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88
Pr = Fr .V
Where
dV
is vehicle acceleration,
dt
tr
1
Fw = A f C DV 2 (1 + Cw )
2
(4)
Pw =
(1)
(3)
F - F
dV t tr
=
dt
M
M is Bus Mass, g is
1
A C V 3 (1 + Cw )
2 f D
(5)
coefficient,
Fr = M .g .f r . cos
Fg = M .g .sin
(6)
(2)
Pg = M .g V
. .sin
89
(7)
1
+ A f C DV 2 (1 + Cw )
2
dv
= (Ftf + Ftr ) - (Frf + Frr + Fw + Fg )
dt
where
(9)
dv
is the linear acceleration of the vehicle,
dt
Frf and Frr are the rolling resistance of front and rear tyres
respectively, Fw is the aerodynamic drag,
Pe / g =
Fg is the grading
1
+ C D A f V f 3 ]
5
resistance and Ftr , Ftf are the tractive effort of the front and
rear tyre respectively.
VIII. COMPONENTS SIZING
Pt = Pw heel
Pave =
+
+V b 2 )
2
1
+ M gV f ( f r cos + sin ) + C D A f V f 3 ]
3
5
(10)
1
M
[
(V f 2 +V b 2 )
1000 t 2t a
2
1
MgV f ( f r cos + sin ) + C D A f V f 3 ]
3
5
(11)
T EM =
PEM
EM
30PEM
60
P =
2 RPM EM EM RPM EM
1
T
1
T
T
0 (M gf r + 2 C D A f V
M
dV
dt
dt
)V dt
(14)
The power rating of electric motor (KW) in the flat road is:
PEM =
(13)
1
M
[
(V f
=
1000 2 t a
1
2
[ MgV f ( f r cos + sin )
1000 t m 3
(12)
90
PPPS
PEM ,Max
Pe / g g
(15)
I Batt =
PBatt
V Batt
(16)
91
TABLE II
VEHICLE PARAMETERS AT DIFFERENT WEIGHT AND SLOPES
600
P.ICE. [kW]
500
Slope = 14%
400
300
Slope = 7%
200
Slope= 4%
100
Slope = 0%
0
10
20
30
40
50
Speed [k m/h]
60
70
80
Effect of Grade
92
P=108 KW
Drive Cycle
Simulation Results
Figs. 9 and 10 show the results of the components
simulation in the mentioned drive cycle with assumption that
the bus travels on the level surface. Fig. 9 shows that the bus
is capable to pass the drive cycle. Fig. 10 shows that the bus
travels more than half of the path in pure electric mode and it
is so effective for emission and fuel consumption reduction
and also the generator is capable to keep the SOC of the
battery pack over the 40%.
35
cyc_kph_r
kpha
30
25
km/h
20
15
10
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time(Sec.)
joints
93
0.7
ess_soc_hist
0.65
ess_ so c_ hist
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time(Sec.)
REFERENCES
[1]
0.7
ess_soc_hist
0.65
ess_soc_hist
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Time(Sec.)
94