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of Photovoltaic Systems
Further Acknowledgements
MCS would like to acknowledge the work undertaken by the members of the MCS solar photovoltaic
technical working group to develop this guide with particular thanks to the following organisations:
Sundog Energy Ltd.
and
GTEC Training Ltd.
Special thanks are also given to the leaders of the editorial team, Martin Cotterell and Griff Thomas.
Martin Cotterell
Martin Cotterell is one of the UKs foremost experts in the installation of solar PV systems and has
played a central role in establishing and improving industry standards in the UK and internationally.
Martin was a major author of both previous versions of this guide, has worked on grid connection
standards for renewable generators and, as well as sitting on various MCS and other UK technical
committees, he co-chairs the international IEC solar PV installation standards working group. Martin
has considerable practical experience of PV system installation he founded Sundog Energy in 1995,
since when it has grown to be one of the UKs leading PV companies.
Griff Thomas
Griff Thomas has worked in the renewable technology sector for over 10 years. Formerly a
mechanical and electrical contractor Griff brings a wealth of understanding as to how standards
affect the everyday installation work of contractors. More recently Griff has worked in a number
of roles across the industry on a variety of standards and technical documents. Griff also attends
many technical committees in his role as the technical manager of ECA Certification for the
Microgeneration Certification Scheme.
Particular thanks also goes to Steve Pester, Principal Consultant in BRE, for his work in developing
the performance calculation methodology.
10
INTRODUCTION
13
13
13
13
Safety
14
Parallel Generation
15
15
Definitions
20
DESIGN
Design Part 1 d.c. System
24
PV Modules
24
25
26
26
String Cables
28
30
30
32
32
String Fuses
33
Blocking Diodes
34
35
10
24
38
Lightning Protection
38
Earthing
38
39
Determining an Extraneous-Conductive-Part
41
41
42
42
43
44
a.c. Cabling
44
RCD Protection
44
47
Inverters
47
49
Metering
49
50
50
Planning Permission
51
Building Regulations
51
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
55
55
Shade Effects
55
Geographical Location
55
Temperature Effects
57
Other Factors
57
57
58
Site Evaluation
58
59
59
Postcode Zone
59
Orientation
62
Inclination
62
62
Documentation
66
Additional Estimates
66
INSTALLATION/SITEWORK
67
General
67
PV Specific Hazards
67
68
Personnel
68
Sequence of Works
68
Live Working
69
69
Array Mounting
70
Load Calculations
70
Fixing Calculations
71
11
12
71
73
75
76
76
78
78
78
79
80
81
81
82
A3 Battery Disconnection
82
83
83
83
A7 Battery Installation/Labelling
84
86
90
91
93
94
95
Further Reading
121
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope & Purpose
The scope of this document is to provide solar PV system designers and installers with information
to ensure that a grid-connected PV system meets current UK standards and best practice
recommendations. It is primarily aimed at typical grid connected systems of up to 50kWp (total
combined d.c. output). However most of what is contained here will also be applicable for larger
systems. Systems that include a battery are addressed in Annex A.
This document has been written to be the technical standard to which MCS registered installation
companies are expected to meet in order to gain and / or maintain their MCS certification. To this
end this guide is quoted by the MCS Photovoltaic standard (MIS 3002).
13
1.4 Safety
From the outset, the designer and installer of a PV system must consider the potential hazards
carefully, and systematically devise methods to minimise the risks. This will include both mitigating
potential hazards present during and after the installation phase.
The long-term safety of the system can be achieved only by ensuring that the system and
components are correctly designed and specified from the outset, followed by correct installation,
operation and maintenance of the system. Consideration of operation under both normal and
fault conditions is essential in the design stage to ensure the required level of safety. This aspect is
covered in the DESIGN section of this guide.
It is then important to ensure that the long-term safety of the system is not compromised by a
poor installation or subsequent poor maintenance. Much of this comes down to the quality of the
installation and system inspection and testing regime. This is covered in the installation section of
this guide.
Similarly, much can be done during the planning and design stage to ensure that the installation
is safe for the installers. In some circumstances the application of the CDM regulations will be
required. All key safety issues affecting the design and installation process are discussed in the guide.
The main safety issues are:
The supply from PV modules cannot be switched off, so special precautions should be made to
ensure that live parts are either not accessible or cannot be touched during installation, use and
maintenance.
PV modules are current-limiting devices, which require a non-standard approach when designing
fault protection systems, as fuses are not likely to operate under short-circuit conditions.
PV systems include d.c. wiring, with which few electrical installers are familiar.
The installation of PV systems presents a unique combination of hazards due to risk of electric
shock, falling and simultaneous manual handling difficulty. All of these hazards are encountered
as a matter of course on a building site, but rarely all at once. While roofers may be accustomed
to minimising risks of falling or injury due to manual handling problems, they may not be used to
dealing with the risk of electric shock. Similarly, electricians would be familiar with electric shock
hazards but not with handling large objects at heights.
14
15
d.c.
isolator
0
Inverter
a.c.
isolator
LABEL
LABEL
LABEL
Display unit
data
Installation in loft
Example domestic system
PV array
Series connected
Single string
Installation on roof
16
Single inverter
Single PV string
Connecting into dedicated
protective device in
existing consumer unit
00123 kW
0123 kWh
0123 CO
0123kWh
Generation
meter
0123kWh
Main consumer unit
Utility meter
DNO
supply
LABEL + SCHEMATIC
17
d.c.
isolator
a.c.
isolator
LABEL
LABEL
LABEL
d.c.
disconnect
0
Inverter
a.c.
isolator
LABEL
LABEL
LABEL
d.c.
disconnect
0
Inverter
a.c.
isolator
LABEL
LABEL
LABEL
Installation on roof
Display unit
00123 kW
0123 kWh
0123 CO
AC supply
data
18
PV distribution board
LABEL + SCHEMATIC
G59
relay
protection
4 pole
contactor
Main isolator
(4 pole)
securable in
off position only
optional
Sensor cable
0
0123kWh
Generation
meter
LABEL
LABEL + SCHEMATIC
Existing installation
19
1.7 Definitions
a.c. Side
Part of a PV installation from the a.c. terminals of the PV inverter to the point of connection of the
PV supply cable to the electrical installation
d.c. Side
Part of a PV installation from a PV cell to the d.c. terminals of the PV inverter
Distribution Network Operator (DNO)
The organisation that owns or operates a Distribution Network and is responsible for confirming
requirements for the connection of generating units to that Network
Earthing
Connection of the exposed-conductive-parts of an installation to the main earthing terminal of that
installation
Electricity Network
An electrical system supplied by one or more sources of voltage and comprising all the conductors
and other electrical and associated equipment used to conduct electricity for the purposes of
conveying energy to one or more Customers installations, street electrical fixtures, or other
Networks
Equipotential Zone
Where exposed-conductive parts and extraneous-conductive parts are maintained at substantially
the same voltage
Exposed-Conductive-Part
Conductive part of equipment which can be touched and which is not normally live, but which can
become live when basic insulation fails
Extraneous-Conductive-Part
A conductive part liable to introduce a potential, generally Earth potential, and not forming part of
the electrical system
Isc (stc) Short-Circuit Current
Short-circuit current of a PV module, PV string, PV array or PV generator under standard test
conditions
20
Islanding
Any situation where a section of electricity Network, containing generation, becomes physically
disconnected from the DNOs distribution Network or Users distribution Network; and one or more
generators maintains a supply of electrical energy to that isolated Network
Isolating Transformer
Transformer where the input & output windings are electrically separated by double or reinforced
insulation
Isolation
A function intended to cut off for reasons of safety the supply from all, or a discrete section, of the
installation by separating the installation or section from every source of electrical energy
Isolator
A mechanical switching device which, in the open position, complies with the requirements specified
for the isolating function. An isolator is otherwise known as a disconnector
Lightning Protection
A means of applying protective measures to afford protection to persons, property and livestock
against the effects of a lightning strike
PME Protective Multiple Earthing
An earthing arrangement, found in TN-C-S systems, in which the supply neutral conductor is used to
connect the earthing conductor of an installation with Earth, in accordance with the Electrical Safety,
Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002
Protective Equipotential Bonding - (also referred to as Equipotential Bonding)
Electrical connection maintaining various exposed-conductive-parts and extraneous-conductiveparts at substantially the same potential
PV a.c. Module
Integrated module/convertor assembly where the electrical interface terminals are a.c. only. No
access is provided to the d.c. side
PV Array
Mechanically and electrically integrated assembly of PV modules, and other necessary components,
to form a d.c. power supply unit
PV Array Cable
Output cable of a PV array
21
22
PV Self-Cleaning
The cleaning effect from rain, hail etc. on PV arrays which are sufficiently steeply inclined
PV String Cable
Cable connecting PV modules to form a PV string
PV String Fuse
A fuse for an individual PV string
PV Supply Cable
Cable connecting the AC terminals of the PV convertor to a distribution circuit of the electrical
installation
PV Standard Test Conditions (stc)
Test conditions specified for PV cells and modules (25C, light intensity 1000W/m2, air mass 1.5)
Voc Open circuit d.c. voltage
23
2 DESIGN
2.1 Design Part 1 d.c. System
2.1.1 PV Modules
2.1.1.1 Standard Modules
Modules must comply with the following international standards:
IEC 61215 in the case of crystalline types
IEC 61646 in the case of thin film types
IEC 61730 - Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification
Modules must also carry a CE mark
The use of Class II modules is generally recommended, and strongly recommended for array opencircuit voltages of greater than 120 V.
For an installation to comply with the requirements of MCS - modules must be certificated and
listed on the MCS product database
24
25
26
Purpose designed PV cables are readily available and it is expected that all installations would use
such cables. An IEC PV cable standard is under development and it is expected cables in compliance
with this standard will be required once it is issued. In the interim, it is recommended that cables
should comply with UL 4703, or TUV 2 Pfg 1169 08.2007.
Cables routed behind a PV array must be rated for a temperature range of at least of -15C to 80C.
Cables must be selected and installed so as to minimise the risk of earth faults and short-circuits.
This can be achieved by reinforcing the protection of the wiring either through:
_
+
_
+
Fig 3b
_
+
Fig 3c
27
External cables should be UV stable and water resistant. Where cables are likely to be subjected
external movement, i.e. those mounted immediately behind the array, it is recommended that they
be flexible (multi-stranded) to allow for thermal/wind movement of arrays/modules.
Because PV array cables almost exclusively rely on double or reinforced insulation as their means
of shock protection they should not be buried in walls or otherwise hidden in the building structure
as mechanical damage would be very difficult to detect and may lead to increase instances of shock
and fire risk.
Where this cannot be avoided conductors should be suitably protected from mechanical damage,
suitable methods may include the use of metallic trunking or conduit or the use of steel wire
armoured cable in accordance with BS 7671.
Exterior cable colour coding is not required for PV systems. Consideration must be given to the UV
resistance of all cables installed outside or in a location that may be subject to UV exposure, PV
cables are therefore commonly black in colour to assist in UV resistance.
DANGER
SOLAR PV
ARRAY CABLE
High Voltage DC
- Live During Daylight
Labelling fixed every 5 to 10m is considered sufficient to identify the cable on straight runs where a
clear view is possible between labels.
Where multiple PV sub-arrays and or string conductors enter a junction box they should be grouped
or identified in pairs so that positive and negative conductors of the same circuit may easily be
clearly distinguished from other pairs.
28
Fig 5
String
cables
String
cables
N strings
(connected
in parallel)
Main d.c.
Cables
29
Fig 6b
Connectors used in a PV string circuit must comply with the minimum voltage and current ratings
as detailed in string cable section above (section 2.1.5). Connectors used in a d.c. main cable circuit
must comply with the minimum voltage and current ratings as detailed in the main d.c. cable section
above (section 2.1.6)
Connectors should have a UV, IP and temperature rating suitable for their intended location and
should be compatible with the cable to which they are connected.
Connectors readily accessible to ordinary persons shall be of the locking type, requiring a tool or two
separate actions to separate and shall have sign attached that reads: Do not disconnect d.c. plugs
30
Fig 7
31
DANGER
Fig 8
PV ARRAY
DC JUNCTION BOX
Contains live parts
during daylight
Note: A PV system cannot be turned off terminals will remain live at all times during daylight hours.
It is important to ensure that anyone opening an enclosure is fully aware of this.
The short-circuit protection afforded by the cable installation throughout the rest of the d.c. circuit
needs to be maintained in the construction and makeup of the d.c. junction box. (See IEC 60536 and
IEC 61140).
It is recommended that short-circuit protection shall be achieved by:
Fabrication of the enclosure from non-conductive material
Positive and negative busbars and terminals adequately separated and segregated within the
enclosure and/or by a suitably sized insulating plate, or separate positive and negative junction
boxes.
Cable and terminal layout such that short-circuits during installation and subsequent
maintenance are extremely unlikely.
32
33
34
90V
6A
Blocking
Diode
Bypass
Diode
(fitted to
panels as
standard)
60V
6A
30V
6A
In most cases the specification of string fuses can provide sufficient reverse current protection
without the problems and power losses associated with a blocking diode. If blocking diodes are
used, they should be supplemented by string fuses.
If specified, a blocking diode must have:
A reverse voltage rating > 2 x maximum system voltage (as calculated in section 2.1.2)
A current rating > 1.4 x Isc (where Isc is the relevant short circuit current for the string / sub
array / array)
Have adequate cooling (heatsinks) if required
Note that blocking diodes should not be confused with bypass diodes. Bypass diodes are normally
encapsulated into the module junction box at the back of the PV module and are intended to allow
current(s) to bypass cells and / or modules that have a high resistance (usually caused by shading).
Switching
Isolation
Not required
Optional
An additional d.c. switch or isolating device may be specified for systems with long d.c. cable runs
(typically at the point of cable entry into the building) so as to provide a means of isolating the
cable for safety reasons or maintenance works.
2.1.12.1 Isolation
Isolation is defined as a function intended to cut off for reasons of safety the supply from all, or a
discrete section, of the installation by separating the installation or section from every source of
electrical energy (from BS 7671).
Isolation shall be provided in both positive and negative cables and all isolation measures shall be
readily accessible
String isolation This can be achieved by any suitable means such as appropriately located plug
and socket connectors or removable string fuses.
