Soft drinks best practice

Metrics key

Version 1
Annex 3: Examples of fruit & sugar production good practice and reduction opportunities

Materials

Waste

Water

Energy

GHGs

Beet

Cane

Metric

CSDs

Sugar
Pineapple

Citrus

Apples

Blackcurrants

Fruit

Good
No change
Poor
Unknown

Name

Description

Supply chain stage

Case studies

Reference

Water reuse

Reusing treated and/or rain water for

processes removed from product e.g.
reusing treated wastewater for
landscape irrigation and truck washing,
rainwater harvest

Raw materials & manufacture

1. CASCADE water recycling project reduces water usage by 75-85%, lowered customer complaints (through more efficient washing and
decreased product breakdown) by 48%, and a 50% reduction in energy costs equating to a saving of 8000KWh per week
2. GSK reportedly reuse the water extracted from their blackcurrants during the Ribena production process
3. 75% of the process water used by Citrus BR comes from the orange itself

1. MSE Systems. CASCADE Water Recycling Project, 2012. http://www.msesystems.co.uk/case-studies/1/cascade-water-recycling-project.

2. Conversation with Rob Saunders, GSK
3. Lohbauer, Christian. Brazilian Orange Juice: Fruitful Sustainability. presented at the FT Sustainable Agriculture Summit, London, March 29, 2012.
http://www.citrusbr.com/download/4.BrazilianOJFruitfulSustainability_FTSustainableAgricultureSummit_Londres(ReinoUnido)_29mar%C3%A7o2012.pdf.

Micro-irrigation

Techniques to reduce the amount of

Raw materials
water applied to cropland via microsprinklers or drip irrigation; NB potential
increase in energy/carbon as
clean/filtered water must be used to
prevent clogging

Netafim conducted a case study in India for drip-irrigating cotton. Among other benefits, the study showed improved yields and 41.6% water Accenture. Sustainable Energy for All: Opportunities for the Food and Agriculture Industry . UN Global Compact, n.d.
savings
http://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/issues_doc/Environment/SEFA/6SEFA_FoodandAgriculture.pdf.

CIP technology

New CIP technologies that reduce water use

Manufacture

Radical Waters' Electro Chemical Activation (ECA): replaces traditional detergents with a brine solution passed through patented reactors. The Bouckley, Ben. Breakthrough CIP Cleaning Tech more Progressive Than Prog Rock: Radical Waters. FoodProductionDaily.com . Accessed November 12, 2012.
tech pays back in under two years, and shows water savings of 64%
http://www.beveragedaily.com/Processing-Packaging/Breakthrough-CIP-cleaning-tech-more-progressive-than-prog-rock-Radical-Waters.

Ice pigging

Ice pigging is a CIP process that can

Manufacture
replace traditional practices that use
large amounts of water. A specific
composition of ice slush (pig) is pumped
into pipes and removes sediment build
ups
i-crop is a crop management system
Raw materials
developed in partnership with the
University of Cambridge. It collects data
from soil moisture probes in field as well
as a local weather station to assess
exactly how much water a crop requires

Uses 50% less water than flushing or standard pigging, and can be 1000x more effective at removing sediment and biofilm than traditional
flushing. "Lowest cost option when considering volume of sediment removed"

Aqualogy Environment Ltd. Ice Pigging - the Efficient, Rapid and Environmentally Friendly Way to Clean Pipes. Accessed October 26, 2012.
http://www.aqualogyuk.com/websitefiles/ice_pigging_aqualogy(1).pdf.

Based on 2011 measurements at 46 farms in 5 regions, farmers used 8% less water to grow 13% more potatoes

Introducing I-crop TM from PepsiCo , 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OY7FNclmEsc&feature=youtube_gdata_player.

Reuse purified water for irrigation Replacing freshwater use with treated effluent
Raw materials

The reuse of treated wastewater could reduce freshwater consumption by 95% for oranges and lemons. The reduction is slightly less for
concentrated juice: 91% for oranges and 84% for lemons

Beccali, Marco, Maurizio Cellura, Maria Iudicello, and Marina Mistretta. Life Cycle Assessment of Italian Citrus-based Products. Sensitivity Analysis and Improvement Scenarios.
Journal of Environmental Management 91, no. 7 (July 2010): 14151428. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.02.028.

Drought resistance

Crops that are selected or are

Raw materials
genetically engineered to have a higher
tolerance of water stress

Miguel Torres of Torres wines is planting more drought resistant varieties as well as other measures to protect his business from the effects of Franson, Paul. Torres Acting on Climate Change. Wines & Vines , February 15, 2008. http://www.winesandvines.com/template.cfm?section=news&content=53240.
climate change, including acquiring more property high up in the Pyrenees and reducing vineyard density.

Ionised air

Replacing water in cleaning in process (CIP)

Manufacture
practices with ionised air to rinse packaging
Coca-Cola has improved its water use efficiency for the eighth consecutive year; the use of ionised air for packaging rinsing contributed to this Environmental Leader. Coke Improves Water Efficiency for 8th Straight Year, January 31, 2012. http://www.environmentalleader.com/2012/01/31/coke-improves-water-efficiencyfor-8th-straight-year/.

