name _________________________

Read pages 492-500, 509 - 510

1. Briefly describe variolation.
- An early method of vaccination using infected material from a patient.
2. Briefly describe the contributions of Edward Jenner, Robert Koch, and Louis Pasteur to
the development of vaccinations. (may need to review some of Chap 1)
- Jenner: began series of experiements in 1798 where he deliberately inoculated
people with cowpox in an attempt to prevent smallpox
- Koch: series of postulates
- Pasteur:
3. Define vaccination and explain the derivation of this term.
- A preparation of killed, inactivated, or attenuated microorganisms or toxoids to
induce artificially acquired active immunity
- Derived by Pasteur from the Latin vacca, meaning cow, to honor Jenners work
with cowpox
4. Describe herd immunity.
- The presence of immunity in most of a population
5. What kind of immunity is developed by use of vaccines?
Active or passive? Active
Natural or artificial? Artificial
6. The 5 general types of vaccines that are widely used are listed in the table below.
Add at least two examples of each types of vaccine.
VACCINE TYPE

EXAMPLES
MMR

Live Attenuated Vaccines

Varicella
Salk polio (IPV)

Inactivated (killed) Vaccines

Toxoids

Influenza
Tetanus
Diphtheria
Acellular pertussis

Subunit
Conjugated

HPV
Hib
Prevnar

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6. What concerns are there regarding live attenuated vaccines? Who should NOT
receive these vaccines?
- May reproduce temporarily in recipient
- Pregnant women and immunocompromised should not receive
7. What is a conjugated vaccine?
- A vaccine consisting of the desired antigen and other proteins
What are the advantages of conjugated vaccines? What age group are these most
necessary for?
- Enable vaccination of tiny babies, who will respond to the conjugate but not to
the polysaccharide alone
8. What is gamma globulin (immune globulin)?
- Substance made from human blood plasma contains antibodies that protect the
body against diseases
9. Give two examples of when immune globulin would be administered to a patient.
- Human rabies
- Tetanus
10. List several examples of diseases which are most easily diagnosed by
measurement of antibody titers in patients (instead of culturing the etiologic agent).
(This is known as immunologic-based diagnostic tests)
- Toxoplasmosis
- Cytomegalovirus
- Syphilis
- Lyme disease
11.

Differentiate between acute and convalescent titers.

- Acute titer: drawn as early as possible, preferably during the first few days of an
illness
- Convalescent titer: drawn several weeks later
12.

Briefly describe the direct and indirect ELISA techniques.

- Direct ELISA: detects antigen in patient samples
- Home pregnancy test
- Rapid strep test
- Drug tests
- Indirect ELISA: detects antibody in patient samples (serum)
- Varicella titer (and many others)
- HIV test
- Lyme disease

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What are direct ELISA tests used to detect? (antigen or antibody) Antigen
Provide an example of a direct ELISA
- Home pregnancy test
What are indirect ELISA tests used to detect? (antigen or antibody) Antibody
Provide an example of a indirect ELISA
- HIV test

Long 2016