Sub array isolation This can be achieved by any suitable means such as a removable sub array fuse
or by the use of a switch disconnector.
Array isolation This shall be provided by the Array Switch Disconnector (see next page)
35
36
37
2.2.2 Earthing
Earthing is a means of connecting the exposed conductive parts to the main earthing terminal,
typically this definition means the connection of metallic casings of fixtures and fittings to the main
earthing terminal via a circuit protective conductor (cpc).
Importantly, it must be noted that we only make this connection when the accessory or appliance
requires it. This connection is required when it is considered to be a class I appliance or accessory
and is reliant on a connection with earth for safety using automatic disconnection of supply (ADS)
as the fault protective measure.
38
As the d.c. side of PV systems is a current limiting generating set, the protective measure ADS is
almost never used and is outside of the scope of this guidance. In these circumstances, where the
d.c. side of the installation is constructed to meet the requirements of an installation using double or
reinforced insulation, no connection to earth between the PV Modules or frame and main earthing
terminal would be required.
Earthing of the inverter at the a.c. terminations will still be necessary where the inverter is a
Class I piece of equipment and must be applied where necessary. Where class I inverters are used
externally (ie field mount systems) careful consideration must be given to the requirements for
earthing.
39
Is the d.c. side of the installation constructed to meet the requirements for an
1installation using double or reinforced insulation as a protective measure?
YES
NO
NO
NO
No protective
equipotential
bonding required
40
YES
Protective equipotential
bonding as defined in
BS7671 should be applied
YES
Earthing should be
applied if required
by BS7671
41
The manufacturers instructions for both the PV modules and the equipment to which the PV array is
connected must be taken into account in determining the most appropriate earthing arrangement.
A connection to earth of any of the current carrying d.c. conductors is not recommended. However,
earthing of one of the live conductors of the d.c. side is permitted, if there is at least simple
separation between the a.c. and the d.c. side. Where a functional earth is required, it is preferable
that where possible this be done through high impedance (rather than directly).
The designer must confirm whether the inverter is suitable for earthing of a d.c. conductor.
Transformerless inverters will not be suitable, and an earthed conductor may interfere with the
inverters built-in d.c. insulation monitoring. Hence, if an earthed d.c. conductor is required, this is
ideally done in the inverter in accordance with guidance from the inverter manufacturer.
NOTE: In the case of PV systems connected to an inverter, IEC62109-2 (Safety of Power convertors
for use in photovoltaic power systems Part 2: Particular requirements for inverters), includes
requirements according to the type of earthing arrangement (and inverter topology). These
include minimum inverter isolation requirements, array ground insulation resistance measurement
requirements and array residual current detection and earth fault alarm requirements.
42
Array size
Overcurrent rating
3kWp
1A
3- 100KWp
3A
>100kWp
5A
The earth fault alarm shall be of a form that ensures that the system operator or owner of the
system becomes immediately aware of the fault. For example, the alarm system may be a visible or
audible signal placed in an area where operational staff or system owners will be aware of the signal
or another form of fault communication like Email, SMS or similar
NOTE: In grid connected systems, an earth fault alarm may be a feature of the inverter. In such
systems and where the inverter is located in a remote location, the system should be configured
so that a secondary alarm is triggered that will be immediately seen by the system operator. For
systems in accordance with BS 7671 conductors used for earth fault detection are usually cream in
colour.
43
44
Types of RCD
The selection of RCDs in respect of load d.c. components is an issue that is often overlooked by
designers. RCDs are classified according to their response to d.c.signals as follows:
Type A.C. This class of device generally only detect sinusoidal alternating residual currents. They
may not detect non-sinusoidal, non-alternating residual components. These non-sinusoidal
currents are present in many items of equipment for example, virtually all equipment with a
switched mode power supply will have a d.c. component.
Type A This class of device will detect residual current of both a.c. and pulsating d.c. and are
known as a d.c. sensitive RCDs. They cannot be used on steady d.c. loads.
Type B This type will detect a.c., pulsating d.c. and steady d.c. residual currents.
RCDs are required to be marked with their type and the following table shows the markings and
provides selection criteria.
Fig 11
Supply
Sinusoidal
A. C.
Form of
Residual
Current
Suddenly applied
Slowly rising
Pulsating
D.C.
Suddenly applied
Slowly rising
Smooth
D.C.
45
The following decision tree can be used to determine the correct selection of the type of RCD in
accordance with Regulation 712.411.3.2.1.2 of BS 7671.
NO
YES
If an RCD is required then it
does not have to be type B
NO
YES
Is the inverter by its construction able to prevent d.c. fault currents from
entering the a.c. side of the electrical installation ?
YES
46
NO
PV Array d.c
Danger con
during dayl
Inverter - Is
and d.c. bef
out work.
Fig 13
Isolation and Switching of the a.c. side of the installation shall also comply with the requirements
of BS 7671. This is to include the provision of an isolator adjacent to the inverter to disconnect the
inverter from the source of supply (AC).
In its simplest form, for a single phase inverter, an unswitched fused connection unit mounted
adjacent to the inverter may be used to fulfil this requirement, see figures 1 and 2 for a typical
layout. It is however suggested that for the purposes of routine maintenance a switched fused
connection unit offers a better degree of control and therefore should be used as a minimum.
Note: At the point of installation of any a.c. switch-disconnector, the public supply should be
considered the source and the PV installation the load.
2.3.4 Inverters
Inverters must carry a Type Test certificate to the requirements of Engineering Recommendation
G83 or G59 (as applicable see section 2.4.1) unless specifically agreed by an engineer employed by
or appointed by the DNO for this purpose, and in writing.
Note: A key safety consideration is that the PV system will
disconnect when the distribution system is not energised.
This is to prevent the hazardous situation of the photovoltaic
system feeding the network or local distribution system
during a planned or unscheduled loss of mains. Such an
event is termed islanding and presents a potential danger
to those working on the network/distribution system.
Engineering recommendations G83 and G59 ensure that a PV
system is properly prevented from such islanding operation.
Other considerations addressed by these Engineering
Recommendations include the prevention of harmonics, EMC
compatibility and d.c. injection.
Fig 14
47
48
Fig 15
specified by the manufacturer (e.g to a heatsink) should also be observed. Inverter locations such as
Plant or Boiler rooms, or roof spaces prone to high temperatures, should be carefully considered to
avoid overheating.
Failure to follow this can cause a loss in system performance as the inverter will de-rate when it
reaches its maximum operating temperature. This should be highlighted within the operation and
use manual, left with the customer and ideally with a label not to block ventilation placed next
to the inverter.
NOTE: It is recommended that Inverters carry a sign Inverter - isolate a.c. and d.c. before carrying
out work.
2.3.6 Metering
Inverter output meter: As a minimum, metering at the inverter output should be installed to
display/record energy delivered by the PV system (kWh). In addition it is highly recommended for
instantaneous power output (kW) to be displayed.
This will not only add to customer satisfaction it should lead
to more effective fault detection. An approved kWh meter as
detailed in the Metering Guidance document issued by MCS,
connected to measure generation, will be required to facilitate
payments of any financial incentives (e.g. Feed in Tariff payments).
The meter should be located where the consumer can readily
observe it.
Building Export meter: Although not directly part of the PV
system, where required in order to enable payment on exported
electricity, an approved kWh export meter with appropriate
reading capabilities may be required.
The appropriate Energy Supplier should be contacted to find out
any particular requirements and to arrange for its fitting.
Fig 16
49
50
51
In all cases notification has to be made to the local area building control (LABC) that the work has
taken place. Notification can take place several ways but the two principle methods are:
1. Submitting a building notice to the LABC (has to be prior to work commencing)
2. Notifying the work through a competent persons scheme this can be done after the work has
been completed
Note: Where it is determined that structural work is required to alter or strengthen a roof prior to
the installation of the PV system such works will always require a building notice to be submitted.
Where it has been determined that the structure can accept the loads concerned, either a building
notice or notification via a competent persons scheme is deemed to meet the requirements of the
building regulations.
Generally those involved with PV installation work will want to use method 2 or employ contractors
who use method 2 as method 1 can be expensive and time consuming.
When registering with a competent persons scheme, an installer can register for one or more
categories of work. PV system installers will typically register under a scheme that offers notification
of Microgeneration and part P work categories (to cover both of the key aspects). Successful
registration will mean that an installer will be able to install and then notify the work after
completion (within 30 days).
It is important to note that although registered under a key category of work the registrant is
also responsible for ensuring compliance with all other categories of work. The registrant should
also be aware that these other categories are also covered by the certificate of compliance that
the householder receives from the competent persons scheme. This is especially important factor
to PV installers as it means that not only are they specifically notifying that the electrical and
microgeneration work is compliant, but it also covers all other applicable aspects of the building
regulations including part A (structure).
52
PV array notification
Row 17 of schedule 3 of
the building regulations
(microgeneration)
Notes:
1. A full list of Competent Person Scheme (CPS) providers can be found on the CLG website at:
http://www.communities.gov.uk/planningandbuilding/buildingregulations/competentpersonsschemes/
existingcompetentperson/
2.4.3.2 Scotland
All solar PV systems installed on a building must comply with the requirements of the Building
(Scotland) Regulations 2004 as amended. Guidance on complying with the Building (Scotland)
Regulations 2004 as amended is given in the two Scottish Building Standards (SBS) Technical
handbooks (Domestic and Non-domestic)
Each handbook has seven sections:
Section1 Structure
Section 2 Fire
Section 3 Environment
Section 4 Safety
Section 5 Noise
Section 6 Energy
Section 7 Sustainability
Each of the seven sections consists of an introduction and guidance on the individual standards
within each Section. Where any building contains both domestic and non-domestic use, it is a
general principle that the more stringent of the two sets of recommendations should be used.
53
New Buildings - For a new building (domestic or non-domestic) which includes the installation of a
solar PV system the installation of the system will be covered by a building warrant and therefore
must comply with the relevant functional standards.
Existing Buildings - For an existing one or two storey dwelling which is capable of supporting the
solar PV equipment without structural alterations a building warrant is not required, however if the
existing structure of the dwelling requires strengthening a building warrant will be necessary. For an
existing building, guidance issued by the Scottish Governments Building Standards Division states
that before installing PV panels on an existing roof, a structural appraisal should be undertaken by a
competent person.(see section 4.4.2). Further information on this can be found at:
http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Built-Environment/Building/Building-standards/publications/
pubverletts/lettdommicrogen
Further advice on specific projects can also be obtained by contacting the relevant local authoritys
Building Standards office. Information on which is the relevant local authority for any given location
can be obtained from the website of the Scottish Association of building Standards Managers
(SABSM)
http://www.sabsm.co.uk/ system performance
54
3 System Performance
3.1 Array Orientation and Inclination
The effect of variations in array orientation and inclination on system performance is shown in
the chart below. The example shown is for a location in the middle of the UK and represents the
percentage of maximum yield you may expect to get for different angles and orientations.
This chart is indicative only and should not be used for the calculation of performance estimates
Fig 17
Orientation
o
West
North West
North
o
90
o
80
o
70
o
Inclination
60
o
50
o
45
o
40
o
35
o
30
o
20
o
10
o
-90
-75
-60
-45
-30
South East
South
South West
o
-15
15
30
45
60
East
75o
90
North
North East
o
105 o 120
135
150
165o 180o
25 27 32 37 40 44 50 57 60 66 70 70 70 70 70 66 60 57 50 44 40 37 32 27 25
28 29 34 38 45 50 56 61 68 73 78 79 78 79 78 73 68 61 56 50 45 38 34 29 28
32 34 37 42 48 55 66 69 75 80 85 87 87 87 85 80 75 69 66 55 48 42 37 34 32
37 38 41 48 54 62 69 75 80 85 91 92 93 92 91 85 80 75 69 62 54 48 41 38
37
42 45 48 52 59 68 72 78 85 91 95 96 97 96 95 91 85 78 72 68 59 52 48 45 42
46 49 52 56 62 70 74 80 87 92 95 97 98 97 95 92 87 80 74 70 62 56 52 49 46
50 52 55 60 65 73 76 82 88 93 96 98 99 98 96 93 88 82 76 73 65 60 55 52 50
55 57 59 65 67 75 79 85 90 94 97 99 100 99 97 94 90 85 79 75 67 65 59 57 55
60 60 61 67 70 78 80 85 91 94 96 98 98 98 96 94 91 85 80 78 70 67 61 60 60
70 70 71 73 75 72 84 86 91 92 95 96
96 96 95 92 91 86 84 72 75 73 71 70 70
78 78 79 80 82 85 85 88 90 91 92 92 93 92 92 91 90 88 85 85 82 80 79 78 78
85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85
55
722 - 800
801 - 850
851 - 900
901 - 950
951 - 1000
1001 - 1050
1051 - 1100
1101 - 1150
1151 - 1202
56
1100
Fig 19
1000
900
800
700
W/m2 600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22 24
Hours of day
57
Fig 20
100
80
60
40
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Dec
Nov
Oct
Aug
Sep
Jul
May
June
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
20
Winter
58
If the adjusted performance estimate is worse than originally predicted, the client shall be given
the same cooling off period and cancellation rights (to include any right to cancel without financial
penalties) that applied to the original quote. This shall apply from the date of issue of the updated
performance estimate.