Renewable energy

Self-explanatory; either through

Manufacture
supporting renewable projects
(PepsiCo), or producing own using waste
products (sugar)

1. PepsiCo, which already generates 159,000MWh of renewable energy p.a., has invested US$30m towards renewables projects in the US
towards its goal of powering 100% of its facilities through renewable energy
2. There is huge potential in the sugar cane business for renewable energy from cane bagasse. Belize Sugar Industries has invested in a plant
to produce up to 20% of the country's energy demand, while Havana Energy have struck a deal to develop the technology in Cuba

1. Accenture. Sustainable Energy for All: Opportunities for the Food and Agriculture Industry. UN Global Compact, n.d.
http://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/issues_doc/Environment/SEFA/6SEFA_FoodandAgriculture.pdf.
2. BBC. UK Firm Signs Cuban Energy Deal. BBC, January 17, 2011, sec. Scotland business. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-12204109.
2. Tate & Lyle. THE SUGAR INDUSTRY IN BELIZE, CENTRAL AMERICA, n.d. http://www.tateandlyle.presscentre.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=311.

Manufacture

MVR can reduce the global warming potential (GWP) and cumulative energy demand (CED) by 12.5% and 19% respectively for concentrated
orange juice.

Beccali, Marco, Maurizio Cellura, Maria Iudicello, and Marina Mistretta. Life Cycle Assessment of Italian Citrus-based Products. Sensitivity Analysis and Improvement Scenarios.
Journal of Environmental Management 91, no. 7 (July 2010): 14151428. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.02.028.

Low carbon fertiliser can be locally

Raw materials
sourced from agricultural and food
waste, which can significantly reduce
GHG emission
CFT is an easy to use PC platform that
Raw materials
allows farmers to track all relevant data
about their crop so that they can easily
calculate their carbon emissions and
look for reduction opportunities

Tropicana (PepsiCo) is trialling two low carbon fertilisers supplied by Yara and ERTH. The trial has the potential to reduce the footprint of
Tropicana by as much as 20%

Time Magazine. Tropicana: Trying to Make a Greener Orange Juice, March 11, 2010. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1978783,00.html.

Transportation by rail as opposed to

road

Railway distribution, as opposed to road transportation, can reduce the eco-profile of concentrated orange juice through a 19% reduction in
CED and a 12.5% reduction in GWP

Beccali, Marco, Maurizio Cellura, Maria Iudicello, and Marina Mistretta. Life Cycle Assessment of Italian Citrus-based Products. Sensitivity Analysis and Improvement Scenarios.
Journal of Environmental Management 91, no. 7 (July 2010): 14151428. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.02.028.

WATER

i-crop

Y
N

Y
N

Y
N

N
N

ENERGY

Mechanical vapour recompression

Y

MVR creates a flow of high pressure,

high temperature steam by compression
as opposed to thermal vapour
recompression, which is characterised
by high expenditure of thermal energy.

GHGs
Low carbon inorganic fertiliser
Y

N
Cool Farm Tool

Railway distribution
Y

Raw materials

Raw materials
Y

Beccali, Marco, Maurizio Cellura, Maria Iudicello, and Marina Mistretta. Resource Consumption and Environmental Impacts of the Agrofood Sector: Life Cycle Assessment of Italian
Citrus-Based Products. Environmental Management 43, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 707724. doi:10.1007/s00267-008-9251-y.

Y
Manure fertiliser

MULTI-METRIC

Home soda dispensing

Carbonated drinks can be made at

home, avoiding the negative effects of
mass production, especially the
production of plastic for packaging

By-product usage

Waste streams from fruit and sugar

Manufacture
factories are extremely valuable and by
no means useless

e.g. British Sugar is one of the UK's largest producers of tomatoes in the largest single glasshouse in the UK. They utilise the CO 2 emissions
from their Wissington sugar factory, waste heat, and reclaimed water to nurture the tomatoes

British Sugar website

Tree density

Intensification of fruit production by

Raw materials
increasing the number of trees per
hectare
Best practice can be informed and
Raw materials
identified by extensive research into the
system

Tree density in Brazil's citrus belt has increased from 250/ha in the 1980s to currently 833/ha

Fava Neves, Marcos, Vinicius Gustavo Trombin, Frederico Fonseca Lopes, Rafael Kalaki, and Patricia Milan. The Orange Juice Business - A Brazilian Perspective . The Netherlands:
Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011.

Manufacture

Use of home dispensing machines (NB after heavy extrapolation) could save 3m tonnes of PET packaging, 662,996m litres of water and 0.23kg Sexton, Alex. Soft Drinks: Hard on the Environment , November 25, 2010. http://www.sodastream.co.uk/gbretail/softdrinksreport.pdf.
CO2e per household

YIELD
Y

N
Research

The UK sugar beet industry has invested 1.8m into research through the British Beet Research Organisation (BBRO) into crop agronomy and British Sugar, and NFU Sugar. UK Beet Sugar Industry, Sustainability Report 2011 , 2011. http://www.britishsugar.co.uk/Files/Beet_Sugar_Industry_Sustainability_Report_2011.aspx.
genetic technologies. This has been the main driver behind the 60% increase in yield over the last three decades; this improvement has freed
up 90,000ha for alternative uses.