59
Fig 21
Regions
1 Thames
2 South East England
3 Southern England
4 South West England
5 Severn
6 Midlands
7 West Pennines
8 NW England/ SW Scotland
9 Borders
10 North East England
11 East Pennines
12 East Anglia
13 Wales
14 West Scotland
15 East Scotland
16 North East Scotland
17 Highland
18 Western Isles
19 Orkney
20 Shetland
21 Northern Ireland
Shetland
20
19
Orkney
Lerwick
Kirkwall
18
Western Isles
Wick
Stornoway
17
Inverness
16
Aberdeen
15
Dundee
14
Glasgow
Edinburgh
Berwick upon
Tweed
9S
Ayr
Londonderry
9E
8S
21
Newcastle
upon Tyne
Stranraer
Carlisle
Belfast
Middlesbrough
8E
10
York
Leeds
Blackpool
7E
Hull
Manchester
Sheffield
Anglesey
Liverpool
Chester
11
Derby
Lincoln
Nottingham
Caemarton 7W
Shewsbury
Leicester
Birmingham
13
Norwich
12
Northampton
Aberystwyth
Hereford
Cambridge
Colchester
Swansea
Luton
Oxford 1
Swindon
Reading London
Cheltenham
Milford
Haven
5W
Cardiff
Bristol
5E
Salisbury
Canterbury
Portsmouth
4
Plymouth
Isles of
Scilly
60
Bournemouth
Exeter
Brighton
Dover
Postcode
Zone
Postcode
AB
AL
B
BA
BB
BD
BD23-24
BH
BL
BN
BR
BS
BT
CA
CB
CF
CH
CH5-8
CM
CM21-23
CO
CR
CT
CV
CW
DA
DD
DE
DG
DH
DH4-5
DL
DN
DT
DY
E
EC
EH
EH43-46
EN
EN9
EX
FK
FY
16
1
6
5E
7E
11
10
3
7E
2
2
5E
21
8E
12
5W
7E
7W
12
1
12
1
2
6
7E
2
15
6
8S
10
9E
10
11
3
6
1
1
15
9S
1
12
4
14
7E
G
GL
GU
GU11-12
GU14
GU28-29
GU30-35
GU46
GU51-52
HA
HD
HG
HP
HR
HS
HU
HX
IG
IP
IV
IV30-32
IV36
KA
KT
KW
KW15-17
KY
L
LA
LA7-23
LD
LE
LL
LL23-27
LL30-78
LN
LS
LS24
LU
M
ME
MK
ML
Zone
14
5E
1
3
3
2
3
3
3
1
11
10
1
6
18
11
11
12
12
17
16
16
14
1
17
19
15
7E
7E
8E
13
6
7W
13
13
11
11
10
1
7E
2
1
14
Postcode
Zone
Postcode
Zone
N
NE
NG
NN
NP
NPS
NR
NW
OL
OX
PA
PE
PE9-12
PE20-25
PH
PH19-25
PH26
PH30-44
PH49
PH50
PL
PO
PO18-22
PR
RG
RG21-29
RH
RH10-20
RH77
RM
S
S18
S32-33
S40-45
S49
SA
SA14-20
SA31-48
SA61-73
SE
SG
1
9E
11
6
5W
13
12
1
7E
1
14
12
11
11
15
17
16
17
14
14
4
3
2
7E
1
3
1
2
2
12
11
6
6
6
6
5W
13
13
13
1
1
SK
SK13
SK17
SK22-23
SL
SM
SN
SN7
SO
SP
SP6-11
SR
SR7-8
SS
ST
SW
SY
SY14
SY15-25
TA
TD
TD12
TD15
TF
TN
TQ
TR
TS
TW
UB
W
WA
WC
WD
WF
WN
WR
WS
WV
YO
YO15-16
YO25
ZE
7E
6
6
6
1
1
5E
1
3
5E
3
9E
10
12
6
1
6
7E
13
5E
9S
9E
9E
6
2
4
4
10
1
1
1
7E
1
1
11
7E
6
6
6
10
11
11
20
61
3.7.5 Orientation
The orientation of the array is to be measured or determined from plan. The required value is the
azimuth angle of the PV modules relative to due South. Hence, an array facing due south has an
azimuth value of 0; an array facing either SW or SE has an azimuth value of 45; and an array facing
either East or West has an azimuth value of 90.
The azimuth value is to be rounded to the nearest 5.
3.7.6 Inclination
The Inclination (or pitch) of the array is to be measured or determined from plan. The required
value is the degrees from horizontal. Hence, an inclination of 0 represents a horizontal array; 90
represents a vertical array.
The inclination value is to be rounded to the nearest 1.
62
The sunpath diagram below shall be used to produce a shading analysis for all estimates produced.
Fig 22
Midday
h in summer
Sunpat
60
45
30
or
ni
ng
en
in
th in winter
Sunpa
15
Ev
The diagram
shown has a total
of 84 segments,
each segment
has a value of
0.01
Do not count
Do not count
135
90
East
45
0
South
45
90
West
135
h in summer
Sunpat
60
30
ng
in
th in winter
Sunpa
Do not count
Do not count
135
en
or
ni
15
45
Ev
This line is
called the
horizon line,
an example of
which is shown
here:
90
East
45
0
South
45
90
West
135
Note: There are purpose made instruments for undertaking sunpath assessments; the use of such
instruments is optional
63
Once the horizon line has been drawn, the number of segments that have been touched by the line,
or that fall under the horizon line shall be counted, in the following example you can see there are
11 segments covered or touched by the horizon line.
Fig 24
Midday
h in summer
Sunpat
60
30
6
7
or
10
Do not
Do
n count
oun
u
Do not count
135
11
g
in
th in winter
Sunpa
en
Ev
15
ni
ng
45
90
East
45
0
South
45
5
90
West
135
The total number of segments are multiplied by their value (0.01) and the total value shall be
deducted from 1 to arrive at the shading factor.
The result will be the shading factor for the proposed installation, in our example the shading factor
is calculated as follows:
1 - (11*0.01) = 1 0.11 = 0.89
For systems connected to multiple inverters, or a single inverter with more than one MPP, it is
acceptable to do a separate calculation of SF for each sub array (each array connected to a dedicated
MPP tracker.
Note: installing a system will any significant near shading will have a considerable effect on array
performance. Where possible any near shading on the array should be avoided.
IMPORTANT NOTE
This shade assessment procedure has been designed to provide a simplified and standardised
approach for MCS installers to use when estimating the impact of shade on system performance.
It is not intended to be as accurate as more sophisticated methods such as, for example, those
included in proprietary software packages. It is estimated that this shade assessment method will
yield results within 10% of the actual annual energy yield for most systems. Unusual systems or
environments may produce different results.
Where the shading factor is less than 1 (i.e. any shading is present) the following disclaimer shall
accompany the quotation:
This shade assessment has been undertaken using the standard MCS procedure - it is estimated
that this method will yield results within 10% of the actual annual energy yield for most systems.
64
3.7.7.2 Determining shading factor as a result of objects at, or less than, 10m
from the centre midpoint of the array
As noted previously, shading from objects adjacent to the array (for example: vent pipes, chimneys,
and satellite dishes) can have a very significant impact on the system performance. Where such
shading is apparent, either the array should be repositioned out of the shade zone, or where
possible the object casting the shade should be relocated. Where some near shade remains,
the following additional shade analysis procedure shall be undertaken in addition to the method
described in 3.7.7.1:
a. A standard horizon line, as described previously, shall be drawn - to represent the worst case
(drawn from the array location most affected by shade)
b. In addition, any objects on the horizon diagram that are 10m or closer to any part of the array,
shall have a shade circle added to the diagram to reflect the severe impact that these items may
have on the array performance. Where there are multiple objects within 10m, then multiple
circles shall be drawn one for each object.
The shade circle shall have a radius equal to the height of the object. The shade circle should be
located so that the apex of the circle sits on the highest point of the shade object.
All segments touched by or within the shade circle should be counted as part of the overall shade
analysis.
Fig 25
Midday
h in summer
Sunpat
60
45
30
21
22
ng
M
or
ni
5
16
26
29
36
90
East
8
19
7
18
28
35
40
6
17
in
th in winter
Sunpa
15
34
39
38
en
37
14
Do not count
Do not count
135
30
Ev
25
13
27
33
32
15
12
24
23
20
31
11
10
45
0
South
45
5
90
West
135
Note: The above diagram uses the same shade object as the worked example in section 3.7.7.
Assuming the object is near shade results in a shade factor of 0.6 (compared with 0.89 in the
previous calculation).
65
3.7.8 Documentation
For systems under the MCS scheme, a performance estimate that determines the total annual a.c.
energy output of a given system shall be communicated with the client before the point that the
contract is awarded.
Along with the performance estimate, the client shall be provided with the sun path diagram and
the information used to calculate the performance estimate as illustrated in the following table.
A. Installation data
Installed capacity of PV system - kWp (stc)
kWp
Postcode region
B. Calculations
kWh/kWp (Kk) from table
kWh/kWp
kWh
All quotations and / or estimates to customers shall be accompanied by one or more of the following
disclaimers where applicable:
For all quotations and / or estimates:
The performance of solar PV systems is impossible to predict with certainty due to the variability
in the amount of solar radiation (sunlight) from location to location and from year to year. This
estimate is based upon the standard MCS procedure is given as guidance only. It should not be
considered as a guarantee of performance.
Additionally where data has been estimated or taken remotely (clause 3.7.1):
This system performance calculation has been undertaken using estimated values for array
orientation, inclination or shading. Actual performance may be significantly lower or higher if the
characteristics of the installed system vary from the estimated values.
Additionally where the shade factor is less than 1 (clause 3.7.7):
This shade assessment has been undertaken using the standard MCS procedure - it is estimated
that this method will yield results within 10% of the actual annual energy yield for most systems.
66
4 INSTALLATION/SITEWORK
4.1 General
Standard health and safety practice and conventional electrical installation practice must apply to
the installation of a PV system. Issues such as working on roofs or standard domestic a.c. wiring are
covered thoroughly in other publications and are not detailed in this guide. Attention shall be paid to
the location of accessories and equipment to ensure that any future service and maintenance can be
carried out.
67
68
69
70
71
The roof design has increased potential for snow build-up (e.g. dormers, valleys, parapets etc)
The type of construction is not detailed in the table
or if there is any doubt whatsoever then a qualified structural engineer shall be consulted.
For installations on flat roofs, special consideration shall be given to the load of the PV system and
any associated ballast. Structural calculations shall be carried out by a suitably competent person.
Fig 26
Diagram
Construction Type
of Roof
Typical Methodologies
Method 1:
Method 1:
Assuming a typical design dead load of
Assuming a typical
design dead load of 0.785kN/
0.785kN/m 2 , deduct the load of the existing
m2, deduct the load of the existing roof covering to
roof covering to give the maximum allowable
give the maximum allowable residual load available
residual load available for the solar array.
for the solar array.
Method22(not
(notgenerally
generally
applicable
where
the
Method
applicable
where
the roof
o
roof exceeds
pitch exceeds
pitch
60o): 60 ):
Assuminga atypical
typical
design
imposed
of
Assuming
design
imposed
loadload
of 0.75kN/
2
0.75kN/m
, deduct
the likely
snow
for
m2,
deduct the
likely snow
load for
theload
location
the location
taken from
ENthe
taken
from Eurocode-1
(BS Eurocode-1
EN 1991-1) to(BS
give
1991-1) to
give theresidual
maximum
maximum
allowable
loadallowable
available for the
residual
solar
array.load available for the solar array.
72
Traditional cut
roofs constructed
from timber
rafters/purlins gable ended
Traditional cut
roofs constructed
from timber
rafters/purlins
with hips and/or
valleys
Consult
engineer.
Consulta astructural
structural
engineer
Consulta astructural
structural
engineer
Consult
engineer.
Fig 27
It is good practice to
notch tiles when fixing
a roof bracket
Tiles or slates removed for fixing a mounting bracket should be re-attached to include a means of
mechanical fixing.
Historically, some mounting systems on slate or tile roofs have relied on a simple through bolt
approach. However, this fixing method has the potential for the fixing bolts or sealing washer
cracking the slates/tiles beneath them. It can also present difficulties with ensuring the long term
weather tightness and durability of the roof penetration.
73
Through bolts shall only be used on tile or slate roofs where the following requirements are met:
1. The bolt or flashing shall not transfer any load on the slates / tiles beneath
2. The system shall not rely on silicone or other mastic sealant to provide a weather-tight seal
3. The system must durably seal every layer of roof covering that is perforated by the bolt system
4. The system shall not rely on a sealing washer or plate that presses down on the slate/tile to
ensure a weather tight seal
5. The bolt fixings shall not be into battens
Fig 28
Using a standard
roof hook on a
slate roof
The roof underlay should be inspected for damage during installation works. Any damage should
be repaired or the underlay replaced as necessary. Damaged underlay will not provide an effective
weather and air barrier and can affect weather tightness and the wind loads imposed on the roof
cladding.
Unless specifically designed to do so, systems should be kept away from the roof perimeter. For a
domestic roof, a suitable minimum clearance zone is around 40-50cm.
The requirement to keep an arrays away from a the edge of a roof is suggested because: wind loads
are higher in the edge zones; keeping edge zones clear facilitates better access for maintenance
and fire services; taking arrays close to the roof edge may adversely affect rain drainage routes; and
when retrofitting systems, there is the potential for damage to ridge, hip, valley or eaves details.
Note on many roofs a 50cm gap from the edge will still mean that PV modules are fitted in the
Edge Zone as defined in BS EN 1991-1 where higher pressure coefficients need to be implemented
due to the higher imposed wind loads.
74
Cable penetrations through the roof should not affect the weather tightness of the roof and should
be durably sealed to accommodate the movement and temperatures expected. The use of a
purpose-made product is an example of a durable means to achieve this.
Cable penetrations through underlay should be achieved using purpose-made products or, if taken
through a lap in the underlay, the cable should be carefully routed, clipped and tensioned so as to
leave a minimal residual gap in the underlay lap joint.
Thermal expansion should be considered when installing larger arrays. The module and mounting
system manufacturer should be consulted to determine the maximum array width and continuous
rail length that can be permitted without the need for an expansion gap.
75
76
In addition to the labels described elsewhere in this document, the following labels are also to be to
be
In fitted:
addition to the labels described elsewhere in this document, the following labels are also to be to be
fitted:
Fig 30
WARNING
dual supply
d.c.
isolator
0
Inverter
a.c.
isolator
LABEL
LABEL
LABEL
Generation
0123kWh
Generation
0123kWh
0123kWh Generation
meter
meter
meter
Display unit
data
00123 kW
0123 kWh
0123 CO
Installation in loft
PV array
Series connected
Single string
Single inverter
Single PV string
Connecting into dedicated
protective device in
existing consumer unit
0123kWh
0123kWh
0123kWh
Main consumer unit Utility meter
Utilitymeter
meter
Main
Main
consumer
consumerunit
unit Utility
LABEL + SCHEMATIC
DNO
DNO
DNO
supply
supply
supply
LABEL
LABEL
++
SCHEMATIC
SCHEMATIC
Installation on roof
Solar PV
on roof
77
78
79
Basic system information (parts used, rated power, installation dates etc)
System designer information
System installer information
Wiring diagram, to include information on:
Module type & quantities
String configurations
Cable specifications size and type.
Over-current protective device specifications (where fitted) - type and ratings.
Array junction box locations (where applicable).
d.c. isolator type, location and rating
Array over-current protective devices (where applicable) type, location and rating
Details of all earth / bonding conductors size and connection points.
Details of any connections to an existing Lightning Protection System (LPS).
Details of any surge protection device installed (both on a.c. and d.c. lines) to include
location, type and rating.
AC isolator location, type and rating.
AC overcurrent protective device location, type and rating.
Residual current device location, type and rating (where fitted).
Module datasheets
Inverter datasheets
Mounting system datasheet
Operation and maintenance information, to include:
Procedures for verifying correct system operation.
A checklist of what to do in case of a system failure.
Emergency shutdown / isolation procedures.
Maintenance and cleaning recommendations (if any).
Considerations for any future building works related to the PV array (e.g. roof works).
Warranty documentation for PV modules and inverters - to include starting date of warranty and
period of warranty.
Documentation on any applicable workmanship or weather-tightness warranties.
Test results and commissioning data
80
PV Array
(4 parallel strings)
Charge
controller
LABEL
Battery
LABEL
LABEL
81
A3 Battery Disconnection
A means of manual isolation must be provided between the charge controller and the battery, either
combined with the over current device or as a separate unit. The isolator must be double pole, d.c.
rated and load break, and the length of the cable between it and the battery must be as short as
practicable. In positioning this device, the requirements of section A7 of this guide are also to be
observed.
Note: In order to keep the cable run as short as practicable and to keep the device away from battery
gasses isolation devices will typically be located immediately to the side of the battery bank (rather
than directly above).
Isolation is to be installed and the system designed so that the PV array cannot directly feed the
loads when the battery has been disconnected.
Combined fault protection and isolation:
A circuit-breaker provided for battery fault current protection may be used to provide isolation, if
it is rated as an isolation device.
A fuse assembly provided for fault current protection may be used to provide isolation if it has
readily removable fuses (e.g. fuse unit with disconnect mechanism)
82
83
+
+
+
+
Fig 32
84
85
from work
Urbanundertaken
terrain
Distance
sea
by the
NHBC to
Foundation,
is
2kmcontribution
2-20km 20km
20km their
gratefully acknowledged.
ntry terrain
ance to sea
2-20km
783
955
1062
1108
1166
931
1136
1264
1318
1388
1093
1334
1483
1547
1629
1268
1547
1720
1795
1889
1534
1872
2081
2171
2286
718
872
977
1017
1072
854
1038
1163
1210
1276
688
620
569
883
1012
836
982
1052
763
904
966
1137
1045
1066
1137
819
1050
1204
738
994
677
908
1169
1268
1353
1253
1353
1075
1149
1244
1003
961
1218
1364
1420
1233
1413
1489
1588
1498
1163
1413
1582
1647
1737
1407
1710
1915
1993
2102
86
1115
1430
1639
1726
1842
1349
1730
1983
2089
2229
866
1167
1372
1470
794
1066
1262
1349
1588
1460
1004
1353
1591
1705
1842
921
1236
1464
1565
1694
1215
1638
1925
1115
1496
1771
2063
2229
1893
2049
Fig 33
HQ
HR
HS
HT
HV
HW
HX
HY
NA
NB
NC
ND
30
HU
JQ
JR
HZ
JV
JW
NE
OA
28
NJ
OF
NK
28 m/s
NL
NQ
30
NM
NN
28NR
NV
NW
SA
SB
26
NX
SC
NO
NP
NT
NU
NY
NZ
SD
26
Zone 1 22 m/s
OO
OR
OV
OW
SE
TA
TB
SK
TF
TG
SP
TL
TM
TR
24
24
method is taken
ity pressures (q pThis
) in pascals
SH
SM
SV
SJ
SN
SR
ST
SU
TQ
SW
SY
SZ
TV
22
a. With reference to the site wind zone, site type (rural / urban), the ridge height of the building
and the distance of the site from the sea - derive the peak velocity pressure (qp) from the
following table:
Fig 34
Peak velocity pressures (q p ) in pascals
Wind Ridge
zone height
(m)
Country terrain
Distance to sea
2km 2-20km 20km
Urban terrain
Distance to sea
2km
2-20km
20km
688
883
1012
1066
1137
620
836
982
1052
1137
569
763
904
966
1045
819
1050
1204
1268
1353
738
994
1169
1253
1353
677
908
1075
1149
1244
961
1233
1413
866
1167
1372
1470
1588
794
1066
1262
1349
1460
1
1
1
1
1
5
10
15
20
25
869
1009
1094
1122
1166
783
955
1062
1108
5
10
15
1034
931
1136
1264
1318
1388
854
1038
1163
1003
1218
1364
1420
25
1527
1567
1629
1093
1334
1483
1547
1629
1498
1489
1588
4
4
4
4
4
5
10
15
20
25
1407
1634
1772
1817
1889
1268
1547
1720
1795
1889
1163
1413
1582
1647
1737
1115
1430
1639
1726
1842
1004
921
1353
1591
1705
1842
1236
1464
1565
1694
5
5
5
5
5
5
10
15
20
25
1703
1977
2144
2199
2286
1534
1872
2081
2171
2286
1407
1710
1915
1993
2102
1349
1730
1983
2089
2229
1215
1638
1925
2063
2229
1115
1496
1771
1893
2049
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
20
25
5
10
15
20
1201
1302
1335
1388
1213
1409
1166
718
872
977
1017
1072
1210
1276
HQ
HR
HS
HV
HW
HX
NA
NB
NC
NM
NN
NL
NQ
30
28NR
NV
NW
SA
SB
26
NX
SC
SH
SM
SN
SR
SV
SW
87
Correction factor
0-100m
None
>100m
Note: the altitude correction formula for sites over 100m above sea level calculates a 20% increase
for each 100m above the initial 100m. Hence a site at 180m above sea level would have a correction
factor of 1.16.
c) Apply correction factor for topography
Fig 35
Sites more than half way Sites
up amore
hill than half way up a hill
Site classification
Correction factor
Slope = 10%
1.2
Slope = 20%
1.45
Es
Zone A
Zone A
L
L
Slope 30%
1.7
0.5L
0.5L
Escarpments
Sites more than half way up a hill
Site classification
ZoneAA
Zone
Zone B
Slope = 10%
1.2
1.12
Slope = 20%
1.45
1.25
Escarpment
Zone A
Zone B
L
L
Slope 30%
1.7
0.5L
1.4
0.5L
0.5L
Where a site is selected that does not match exactly the slope % quoted, then factor can be derived
by either rounding up to the next highest value, or by interpolation.
88
0.5L
Where: w
qp
cp
w = qp x cp
Note: the pressure coefficient cp will depend upon the type of system and the array location on the
building. The procedure for selecting the appropriate pressure coefficient is covered in clause 4.3.6.
Note: A safety factor will also need to be applied to the derived load see clause 4.3.6 for more
details
Example Calculation #1
Above roof PV array, mounted away from edges in central zone of roof (Cp uplift = -1.3)
Site located in central London (more than 2km from edge of town)
Site more than 20km from the sea
Building height = 10m
Site altitude = 20m
Topography = not significant
a.
b.
c.
d.
Example Calculation #2
Above roof PV array, mounted away from edges in central zone of roof (Cp uplift = -1.3)
Site located in rural Yorkshire near the top of a hill of 8% slope
Site more than 20km from the sea
Building height = 10m
Site altitude = 150m
a.
b.
c.
d.
89
Initial verification
Periodic verification
Reference
Installation address
Date
Inspector
Test instruments
String
Array
Module
Quantity
Array parameters
(as specified)
Voc (stc)
Isc (stc)
String
over-current
protective device
Wiring
String test
Type
Rating (A)
DC Rating (V)
Capacity (kA)
Type
Phase (mm2)
Earth(mm2)
Voc (V)
Isc (A)
Irradiance
Polarity check
Array installation
Resistance
90
THREE SIGNATURE
Certificate number:
Registration number:
(optional)
Sheet
of
INSTALLATION ADDRESS
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
New installation
Addition to an
existing installation
Alteration to an
existing installation
FOR DESIGN
I/We being the person(s) responsible for the design of the electrical installation (as indicated by my/our signatures below), particulars of which are
described above, having exercised reasonable skill and care when carrying out the design, hereby CERTIFY that the design work of which I/we have
been responsible is, to the best of my/our knowledge and belief, in accordance with BS 7671:2008 amended to ...................... (date) except for departures,
if any, detailed as follows:
Details of departures from BS 7671 (regulation 120.3 and 133.5)
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The extent of liability of the signatory or signatories is limited to the work described above as the subject of this Certificate.
For the DESIGN of the installation:
Signature ...........................................................
Date ..........................
Designer No. 1
Signature ...........................................................
Date ..........................
FOR CONSTRUCTION
I/We being the person(s) responsible for the construction of the electrical installation (as indicated by my/our signatures below), particulars of which are
described above, having exercised reasonable skill and care when carrying out the construction, hereby CERTIFY that the construction work of which
I/we have been responsible is, to the best of my/our knowledge and belief, in accordance with BS 7671:2008 amended to ...................... (date) except
for departures, if any, detailed as follows:
Details of departures from BS 7671 (regulation 120.3 and 133.5)
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The extent of liability of the signatory or signatories is limited to the work described above as the subject of this Certificate.
For the CONSTRUCTION of the installation:
Signature ...........................................................
Date ..........................
Constructor
I/We being the person(s) responsible for the inspection & testing of the electrical installation (as indicated by my/our signatures below), particulars of
which are described above, having exercised reasonable skill and care when carrying out the inspection & testing, hereby CERTIFY that the work of
which I/we have been responsible is, to the best of my/our knowledge and belief, in accordance with BS 7671:2008 amended to ...................... (date)
except for departures, if any, detailed as follows:
Details of departures from BS 7671 (regulation 120.3 and 133.5)
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
The extent of liability of the signatory or signatories is limited to the work described above as the subject of this Certificate.
For the INSPECTION & TESTING of the installation:
Signature ...........................................................
Date ..........................
Constructor
NEXT INSPECTION
I/We the designer(s), recommend that this installation is further inspected and tested after an interval of not more than ...................... years / months
C-EICE4 REV V1 Aug 2011
91
Sheet
of
Maximum demand
Maximum demand (load) ........................................ kVA / Amps (delete as appropriate)
Details of installation earth electrode (where applicable)
Type (e.g. rod(s), tape, etc.)
Location
Electrode resistance to earth
........................................
........................................
........................................
Main protective
bonding conductors
Location ..............................................................................
Rated residual operating current In ........................ mA, and operating time of ........................ ms (at In)
COMMENTS ON EXISTING INSTALLATION
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
SCHEDULES
The attached Schedules are part of this document and this Certificate is valid only when they are attached to it.
........................ Schedules of Inspections and ........................ Schedules of Test Results are attached.
(Enter quantities of Schedules attached.)
C-EICE4 REV V1 Aug 2011
92
Annex
C Schedule
of Inspections
SCHEDULE
OF INSPECTIONS
Fig
38
Sheet
SELV
(ii)
PELV
(iii)
Double insulation
(iv)
Reinforced insulation
(ii)
Barriers or enclosures
(iii)
Obstacles
(iv)
Fault protection:
(i)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Identification of conductors
Erection methods
Connection of conductors
FELV
General
Presence and correct location of appropriate devices for isolation
and switching
Non-conducting location:
Absence of protective conductors
(iii)
(b)
(ii)
(a)
Identification
Basic protection:
(i)
of
Electrical separation:
Additional protection:
Presence of residual current device(s)
Inspected by ..............................................................................................
Date ............................................................................................................
NOTES
to indicate an inspection has been carried out and the result is satisfactory
NA to indicate that the inspection is not applicable to a particular item
An entry must be made in every box.
C-EICE4 REV V1 Aug 2011
93
Circuit number
BS (EN)
Type
Rating (A)
Breaking
capacity (kA)
* Where there are no spurs connected to a ring final circuit this value is also the (R1+ R2) of the circuit.
Circuit description
Reference
method
Conductor details
Live (mm2)
Overcurrent device
r1 (line)
rn (neutral)
r2 (cpc)
Circuit details
cpc (mm2)
Continuity ()
(R1+ R2) or R2
(R1+ R2) *
Tested by:
Name (CAPITALS)...............................................................................................................................
Signature........................................................................ Date ..........................................................
R2
Insulation
resistance
(M)
Live E
Zs ()
Test results
Polarity
Sheet
of
RCD
(ms)
Remarks
(continue on a
separate sheet if
necessary)
@In
@5In
94
Live Live
Fig
39
Test button
operation
13 = requires rounding up to 15
12 = requires rounding down to 10
12.5 = requires rounding up to 15
12.4 = requires rounding down to 10
For inclination (pitch) the number shall be rounded up or down to the nearest 1 as defined in the
examples below:
Measured inclination
For ease of reference the tables have been shaded to indicate optimum and minimum potential
outputs
Dark Green
= Optimum
Dark Red
= Minimum
95
Zone 1
96
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
828
835
843
850
857
864
871
878
884
890
896
902
908
914
919
924
929
934
938
943
947
951
954
958
961
964
967
970
972
975
977
979
980
982
983
984
984
985
985
985
985
984
984
983
982
980
5
828
835
843
850
857
864
871
877
884
890
896
902
908
913
919
924
929
933
938
942
946
950
954
957
961
964
967
969
972
974
976
978
979
981
982
983
984
984
984
984
984
984
983
982
981
980
10
828
835
843
850
857
864
870
877
883
889
895
901
907
912
917
922
927
932
936
941
945
949
952
956
959
962
965
968
970
972
974
976
977
979
980
981
981
982
982
982
982
981
981
980
979
977
15
828
835
842
849
856
863
869
876
882
888
894
900
905
910
916
920
925
930
934
938
942
946
950
953
956
959
962
965
967
969
971
973
974
975
976
977
978
978
978
978
978
977
977
976
975
973
20
828
835
842
849
855
862
868
874
880
886
892
898
903
908
913
918
922
927
931
935
939
943
946
949
952
955
958
960
962
964
966
968
969
970
971
972
973
973
973
973
973
972
971
970
969
967
25
828
835
841
848
854
861
867
873
879
884
890
895
900
905
910
914
919
923
927
931
935
938
941
944
947
950
953
955
957
959
960
962
963
964
965
966
966
966
966
966
966
965
964
963
962
960
30
828
834
841
847
853
859
865
871
876
882
887
892
897
901
906
910
914
918
922
926
929
933
936
939
941
944
946
948
950
952
953
955
956
957
957
958
958
958
958
958
957
956
955
954
953
951
35
828
834
840
846
852
857
863
868
873
878
883
888
893
897
901
905
909
913
917
920
923
926
929
932
934
937
939
941
942
944
945
946
947
948
948
949
949
949
949
948
947
946
945
944
943
941
40
828
833
839
845
850
855
861
866
870
875
880
884
888
892
896
900
903
907
910
913
916
919
922
924
926
928
930
932
933
935
936
937
937
938
938
938
938
938
938
937
936
935
934
932
931
929
45
828
833
838
843
848
853
858
862
867
871
875
879
883
887
890
894
897
900
903
906
908
911
913
915
917
919
921
922
923
924
925
926
926
927
927
927
927
926
925
925
924
922
921
919
918
916
Zone 2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
938
947
956
965
974
982
990
999
1006
1014
1022
1029
1036
1043
1049
1056
1062
1068
1073
1078
1084
1088
1093
1097
1102
1105
1109
1112
1115
1118
1121
1123
1125
1127
1128
1130
1131
1131
1132
1132
1132
1131
1131
1130
1128
1127
5
938
947
956
965
973
982
990
998
1006
1014
1021
1029
1035
1042
1049
1055
1061
1067
1073
1078
1083
1088
1092
1097
1101
1105
1108
1112
1115
1118
1120
1122
1124
1126
1128
1129
1130
1130
1131
1131
1131
1130
1130
1129
1127
1126
10
938
947
956
964
973
981
990
998
1005
1013
1020
1027
1034
1041
1047
1054
1060
1065
1071
1076
1081
1086
1090
1095
1099
1103
1106
1109
1112
1115
1118
1120
1122
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1128
1128
1128
1128
1127
1126
1125
1123
15
938
946
955
964
972
981
989
996
1004
1011
1019
1026
1032
1039
1045
1051
1057
1063
1068
1073
1078
1083
1087
1091
1095
1099
1103
1106
1109
1111
1114
1116
1118
1119
1121
1122
1123
1123
1124
1124
1123
1123
1122
1121
1120
1118
20
938
946
955
963
971
979
987
995
1002
1009
1016
1023
1030
1036
1042
1048
1054
1059
1064
1069
1074
1079
1083
1087
1091
1094
1097
1101
1103
1106
1108
1110
1112
1114
1115
1116
1117
1117
1117
1117
1117
1116
1116
1114
1113
1111
25
938
946
954
962
970
978
985
993
1000
1007
1013
1020
1026
1032
1038
1044
1049
1054
1059
1064
1069
1073
1077
1081
1084
1088
1091
1094
1096
1099
1101
1103
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1109
1109
1109
1109
1108
1107
1106
1104
1103
30
938
945
953
961
969
976
983
990
997
1003
1010
1016
1022
1028
1033
1039
1044
1049
1053
1058
1062
1066
1070
1074
1077
1080
1083
1086
1088
1090
1092
1094
1096
1097
1098
1098
1099
1099
1099
1099
1099
1098
1097
1095
1094
1092
35
938
945
952
960
967
974
980
987
993
1000
1006
1011
1017
1022
1028
1033
1037
1042
1046
1051
1055
1058
1062
1065
1068
1071
1074
1076
1078
1081
1082
1084
1085
1086
1087
1087
1088
1088
1088
1087
1087
1086
1085
1083
1081
1080
40
938
944
951
958
965
971
978
984
989
995
1001
1006
1011
1016
1021
1026
1030
1035
1038
1042
1046
1049
1053
1056
1058
1061
1063
1066
1067
1069
1071
1072
1073
1074
1074
1075
1075
1075
1074
1074
1073
1072
1070
1069
1067
1065
45
938
944
950
957
963
969
974
980
985
990
996
1000
1005
1010
1014
1018
1022
1026
1030
1033
1036
1039
1042
1045
1047
1050
1052
1053
1055
1057
1058
1059
1060
1060
1060
1060
1061
1060
1059
1059
1058
1057
1055
1053
1051
1049
97
Zone 3
98
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
857
865
872
880
888
895
902
909
916
923
929
935
941
947
953
958
963
968
973
978
982
986
990
994
997
1001
1004
1007
1009
1012
1014
1016
1017
1019
1020
1021
1022
1022
1023
1023
1023
1022
1021
1020
1019
1018
5
857
865
872
880
888
895
902
909
916
922
929
935
941
947
952
958
963
968
973
977
982
986
990
993
997
1000
1003
1006
1009
1011
1013
1015
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1022
1022
1022
1021
1021
1020
1018
1017
40
857
863
869
875
880
886
891
897
902
907
911
916
920
925
929
933
937
940
944
947
950
953
956
958
961
963
965
967
968
970
971
972
973
973
974
974
974
974
973
973
972
971
969
968
966
964
45
857
862
868
873
878
884
888
893
898
902
907
911
915
919
923
926
930
933
936
939
942
944
947
949
951
953
955
956
958
959
960
961
961
961
962
962
962
961
960
960
959
957
956
954
953
951
Zone 4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
907
916
924
933
941
949
957
965
973
980
987
994
1001
1007
1014
1020
1025
1031
1036
1041
1046
1051
1055
1060
1064
1067
1071
1074
1077
1080
1082
1084
1086
1088
1089
1091
1091
1092
1093
1093
1093
1092
1092
1091
1089
1088
5
907
916
924
933
941
949
957
965
972
980
987
994
1000
1007
1013
1019
1025
1031
1036
1041
1046
1050
1055
1059
1063
1067
1070
1073
1076
1079
1081
1084
1086
1087
1089
1090
1091
1091
1092
1092
1092
1091
1091
1090
1089
1087
10
907
916
924
933
941
949
957
964
972
979
986
993
999
1006
1012
1018
1024
1029
1034
1039
1044
1049
1053
1057
1061
1065
1068
1071
1074
1077
1079
1081
1083
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1089
1089
1089
1089
1088
1087
1086
1085
15
907
915
924
932
940
948
956
963
970
977
984
991
998
1004
1010
1016
1021
1027
1032
1037
1041
1046
1050
1054
1058
1062
1065
1068
1071
1073
1076
1078
1080
1081
1082
1084
1084
1085
1085
1085
1085
1085
1084
1083
1082
1080
20
907
915
923
931
939
947
954
962
969
976
982
989
995
1001
1007
1013
1018
1023
1028
1033
1038
1042
1046
1050
1054
1057
1060
1063
1066
1068
1071
1073
1074
1076
1077
1078
1079
1079
1080
1080
1079
1079
1078
1077
1076
1074
25
907
915
923
930
938
945
953
960
966
973
979
986
992
998
1003
1009
1014
1019
1024
1028
1033
1037
1041
1044
1048
1051
1054
1057
1060
1062
1064
1066
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1072
1072
1072
1072
1071
1070
1069
1068
1066
30
907
914
922
929
937
944
950
957
964
970
976
982
988
993
999
1004
1009
1014
1018
1023
1027
1031
1034
1038
1041
1044
1047
1050
1052
1054
1056
1058
1059
1061
1062
1062
1063
1063
1063
1063
1063
1062
1061
1060
1058
1057
35
907
914
921
928
935
942
948
954
961
966
972
978
983
988
994
998
1003
1007
1012
1016
1020
1023
1027
1030
1033
1036
1039
1041
1043
1045
1047
1048
1050
1051
1052
1052
1053
1053
1053
1052
1052
1051
1050
1049
1047
1045
40
907
914
920
927
933
939
945
951
957
962
968
973
978
983
988
992
996
1001
1004
1008
1012
1015
1018
1021
1024
1027
1029
1031
1033
1035
1036
1038
1039
1040
1040
1041
1041
1041
1041
1040
1039
1038
1037
1036
1034
1032
45
907
913
919
925
931
937
942
948
953
958
963
968
972
977
981
985
989
993
996
1000
1003
1006
1009
1011
1014
1016
1018
1020
1022
1023
1025
1026
1027
1027
1027
1028
1028
1027
1027
1026
1025
1024
1023
1021
1020
1018
99
Zone 5W
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
803
809
816
823
830
837
843
849
855
861
867
873
878
883
888
893
898
902
907
911
915
918
922
925
928
931
934
936
939
941
943
944
946
947
948
949
949
950
950
950
949
949
948
947
946
945
5
803
809
816
823
830
837
843
849
855
861
867
872
878
883
888
893
898
902
906
910
914
918
921
925
928
931
933
936
938
940
942
944
945
946
947
948
949
949
949
949
949
948
948
947
945
944
10
803
809
816
823
830
836
842
849
855
860
866
872
877
882
887
892
896
901
905
909
913
916
920
923
926
929
932
934
936
938
940
942
943
944
945
946
947
947
947
947
947
946
945
944
943
942
15
803
809
816
823
829
835
842
848
854
859
865
870
875
880
885
890
894
899
903
907
910
914
917
921
923
926
929
931
933
935
937
939
940
941
942
943
943
943
944
943
943
942
942
941
940
938
20
803
809
816
822
828
835
841
846
852
858
863
868
873
878
883
887
892
896
900
904
907
911
914
917
920
923
925
927
929
931
933
934
936
937
937
938
938
939
939
939
938
937
937
936
934
933
25
803
809
815
821
827
833
839
845
850
856
861
866
871
875
880
884
888
892
896
900
903
907
910
913
915
918
920
922
924
926
927
929
930
931
932
932
932
933
932
932
932
931
930
929
928
926
30
803
808
814
820
826
832
838
843
848
853
858
863
868
872
876
880
884
888
892
895
898
901
904
907
910
912
914
916
918
919
921
922
923
924
924
925
925
925
925
925
924
923
922
921
920
918
35
803
808
814
819
825
830
836
841
846
850
855
859
864
868
872
876
880
883
886
890
893
895
898
901
903
905
907
909
910
912
913
914
915
916
916
916
916
916
916
916
915
914
913
912
910
908
40
803
808
813
818
823
828
833
838
843
847
851
856
860
863
867
871
874
877
880
883
886
889
891
893
896
897
899
901
902
903
904
905
906
906
907
907
907
906
906
905
904
903
902
901
899
897
45
803
807
812
817
822
826
831
835
839
843
847
851
855
858
862
865
868
871
874
876
879
881
883
885
887
889
890
892
893
894
895
895
896
896
896
896
896
895
895
894
893
892
890
889
887
885
Zone 5E
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
820
827
834
841
848
855
861
868
874
880
886
892
898
903
908
913
918
923
927
931
935
939
943
946
949
952
955
958
960
962
964
966
967
969
970
971
971
972
972
972
971
971
970
969
968
967
5
820
827
834
841
848
855
861
868
874
880
886
892
897
903
908
913
918
922
927
931
935
939
942
946
949
952
955
957
959
962
964
965
967
968
969
970
970
971
971
971
971
970
969
968
967
966
10
820
826
834
841
848
854
861
867
873
879
885
891
896
902
907
912
916
921
925
930
933
937
941
944
947
950
953
955
958
960
962
963
965
966
967
968
968
969
969
969
968
968
967
966
965
964
15
820
826
833
840
847
854
860
866
872
878
884
889
895
900
905
910
915
919
923
927
931
935
938
941
944
947
950
952
955
957
959
960
961
963
964
964
965
965
965
965
965
964
963
962
961
960
20
820
826
833
840
846
853
859
865
871
877
882
888
893
898
903
907
912
916
920
924
928
931
935
938
941
943
946
948
950
952
954
956
957
958
959
959
960
960
960
960
960
959
958
957
956
954
25
820
826
832
839
845
851
857
863
869
874
880
885
890
895
899
904
908
912
916
920
924
927
930
933
936
939
941
943
945
947
948
950
951
952
953
953
954
954
954
954
953
952
951
950
949
947
30
820
826
832
838
844
850
856
861
867
872
877
882
887
891
896
900
904
908
912
915
918
922
925
927
930
932
935
937
939
940
942
943
944
945
945
946
946
946
946
945
945
944
943
942
940
939
35
820
825
831
837
843
848
854
859
864
869
874
878
883
887
891
895
899
903
906
909
912
915
918
921
923
925
927
929
931
932
934
935
936
936
937
937
937
937
937
936
935
934
933
932
930
929
40
820
825
830
836
841
846
851
856
861
865
870
874
878
882
886
890
893
897
900
903
906
908
911
913
915
917
919
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
927
927
927
927
926
926
925
923
922
921
919
917
45
820
824
830
835
839
844
849
853
857
862
866
870
873
877
880
884
887
890
893
896
898
900
903
905
907
908
910
911
912
914
914
915
915
916
916
916
915
915
914
913
912
911
910
908
906
905
101
Zone 6
102
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
789
796
803
810
816
823
829
835
841
847
853
859
864
869
874
879
884
888
892
897
901
904
908
911
914
917
920
922
925
927
929
931
932
933
935
935
936
937
937
937
937
936
936
935
934
933
5
789
796
803
809
816
823
829
835
841
847
853
858
864
869
874
879
883
888
892
896
900
904
907
911
914
917
919
922
924
926
928
930
931
933
934
935
935
936
936
936
936
936
935
934
933
932
10
789
796
802
809
816
822
828
835
841
846
852
857
863
868
873
878
882
887
891
895
899
902
906
909
912
915
918
920
922
925
926
928
930
931
932
933
933
934
934
934
934
933
933
932
931
930
15
789
795
802
809
815
822
828
834
840
845
851
856
861
866
871
876
880
885
889
893
896
900
903
907
910
912
915
917
920
922
923
925
926
928
929
929
930
930
931
931
930
930
929
928
927
926
20
789
795
802
808
815
821
827
832
838
844
849
854
859
864
869
873
878
882
886
890
893
897
900
903
906
909
911
913
916
917
919
921
922
923
924
925
925
926
926
926
925
925
924
923
922
921
25
789
795
801
808
814
819
825
831
836
842
847
852
857
861
866
870
874
878
882
886
889
893
896
899
901
904
906
908
910
912
914
915
916
917
918
919
919
919
919
919
919
918
918
917
915
914
30
789
795
801
807
812
818
824
829
834
839
844
849
853
858
862
866
870
874
878
881
884
887
890
893
896
898
900
902
904
906
907
908
910
910
911
912
912
912
912
912
911
911
910
909
907
906
35
789
794
800
806
811
816
822
827
832
836
841
845
850
854
858
862
866
869
872
876
879
881
884
887
889
891
893
895
897
898
900
901
902
902
903
903
903
903
903
903
902
901
900
899
898
896
40
789
794
799
805
810
815
819
824
829
833
837
842
846
849
853
857
860
863
866
869
872
875
877
880
882
884
885
887
888
890
891
892
892
893
893
894
894
893
893
892
892
891
890
888
887
885
45
789
794
799
803
808
813
817
821
825
830
833
837
841
844
848
851
854
857
860
862
865
867
869
872
873
875
877
878
879
880
881
882
882
883
883
883
883
882
882
881
880
879
878
876
875
873
Zone 7W
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
779
786
793
800
807
814
820
827
833
839
845
850
856
861
866
871
876
881
885
890
894
898
901
905
908
911
914
917
919
921
924
925
927
929
930
931
932
932
933
933
933
933
932
932
931
930
5
779
786
793
800
807
814
820
826
833
839
844
850
856
861
866
871
876
881
885
889
893
897
901
904
907
911
913
916
919
921
923
925
926
928
929
930
931
932
932
932
932
932
932
931
930
929
10
779
786
793
800
807
813
820
826
832
838
844
849
855
860
865
870
875
879
884
888
892
896
899
903
906
909
912
914
917
919
921
923
925
926
927
928
929
930
930
930
930
930
929
929
928
927
15
779
786
793
799
806
812
819
825
831
837
842
848
853
858
863
868
873
877
882
886
889
893
897
900
903
906
909
912
914
916
918
920
921
923
924
925
926
926
926
927
926
926
926
925
924
923
20
779
786
792
799
805
812
818
824
829
835
841
846
851
856
861
866
870
874
879
882
886
890
893
897
900
902
905
908
910
912
914
915
917
918
919
920
921
921
922
922
921
921
920
920
919
918
25
779
785
792
798
804
810
816
822
828
833
838
843
848
853
858
862
867
871
875
879
882
886
889
892
895
898
900
902
905
907
908
910
911
912
913
914
915
915
915
915
915
915
914
913
912
911
30
779
785
791
797
803
809
815
820
825
831
836
841
845
850
854
858
863
867
870
874
877
881
884
887
889
892
894
896
898
900
902
903
904
905
906
907
907
908
908
907
907
907
906
905
904
902
35
779
785
791
796
802
807
813
818
823
828
832
837
842
846
850
854
858
861
865
868
872
875
877
880
883
885
887
889
891
893
894
895
896
897
898
898
899
899
899
898
898
897
896
895
894
893
40
779
784
790
795
800
805
810
815
820
824
829
833
837
841
845
849
852
856
859
862
865
868
870
873
875
877
879
881
883
884
885
886
887
888
888
889
889
889
888
888
888
887
886
885
883
882
45
779
784
789
794
799
803
808
812
817
821
825
829
833
836
840
843
846
849
852
855
858
860
862
865
867
869
870
872
873
874
875
876
877
877
878
878
878
878
877
877
876
875
874
872
871
869
103
Zone 7E
104
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
735
741
747
753
759
765
771
776
782
787
792
797
802
807
811
816
820
824
827
831
835
838
841
844
847
849
852
854
856
858
859
861
862
863
864
865
865
866
866
866
866
865
865
864
863
862
5
735
741
747
753
759
765
771
776
782
787
792
797
802
806
811
815
819
823
827
831
834
837
841
843
846
849
851
853
855
857
859
860
862
863
864
864
865
865
865
865
865
865
864
863
862
861
10
735
741
747
753
759
765
770
776
781
786
791
796
801
806
810
814
818
822
826
829
833
836
839
842
845
847
850
852
854
856
857
859
860
861
862
863
863
863
863
863
863
863
862
861
860
859
15
735
741
747
753
759
764
770
775
780
785
790
795
800
804
808
813
817
820
824
828
831
834
837
840
842
845
847
849
851
853
855
856
857
858
859
860
860
860
860
860
860
859
859
858
857
855
20
735
741
746
752
758
763
769
774
779
784
789
793
798
802
806
810
814
818
821
825
828
831
834
837
839
842
844
846
848
849
851
852
853
854
855
855
856
856
856
856
855
855
854
853
852
851
25
735
740
746
752
757
762
767
772
777
782
787
791
795
800
804
808
811
815
818
821
824
827
830
833
835
837
839
841
843
845
846
847
848
849
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
849
848
847
846
845
30
735
740
746
751
756
761
766
771
775
780
784
789
793
797
800
804
808
811
814
817
820
823
825
828
830
832
834
836
837
839
840
841
842
843
843
844
844
844
844
843
843
842
841
840
839
837
35
735
740
745
750
755
760
764
769
773
777
781
785
789
793
797
800
803
806
809
812
815
818
820
822
824
826
828
830
831
832
833
834
835
835
836
836
836
836
836
835
835
834
833
832
830
829
40
735
740
744
749
753
758
762
766
771
774
778
782
786
789
792
795
798
801
804
807
809
812
814
816
818
819
821
822
823
825
825
826
827
827
827
827
827
827
827
826
825
824
823
822
821
819
45
735
739
744
748
752
756
760
764
768
771
775
778
781
785
787
790
793
796
798
800
803
805
807
809
810
812
813
814
815
816
817
817
818
818
818
818
818
817
817
816
815
814
813
811
810
808
Zone 8S
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
722
728
735
741
748
754
760
766
772
778
783
788
794
799
804
808
813
817
822
826
829
833
837
840
843
846
849
852
854
856
858
860
862
863
865
866
867
867
868
868
868
868
868
867
867
866
5
722
728
735
741
748
754
760
766
772
777
783
788
793
798
803
808
813
817
821
825
829
833
836
840
843
846
848
851
854
856
858
860
861
863
864
865
866
867
867
867
868
868
867
867
866
865
10
722
728
735
741
747
753
760
765
771
777
782
787
793
798
802
807
812
816
820
824
828
831
835
838
841
844
847
849
852
854
856
858
859
861
862
863
864
865
865
865
866
865
865
865
864
863
15
722
728
734
741
747
753
759
765
770
776
781
786
791
796
801
805
810
814
818
822
826
829
833
836
839
842
844
847
849
851
853
855
856
858
859
860
861
861
862
862
862
862
862
861
860
859
20
722
728
734
740
746
752
758
763
769
774
779
784
789
794
799
803
807
811
815
819
823
826
829
832
835
838
841
843
845
847
849
851
852
854
855
856
856
857
857
857
857
857
857
856
855
854
25
722
728
734
739
745
751
756
762
767
772
777
782
787
791
796
800
804
808
812
815
819
822
825
828
831
834
836
838
840
842
844
846
847
848
849
850
851
851
851
851
851
851
850
850
849
848
30
722
727
733
739
744
750
755
760
765
770
775
779
784
788
792
796
800
804
807
811
814
817
820
823
826
828
830
833
834
836
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
844
844
844
844
843
843
842
841
840
35
722
727
732
738
743
748
753
758
763
767
772
776
780
784
788
792
796
799
802
806
809
812
814
817
819
822
824
826
827
829
831
832
833
834
834
835
835
836
836
835
835
835
834
833
832
831
40
722
727
732
737
742
746
751
755
760
764
768
772
776
780
784
787
791
794
797
800
803
805
808
810
812
814
816
818
820
821
822
823
824
825
825
826
826
826
826
826
825
825
824
823
822
820
45
722
726
731
735
740
744
749
753
757
761
765
768
772
775
779
782
785
788
791
793
796
798
800
802
805
806
808
809
811
812
813
814
814
815
815
816
816
816
815
815
814
813
812
811
810
809
105
Zone 8E
106
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
731
737
744
751
757
764
770
776
782
788
793
799
804
809
814
819
823
828
832
836
840
844
848
851
854
857
860
863
865
868
870
872
873
875
876
877
878
879
879
880
880
880
879
879
878
877
5
731
737
744
751
757
763
770
776
782
787
793
798
804
809
814
818
823
827
832
836
840
844
847
851
854
857
860
862
865
867
869
871
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
879
879
879
879
878
878
877
10
731
737
744
750
757
763
769
775
781
787
792
798
803
808
813
817
822
826
831
835
838
842
846
849
852
855
858
861
863
865
867
869
871
872
873
875
875
876
877
877
877
877
877
876
875
874
15
731
737
744
750
756
762
768
774
780
786
791
796
801
806
811
816
820
824
829
833
836
840
843
847
850
853
855
858
860
862
864
866
868
869
870
871
872
873
873
873
873
873
873
872
872
871
20
731
737
743
750
756
762
767
773
779
784
789
794
799
804
809
813
818
822
826
830
833
837
840
843
846
849
852
854
856
858
860
862
863
865
866
867
868
868
868
869
869
868
868
867
867
866
25
731
737
743
749
755
760
766
771
777
782
787
792
797
801
806
810
814
818
822
826
829
833
836
839
842
844
847
849
851
853
855
857
858
859
860
861
862
862
862
862
862
862
862
861
860
859
30
731
736
742
748
754
759
764
770
775
780
784
789
794
798
802
806
810
814
818
821
825
828
831
834
836
839
841
843
845
847
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
855
855
855
855
854
854
853
852
851
35
731
736
742
747
752
758
763
767
772
777
781
786
790
794
798
802
806
809
813
816
819
822
825
828
830
832
834
836
838
840
841
842
844
844
845
846
846
846
846
846
846
845
845
844
843
842
40
731
736
741
746
751
756
760
765
769
774
778
782
786
790
794
797
801
804
807
810
813
815
818
820
823
825
827
828
830
831
833
834
835
835
836
836
837
837
837
836
836
835
834
833
832
831
45
731
735
740
745
749
754
758
762
766
770
774
778
782
785
788
792
795
798
801
803
806
808
811
813
815
817
818
820
821
822
823
824
825
825
826
826
826
826
826
825
825
824
823
822
820
819
Zone 9S
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
738
745
752
759
766
773
780
787
793
799
806
812
817
823
829
834
839
844
849
854
858
862
866
870
874
877
881
884
887
889
892
894
896
898
900
902
903
904
905
905
906
906
906
906
906
905
5
738
745
752
759
766
773
780
786
793
799
805
811
817
823
828
834
839
844
848
853
858
862
866
870
873
877
880
883
886
889
891
894
896
898
899
901
902
903
904
905
905
905
905
905
905
904
10
738
745
752
759
766
773
779
786
792
798
805
810
816
822
827
832
838
843
847
852
856
860
864
868
872
875
878
881
884
887
889
892
894
896
897
899
900
901
902
903
903
903
903
903
903
902
15
738
744
751
758
765
772
778
785
791
797
803
809
815
820
825
831
836
840
845
850
854
858
862
865
869
872
876
879
881
884
886
888
891
892
894
895
897
897
898
899
899
899
899
899
899
898
20
738
744
751
758
764
771
777
784
790
796
801
807
813
818
823
828
833
838
842
846
850
855
858
862
865
869
872
874
877
880
882
884
886
888
889
890
892
892
893
894
894
894
894
894
893
893
25
738
744
751
757
763
770
776
782
788
794
799
805
810
815
820
825
829
834
838
842
846
850
854
857
860
864
867
869
872
874
876
878
880
882
883
884
885
886
887
887
887
887
887
887
886
885
30
738
744
750
756
762
768
774
780
785
791
796
801
806
811
816
821
825
829
834
837
841
845
848
852
855
858
860
863
865
867
870
871
873
874
876
877
878
878
879
879
879
879
879
878
878
877
35
738
743
749
755
761
767
772
778
783
788
793
798
803
807
812
816
820
824
828
832
835
839
842
845
848
851
853
855
858
860
862
863
865
866
867
868
869
869
870
870
870
870
869
869
868
867
40
738
743
748
754
759
765
770
775
780
785
789
794
798
803
807
811
815
818
822
825
829
832
835
837
840
843
845
847
849
851
852
854
855
856
857
858
859
859
859
859
859
859
858
857
856
855
45
738
742
748
753
758
763
767
772
776
781
785
789
793
797
801
805
808
812
815
818
821
824
827
829
832
834
836
838
839
841
842
844
845
846
846
847
847
847
847
847
847
846
846
845
844
843
107
Zone 9E
108
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
742
748
756
763
770
777
783
790
796
803
809
815
821
826
832
837
842
847
852
856
861
865
869
873
876
880
883
886
889
891
894
896
898
900
902
903
904
905
906
907
907
907
907
907
907
906
5
742
748
756
763
770
777
783
790
796
802
809
815
820
826
831
836
842
846
851
856
860
864
868
872
876
879
882
885
888
891
893
895
898
899
901
902
904
905
905
906
906
907
907
906
906
905
10
742
748
755
762
769
776
783
789
796
802
808
814
819
825
830
835
840
845
850
854
859
863
867
870
874
877
881
884
886
889
891
894
896
897
899
900
901
902
903
904
904
904
904
904
903
903
15
742
748
755
762
769
775
782
788
795
801
806
812
818
823
828
834
838
843
848
852
856
860
864
868
871
875
878
881
883
886
888
890
892
894
895
897
898
899
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
899
20
742
748
755
762
768
775
781
787
793
799
805
810
816
821
826
831
836
840
845
849
853
857
861
864
868
871
874
876
879
882
884
886
888
889
891
892
893
894
894
895
895
895
895
895
894
893
25
742
748
754
761
767
773
779
785
791
797
802
808
813
818
823
828
832
837
841
845
849
853
856
860
863
866
869
871
874
876
878
880
882
883
884
886
887
887
888
888
888
888
888
888
887
886
30
742
747
754
760
766
772
778
783
789
794
800
805
810
814
819
824
828
832
836
840
844
847
851
854
857
860
862
865
867
869
871
873
875
876
877
878
879
880
880
880
880
880
880
879
878
877
35
742
747
753
759
765
770
776
781
786
791
796
801
806
810
815
819
823
827
831
834
838
841
844
847
850
853
855
857
860
861
863
865
866
867
868
869
870
870
871
871
871
870
870
869
868
867
40
742
747
752
758
763
768
773
778
783
788
793
797
801
806
810
814
817
821
825
828
831
834
837
840
842
845
847
849
851
853
854
855
857
858
858
859
860
860
860
860
860
859
859
858
857
856
45
742
746
751
756
761
766
771
775
780
784
788
793
797
800
804
808
811
815
818
821
824
826
829
831
834
836
838
840
841
843
844
845
846
847
847
848
848
848
848
848
848
847
846
845
844
843
Zone 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
750
757
765
772
779
786
793
799
806
812
818
825
830
836
842
847
852
857
862
866
871
875
879
883
887
890
893
896
899
902
904
907
909
911
912
914
915
916
917
917
918
918
918
918
917
916
5
750
757
765
772
779
786
793
799
806
812
818
824
830
836
841
847
852
857
861
866
870
875
879
882
886
890
893
896
899
901
904
906
908
910
912
913
914
915
916
917
917
917
917
917
916
916
10
750
757
764
772
779
785
792
799
805
811
817
823
829
835
840
845
850
855
860
865
869
873
877
881
884
888
891
894
897
899
902
904
906
908
909
911
912
913
914
914
915
915
915
914
914
913
15
750
757
764
771
778
785
791
798
804
810
816
822
828
833
838
843
848
853
858
862
867
871
874
878
882
885
888
891
894
896
899
901
903
904
906
907
908
909
910
911
911
911
911
910
910
909
20
750
757
764
771
777
784
790
796
803
808
814
820
825
831
836
841
846
850
855
859
863
867
871
874
878
881
884
887
890
892
894
896
898
900
901
902
903
904
905
905
906
906
905
905
904
904
25
750
757
763
770
776
783
789
795
801
806
812
817
823
828
833
838
842
847
851
855
859
863
866
870
873
876
879
882
884
886
888
890
892
894
895
896
897
898
898
899
899
899
898
898
897
896
30
750
756
763
769
775
781
787
793
798
804
809
814
819
824
829
833
838
842
846
850
854
857
861
864
867
870
873
875
877
880
882
883
885
886
887
888
889
890
890
890
890
890
890
889
889
888
35
750
756
762
768
774
779
785
790
796
801
806
811
815
820
824
829
833
837
841
844
848
851
854
857
860
863
865
868
870
872
873
875
876
878
879
879
880
881
881
881
881
880
880
879
878
877
40
750
756
761
767
772
777
783
788
793
797
802
807
811
815
819
823
827
831
834
838
841
844
847
850
852
855
857
859
861
863
864
866
867
868
869
869
870
870
870
870
870
869
869
868
867
866
45
750
755
760
765
770
775
780
785
789
794
798
802
806
810
814
817
821
824
827
831
833
836
839
841
844
846
848
850
851
853
854
855
856
857
858
858
858
858
858
858
858
857
856
855
854
853
109
Zone 11
110
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
750
756
763
769
776
782
788
794
800
806
811
817
822
827
832
837
841
845
849
853
857
861
864
868
871
874
876
879
881
883
885
887
888
890
891
892
892
893
893
893
893
893
893
892
891
890
5
750
756
763
769
776
782
788
794
800
806
811
816
822
827
831
836
841
845
849
853
857
860
864
867
870
873
876
878
881
883
884
886
888
889
890
891
892
892
893
893
893
892
892
891
890
889
10
750
756
763
769
775
782
788
794
799
805
810
816
821
826
830
835
840
844
848
852
856
859
862
866
869
871
874
877
879
881
883
884
886
887
888
889
890
890
891
891
891
890
890
889
888
887
15
750
756
762
769
775
781
787
793
798
804
809
814
819
824
829
833
838
842
846
850
853
857
860
863
866
869
871
874
876
878
880
881
883
884
885
886
887
887
887
887
887
887
886
885
884
883
20
750
756
762
768
774
780
786
791
797
802
807
812
817
822
827
831
835
839
843
847
850
854
857
860
863
865
868
870
872
874
876
877
879
880
881
881
882
882
882
882
882
882
881
880
879
878
25
750
755
762
767
773
779
785
790
795
800
805
810
815
819
824
828
832
836
840
843
846
850
853
855
858
861
863
865
867
869
870
872
873
874
875
876
876
876
876
876
876
875
875
874
873
872
30
750
755
761
767
772
778
783
788
793
798
803
807
812
816
820
824
828
832
835
838
842
845
848
850
853
855
857
859
861
863
864
865
866
867
868
868
869
869
869
869
868
868
867
866
865
863
35
750
755
760
766
771
776
781
786
791
795
800
804
808
812
816
820
823
827
830
833
836
839
841
844
846
848
850
852
854
855
857
858
859
859
860
860
860
860
860
860
859
859
858
857
855
854
40
750
754
760
765
769
774
779
783
788
792
796
800
804
808
811
815
818
821
824
827
830
832
835
837
839
841
843
844
846
847
848
849
850
850
851
851
851
851
850
850
849
848
847
846
845
843
45
750
754
759
763
768
772
777
781
785
789
792
796
800
803
806
809
812
815
818
820
823
825
827
829
831
833
834
835
837
838
838
839
840
840
840
840
840
840
839
839
838
837
836
834
833
831
Zone 12
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
805
812
819
826
833
840
847
853
860
866
872
878
884
889
894
900
905
909
914
918
922
926
930
934
937
940
943
946
949
951
953
955
957
958
959
961
961
962
962
963
962
962
962
961
960
959
5
805
812
819
826
833
840
847
853
860
866
872
878
883
889
894
899
904
909
913
918
922
926
930
933
937
940
943
945
948
950
952
954
956
958
959
960
961
961
962
962
962
961
961
960
959
958
10
805
811
819
826
833
839
846
853
859
865
871
877
882
888
893
898
903
908
912
916
921
924
928
932
935
938
941
944
946
948
951
952
954
955
957
958
959
959
959
960
959
959
959
958
957
956
15
805
811
818
825
832
839
845
852
858
864
870
875
881
886
891
896
901
906
910
914
918
922
926
929
932
935
938
941
943
945
947
949
951
952
953
954
955
956
956
956
956
955
955
954
953
952
20
805
811
818
825
831
838
844
850
856
862
868
873
879
884
889
894
898
903
907
911
915
919
922
925
928
931
934
937
939
941
943
945
946
947
948
949
950
950
951
951
951
950
949
949
948
946
25
805
811
817
824
830
837
843
849
854
860
865
871
876
881
886
890
895
899
903
907
911
914
918
921
924
926
929
931
934
935
937
939
940
941
942
943
944
944
944
944
944
943
943
942
941
939
30
805
811
817
823
829
835
841
847
852
857
863
868
873
877
882
886
890
894
898
902
906
909
912
915
918
920
923
925
927
929
930
932
933
934
935
936
936
936
936
936
936
935
934
933
932
931
35
805
810
816
822
828
833
839
844
849
854
859
864
869
873
877
881
885
889
893
896
900
903
906
908
911
913
915
917
919
921
922
924
925
926
926
927
927
927
927
927
926
925
925
923
922
921
40
805
810
815
821
826
831
837
842
846
851
856
860
864
868
872
876
880
883
887
890
893
896
898
901
903
905
907
909
911
912
913
914
915
916
916
917
917
917
916
916
915
914
913
912
911
909
45
805
809
814
820
824
829
834
839
843
847
851
855
859
863
867
870
873
877
880
882
885
888
890
892
894
896
898
899
901
902
903
904
905
905
905
905
905
905
905
904
903
902
901
899
898
896
111
Zone 13
112
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
789
795
802
809
815
821
827
833
839
844
849
855
859
864
869
873
878
882
886
889
893
896
899
902
905
908
910
912
914
916
917
919
920
921
921
922
922
922
922
922
921
921
920
919
917
916
5
789
795
802
808
815
821
827
833
838
844
849
854
859
864
869
873
877
881
885
889
892
896
899
902
905
907
909
912
914
915
917
918
919
920
921
921
922
922
922
921
921
920
919
918
916
915
10
789
795
802
808
814
821
826
832
838
843
848
853
858
863
868
872
876
880
884
888
891
894
898
900
903
906
908
910
912
914
915
916
918
918
919
920
920
920
920
919
919
918
917
916
915
913
15
789
795
802
808
814
820
826
831
837
842
847
852
857
862
866
870
874
878
882
886
889
892
895
898
901
903
905
907
909
911
912
914
915
915
916
917
917
917
917
916
916
915
914
913
911
910
20
789
795
801
807
813
819
825
830
835
841
846
850
855
860
864
868
872
876
879
883
886
889
892
895
897
900
902
904
906
907
909
910
911
911
912
912
913
913
912
912
911
910
909
908
907
905
25
789
795
801
807
812
818
823
829
834
839
844
848
853
857
861
865
869
872
876
879
882
885
888
891
893
895
897
899
901
902
904
905
906
906
907
907
907
907
907
906
905
905
903
902
901
899
30
789
794
800
806
811
817
822
827
832
836
841
845
850
854
858
861
865
869
872
875
878
881
883
886
888
890
892
894
895
896
898
898
899
900
900
900
900
900
900
899
898
897
896
895
893
891
35
789
794
800
805
810
815
820
825
829
834
838
842
846
850
854
857
861
864
867
870
873
875
878
880
882
884
885
887
888
889
890
891
892
892
893
892
892
892
892
891
890
889
888
886
885
883
40
789
794
799
804
809
813
818
822
826
831
835
838
842
846
849
852
855
858
861
864
866
869
871
873
875
876
878
879
880
881
882
883
883
884
884
884
883
883
882
881
880
879
878
876
875
873
45
789
793
798
803
807
811
815
819
823
827
831
834
838
841
844
847
850
852
855
857
860
862
863
865
867
868
870
871
872
872
873
874
874
874
874
874
873
873
872
871
870
868
867
865
863
861
Zone 14
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
701
707
713
719
725
730
736
742
747
752
758
762
767
772
776
781
785
789
793
797
800
804
807
810
813
815
818
820
823
825
826
828
829
831
832
833
833
834
834
835
835
834
834
833
833
832
5
701
706
713
719
725
730
736
741
747
752
757
762
767
772
776
781
785
789
793
796
800
803
806
809
812
815
818
820
822
824
826
827
829
830
831
832
833
833
834
834
834
834
833
833
832
831
10
701
706
712
718
724
730
736
741
746
752
757
761
766
771
775
780
784
788
792
795
799
802
805
808
811
814
816
818
821
822
824
826
827
828
830
830
831
832
832
832
832
832
831
831
830
829
15
701
706
712
718
724
729
735
740
745
751
755
760
765
769
774
778
782
786
790
793
797
800
803
806
809
811
814
816
818
820
822
823
825
826
827
828
828
829
829
829
829
829
828
828
827
826
20
701
706
712
718
723
729
734
739
744
749
754
759
763
768
772
776
780
784
787
791
794
797
800
803
806
808
810
813
815
816
818
819
821
822
823
824
824
824
825
825
825
824
824
823
822
821
25
701
706
711
717
722
728
733
738
743
747
752
756
761
765
769
773
777
780
784
787
790
793
796
799
802
804
806
808
810
812
813
815
816
817
818
818
819
819
819
819
819
819
818
817
816
815
30
701
706
711
716
721
726
731
736
741
745
750
754
758
762
766
770
773
777
780
783
786
789
792
794
797
799
801
803
805
806
808
809
810
811
812
812
812
813
813
813
812
812
811
810
809
808
35
701
705
710
715
720
725
730
734
738
743
747
751
755
759
762
766
769
772
775
778
781
784
786
789
791
793
795
797
798
800
801
802
803
804
804
805
805
805
805
805
804
804
803
802
801
800
40
701
705
710
714
719
723
728
732
736
740
744
747
751
755
758
761
764
767
770
773
775
778
780
782
784
786
788
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
796
796
796
796
796
796
795
795
794
793
792
790
45
701
705
709
713
717
722
725
729
733
737
740
744
747
750
753
756
759
762
764
767
769
771
773
775
777
779
780
782
783
784
785
785
786
787
787
787
787
787
786
786
785
784
783
782
781
779
113
Zone 15
114
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
758
766
773
781
789
796
804
811
818
825
831
838
844
851
857
862
868
874
879
884
889
893
898
902
906
910
914
918
921
924
927
930
932
934
936
938
940
941
942
943
944
944
944
944
944
944
5
758
765
773
781
789
796
803
811
818
824
831
838
844
850
856
862
868
873
878
883
888
893
897
902
906
910
913
917
920
923
926
929
931
933
935
937
939
940
941
942
943
943
944
944
943
943
10
758
765
773
781
788
796
803
810
817
824
830
837
843
849
855
861
866
872
877
882
887
891
896
900
904
908
912
915
918
921
924
927
929
931
933
935
936
938
939
940
940
941
941
941
941
940
15
758
765
773
780
788
795
802
809
816
822
829
835
841
847
853
859
864
869
875
880
884
889
893
897
901
905
909
912
915
918
921
923
926
928
930
931
933
934
935
936
936
937
937
937
937
936
20
758
765
772
780
787
794
801
808
814
821
827
833
839
845
850
856
861
866
871
876
881
885
889
893
897
901
904
908
911
913
916
918
921
923
925
926
928
929
930
930
931
931
931
931
931
930
25
758
765
772
779
786
793
799
806
812
818
824
830
836
842
847
852
858
862
867
872
876
880
884
888
892
896
899
902
905
908
910
912
914
916
918
920
921
922
923
923
924
924
924
924
923
923
30
758
764
771
778
785
791
797
804
810
816
821
827
833
838
843
848
853
858
862
867
871
875
879
882
886
889
892
895
898
900
903
905
907
909
910
912
913
914
914
915
915
915
915
915
914
914
35
758
764
771
777
783
789
795
801
807
812
818
823
828
833
838
843
848
852
856
861
865
868
872
875
879
882
884
887
890
892
894
896
898
900
901
902
903
904
904
905
905
905
905
904
904
903
40
758
764
770
776
781
787
793
798
804
809
814
819
824
828
833
837
842
846
850
854
857
861
864
867
870
873
876
878
880
883
885
886
888
889
890
891
892
893
893
893
894
893
893
892
892
891
45
758
763
769
774
779
785
790
795
800
805
809
814
818
823
827
831
835
839
842
846
849
852
855
858
861
863
866
868
870
872
874
875
876
878
879
879
880
880
881
881
881
880
880
879
878
877
Zone 16
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
712
718
725
732
739
746
752
759
765
771
777
783
789
795
800
805
810
815
820
824
829
833
837
841
844
848
851
854
857
860
862
865
867
869
871
872
873
875
876
876
877
877
877
877
877
877
5
712
718
725
732
739
746
752
759
765
771
777
783
789
794
800
805
810
815
819
824
828
833
837
840
844
847
851
854
857
859
862
864
866
868
870
871
873
874
875
876
876
876
877
877
876
876
10
712
718
725
732
739
745
752
758
764
771
776
782
788
793
799
804
809
814
818
823
827
831
835
839
842
846
849
852
855
858
860
862
864
866
868
869
871
872
873
873
874
874
874
874
874
874
15
712
718
725
732
738
745
751
757
763
769
775
781
786
792
797
802
807
812
816
820
825
829
833
836
840
843
846
849
852
855
857
859
861
863
865
866
867
868
869
870
870
871
871
871
870
870
20
712
718
725
731
737
744
750
756
762
768
773
779
784
789
795
799
804
809
813
818
822
826
829
833
836
839
843
845
848
851
853
855
857
859
860
862
863
864
865
865
866
866
866
866
865
865
25
712
718
724
730
737
743
749
754
760
766
771
777
782
787
792
796
801
805
810
814
818
821
825
828
832
835
838
840
843
845
848
850
851
853
854
856
857
858
858
859
859
859
859
859
859
858
30
712
717
724
730
735
741
747
753
758
763
769
774
779
783
788
792
797
801
805
809
813
816
820
823
826
829
832
834
837
839
841
843
845
846
847
849
850
850
851
851
851
852
851
851
850
850
35
712
717
723
729
734
740
745
750
755
761
765
770
775
779
784
788
792
796
800
804
807
811
814
817
820
822
825
827
830
832
834
835
837
838
839
840
841
842
842
842
843
842
842
842
841
840
40
712
717
722
727
733
738
743
748
753
757
762
766
771
775
779
783
787
791
794
798
801
804
807
810
812
815
817
819
821
823
825
826
828
829
830
831
831
832
832
832
832
832
832
831
830
829
45
712
716
721
726
731
736
740
745
749
754
758
762
766
770
774
777
781
784
788
791
794
797
799
802
804
806
808
810
812
814
815
817
818
819
820
820
821
821
821
821
821
821
820
819
818
817
115
Zone 17
116
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
691
697
704
710
716
722
728
734
740
745
750
756
761
766
771
775
780
784
788
792
796
800
804
807
810
813
816
819
821
823
826
827
829
831
832
833
834
835
836
836
837
837
837
836
836
835
5
691
697
703
710
716
722
728
734
739
745
750
756
761
766
770
775
780
784
788
792
796
800
803
806
810
813
815
818
821
823
825
827
829
830
832
833
834
835
835
836
836
836
836
836
835
835
10
691
697
703
710
716
722
727
733
739
744
750
755
760
765
769
774
779
783
787
791
795
798
802
805
808
811
814
816
819
821
823
825
827
828
830
831
832
833
833
834
834
834
834
834
833
832
15
691
697
703
709
715
721
727
732
738
743
748
753
758
763
768
772
777
781
785
789
793
796
800
803
806
809
811
814
816
819
821
822
824
826
827
828
829
830
830
831
831
831
831
830
830
829
20
691
697
703
709
714
720
726
731
737
742
747
752
757
761
766
770
774
778
782
786
790
793
797
800
803
805
808
810
813
815
817
818
820
821
823
824
825
825
826
826
826
826
826
826
825
824
25
691
697
702
708
714
719
724
730
735
740
745
750
754
759
763
767
771
775
779
783
786
789
792
795
798
801
804
806
808
810
812
813
815
816
817
818
819
820
820
820
820
820
820
820
819
818
30
691
696
702
707
713
718
723
728
733
738
742
747
751
756
760
764
768
771
775
778
782
785
788
791
793
796
798
800
802
804
806
807
809
810
811
812
812
813
813
813
813
813
813
812
811
811
35
691
696
701
706
711
716
721
726
731
735
739
744
748
752
756
760
763
767
770
773
776
779
782
785
787
790
792
794
796
797
799
800
801
803
803
804
805
805
805
805
805
805
804
804
803
802
40
691
696
700
705
710
715
719
724
728
732
736
740
744
748
751
755
758
762
765
768
771
773
776
778
781
783
785
786
788
790
791
792
793
794
795
795
796
796
796
796
796
795
795
794
793
792
45
691
695
700
704
708
713
717
721
725
729
733
736
740
743
747
750
753
756
759
761
764
766
769
771
773
775
777
778
780
781
782
783
784
785
785
785
786
786
786
785
785
784
784
783
782
780
Zone 18
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
645
650
656
661
667
672
677
682
687
692
697
701
706
710
714
718
722
726
730
733
736
740
742
745
748
751
753
755
757
759
761
762
764
765
766
767
767
768
768
768
768
768
768
767
767
766
5
645
650
656
661
667
672
677
682
687
692
697
701
706
710
714
718
722
726
729
733
736
739
742
745
748
750
752
755
757
758
760
762
763
764
765
766
767
767
768
768
768
768
767
767
766
765
10
645
650
655
661
666
671
677
682
687
691
696
701
705
709
713
717
721
725
728
732
735
738
741
744
746
749
751
753
755
757
759
760
762
763
764
765
765
766
766
766
766
766
766
765
764
763
15
645
650
655
661
666
671
676
681
686
691
695
699
704
708
712
716
720
723
727
730
733
736
739
742
744
747
749
751
753
755
756
758
759
760
761
762
763
763
763
764
763
763
763
762
762
761
20
645
650
655
660
665
670
675
680
685
689
694
698
702
706
710
714
718
721
724
728
731
734
736
739
742
744
746
748
750
752
753
755
756
757
758
758
759
759
760
760
760
759
759
758
758
757
25
645
649
655
660
664
669
674
679
683
688
692
696
700
704
708
711
715
718
721
725
728
730
733
736
738
740
742
744
746
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
754
755
755
755
755
754
754
753
752
751
30
645
649
654
659
664
668
673
677
681
686
690
694
698
701
705
708
712
715
718
721
724
726
729
731
734
736
738
739
741
743
744
745
746
747
748
748
749
749
749
749
749
748
748
747
746
745
35
645
649
654
658
663
667
671
675
679
683
687
691
695
698
702
705
708
711
714
717
719
722
724
726
729
730
732
734
735
737
738
739
740
741
741
742
742
742
742
742
742
741
741
740
739
738
40
645
649
653
657
661
665
669
673
677
681
684
688
691
695
698
701
704
706
709
712
714
717
719
721
723
724
726
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
734
734
735
735
735
734
734
733
733
732
731
729
45
645
648
652
656
660
664
667
671
675
678
681
684
687
691
693
696
699
701
704
706
709
711
713
714
716
718
719
720
722
723
724
724
725
726
726
726
726
726
726
725
725
724
723
722
721
720
117
Zone 19
118
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
617
622
627
632
637
642
647
652
657
662
666
671
675
679
683
687
690
694
697
701
704
707
710
712
715
717
720
722
724
725
727
729
730
731
732
733
733
734
734
735
735
734
734
734
733
732
5
617
622
627
632
637
642
647
652
657
662
666
670
675
679
683
686
690
694
697
700
703
706
709
712
715
717
719
721
723
725
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
733
734
734
734
734
734
733
732
732
10
617
621
627
632
637
642
647
652
656
661
665
670
674
678
682
686
689
693
696
699
702
705
708
711
713
716
718
720
722
724
725
727
728
729
730
731
731
732
732
732
732
732
732
731
731
730
15
617
621
627
632
637
642
646
651
656
660
664
669
673
677
681
684
688
691
695
698
701
704
706
709
711
714
716
718
720
721
723
724
726
727
728
728
729
729
730
730
730
730
729
729
728
727
20
617
621
626
631
636
641
646
650
655
659
663
667
671
675
679
682
686
689
692
696
698
701
704
706
709
711
713
715
717
718
720
721
722
723
724
725
725
726
726
726
726
726
725
725
724
723
25
617
621
626
631
635
640
645
649
653
657
661
665
669
673
677
680
683
687
690
693
695
698
701
703
705
707
709
711
713
714
716
717
718
719
720
721
721
721
722
722
721
721
721
720
719
718
30
617
621
625
630
635
639
643
647
652
655
659
663
667
670
674
677
680
683
686
689
692
694
697
699
701
703
705
707
708
710
711
712
713
714
715
715
716
716
716
716
716
715
715
714
713
712
35
617
621
625
629
634
638
642
646
650
653
657
661
664
667
671
674
677
680
682
685
687
690
692
694
696
698
700
701
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
709
709
709
709
709
709
708
708
707
706
705
40
617
620
624
628
632
636
640
644
647
651
654
658
661
664
667
670
673
675
678
680
683
685
687
689
691
692
694
695
697
698
699
700
700
701
702
702
702
702
702
702
701
701
700
699
698
697
45
617
620
624
627
631
635
638
642
645
648
651
654
657
660
663
666
668
671
673
675
677
679
681
683
684
686
687
689
690
691
692
692
693
693
694
694
694
694
694
693
693
692
691
690
689
688
Zone 20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
599
604
609
614
619
624
629
633
638
642
647
651
655
659
663
667
671
674
677
681
684
687
689
692
695
697
699
701
703
705
706
708
709
710
711
712
713
713
714
714
714
714
714
713
713
712
5
599
604
609
614
619
624
629
633
638
642
647
651
655
659
663
667
670
674
677
680
683
686
689
692
694
697
699
701
703
704
706
708
709
710
711
712
712
713
713
714
714
713
713
713
712
711
10
599
603
609
614
619
623
628
633
637
642
646
650
654
658
662
666
669
673
676
679
682
685
688
691
693
695
698
700
701
703
705
706
707
709
710
710
711
711
712
712
712
712
712
711
711
710
15
599
603
608
613
618
623
628
632
637
641
645
649
653
657
661
665
668
672
675
678
681
684
686
689
691
694
696
698
699
701
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
709
709
710
710
709
709
709
708
707
20
599
603
608
613
618
622
627
631
636
640
644
648
652
656
659
663
666
670
673
676
679
681
684
686
689
691
693
695
697
698
700
701
702
703
704
705
705
706
706
706
706
706
706
705
704
703
25
599
603
608
612
617
621
626
630
634
638
642
646
650
654
657
661
664
667
670
673
676
678
681
683
685
688
689
691
693
694
696
697
698
699
700
701
701
701
702
702
702
701
701
700
700
699
30
599
603
607
612
616
620
625
629
633
637
640
644
648
651
654
658
661
664
667
670
672
675
677
679
681
683
685
687
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
696
696
696
696
696
696
695
695
694
693
35
599
603
607
611
615
619
623
627
631
634
638
642
645
648
651
655
657
660
663
666
668
670
673
675
677
679
680
682
683
685
686
687
688
688
689
690
690
690
690
690
690
689
689
688
687
686
40
599
602
606
610
614
618
622
625
629
632
635
639
642
645
648
651
654
656
659
661
663
666
668
670
671
673
675
676
677
678
680
680
681
682
682
683
683
683
683
683
682
682
681
681
680
679
45
599
602
606
609
613
616
620
623
626
630
633
636
638
641
644
647
649
652
654
656
658
660
662
664
665
667
668
670
671
672
673
673
674
675
675
675
675
675
675
675
674
674
673
672
671
670
119
Zone 21
120
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
0
711
717
723
729
735
741
747
752
758
763
768
774
778
783
788
792
797
801
805
808
812
815
819
822
825
827
830
832
835
837
838
840
841
843
844
845
846
846
846
847
847
846
846
845
845
844
5
711
717
723
729
735
741
747
752
758
763
768
773
778
783
787
792
796
800
804
808
812
815
818
821
824
827
829
832
834
836
838
839
841
842
843
844
845
845
846
846
846
846
845
845
844
843
10
711
717
723
729
735
741
746
752
757
762
768
773
777
782
787
791
795
799
803
807
810
814
817
820
823
825
828
830
832
834
836
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
844
844
844
844
843
843
842
841
15
711
716
722
728
734
740
746
751
756
761
766
771
776
781
785
789
793
797
801
805
808
811
815
818
820
823
825
828
830
832
833
835
836
837
838
839
840
840
841
841
841
840
840
839
838
837
20
711
716
722
728
734
739
745
750
755
760
765
770
774
779
783
787
791
795
798
802
805
809
812
814
817
820
822
824
826
828
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
836
836
836
836
836
835
834
834
832
25
711
716
722
727
733
738
743
748
753
758
763
767
772
776
780
784
788
792
795
799
802
805
808
810
813
815
817
819
821
823
825
826
827
828
829
830
830
830
830
830
830
830
829
828
827
826
30
711
716
721
727
732
737
742
747
751
756
760
765
769
773
777
781
784
788
791
794
797
800
803
805
808
810
812
814
816
817
819
820
821
822
822
823
823
824
824
823
823
823
822
821
820
819
35
711
715
721
726
731
735
740
745
749
753
758
762
766
769
773
777
780
783
786
789
792
795
797
800
802
804
806
807
809
810
812
813
814
814
815
815
816
816
815
815
815
814
813
812
811
810
40
711
715
720
725
729
734
738
742
746
750
754
758
762
765
769
772
775
778
781
784
786
789
791
793
795
797
799
800
801
803
804
804
805
806
806
806
807
806
806
806
805
804
803
802
801
800
45
711
715
719
723
728
732
736
740
743
747
751
754
758
761
764
767
770
772
775
777
780
782
784
786
788
789
790
792
793
794
795
795
796
796
797
797
797
796
796
795
795
794
793
791
790
788
Further Reading
In addition to the standards already mentioned in the text (eg BS 7671) the following documents
may be of relevance to the PV system designer / installer:
Electricity Network Association Distributed Generation Connection Guides (Free downloads from
the ENA Website)
BRE Digest 489 Wind loads on roof-based photovoltaic systems
BRE Digest 495 Mechanical installation of roof-mounted photovoltaic systems
BS 5534 Code of practice for slating and tiling (including shingles)
BS EN 50272-1 2010, Safety requirements for secondary batteries and battery installations.
General safety information Note: This includes guidance on design, operation & maintenance of
battery systems.
121
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