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31.2
Motional emf
31.3
Lenzs Law
31.4
31.5
31.6
Eddy Currents
OQ31.2
(i) Answer (c). (ii) Answers (a) and (b). The magnetic flux is
OQ31.3
Answer (b). With the current in the long wire flowing in the direction
shown in Figure OQ31.3, the magnetic flux through the rectangular
loop is directed into the page. If this current is decreasing in time, the
change in the flux is directed opposite to the flux itself (or out of the
page). The induced current will then flow clockwise around the loop,
producing a flux directed into the page through the loop and
414
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Chapter 31
415
opposing the change in flux due to the decreasing current in the long
wire.
OQ31.4
Answer (a). Treating the original flux as positive (i.e., choosing the
normal to have the same direction as the original field), the flux
changes from
Bi = Bi A cos i = Bi A cos 0 = Bi A
to
Bf = B f A cos f = B f A cos180 = B f A.
B f A ( Bi A ) 2 B f + Bi A
=
t
t
t
( 0.060 T ) + ( 0.040 T )
2
= 2
( 0.040 m ) = 2.0 103 V
0.50
s
= 2.0 mV
= B =
OQ31.5
Answers (c) and (d). The magnetic flux through the coil is constant in
time, so the induced emf is zero, but positive test charges in the
leading and trailing sides of the square experience a F = q v B
OQ31.6
Answers (b) and (d). By the magnetic force law F = q v B : the
ANS. FIG.
OQ31.7
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416
Faradays Law
by the loop. After the bar magnet has passed through the plane of the
loop, and is departing with its north end upward, a decreasing flux is
directed upward through the loop. To oppose this decreasing
upward flux, the induced current in the loop flows counterclockwise
as seen from above, producing flux directed upward through the
area enclosed by the loop. From this analysis, we see that (a) is the
only true statement among the listed choices.
OQ31.8
OQ31.9
Answers (a), (b), (c), and (d). With the magnetic field perpendicular
to the plane of the page in the figure, the flux through the closed loop
to the left of the bar is given by B = BA, where B is the magnitude
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Chapter 31
417
of the field and A is the area enclosed by the loop. Any action which
produces a change in this product, BA, will induce a current in the
loop and cause the bulb to light. Such actions include increasing or
decreasing the magnitude of the field B, and moving the bar to the
right or left and changing the enclosed area A. Thus, the bulb will
light during all of the actions in choices (a), (b), (c), and (d).
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418
Faradays Law
CQ31.2
CQ31.3
CQ31.4
Let us assume the north pole of the magnet faces the ring. As the bar
magnet falls toward the conducting ring, a magnetic field is induced
in the ring pointing upward. This upward directed field will oppose
the motion of the magnet, preventing it from moving as a freelyfalling body. Try it for yourself to show that an upward force also
acts on the falling magnet if the south end faces the ring.
CQ31.5
To produce an emf, the magnetic flux through the loop must change.
The flux cannot change if the orientation of the loop remains fixed in
space because the magnetic field is uniform and constant. The flux
does change if the loop is rotated so that the angle between the
normal to the surface and the direction of the magnetic field changes.
CQ31.6
Yes. The induced eddy currents on the surface of the aluminum will
slow the descent of the aluminum. In a strong field the piece may fall
very slowly.
CQ31.7
CQ31.8
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Chapter 31
419
CQ31.9
CQ31.10
(a)
(b)
Clockwise. In this case, as the loop moves toward from the wire,
the magnetic field through the loop becomes stronger, so the
magnetic flux through the loop is increasing in time, and the
change in the flux has the same direction as the flux itself (or out
of the page). The induced current will then flow clockwise
around the loop, producing a flux directed into the page
through the loop and opposing the change in flux due to the
increasing flux through the loop.
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420
Faradays Law
)(
*P31.2
P31.3
(a)
1.60 mV
= 0.800 mA
2.00
(b)
v=
(a)
V
0
t
V1
V2
= N = N B A cos
t
B f Bi
= ( 1)
r 2 ) cos
(
t
2
1.50 T 0
=
( 0.00160 m ) ( 1)
0.120 s
2
= ( 12.5 T/s ) ( 0.00160 m ) = 1.01 104 T
(b)
In case (a), the rate of change of the magnetic field was +12.5 T/s.
In this case, the rate of change of the magnetic field is
(0.5 T 1.5 T)/ 0.08 s = 25.0 T/s: it is twice as large in
magnitude and in the opposite sense from the rate of change in
case (a), so the emf is also
twice as large in magnitude and in the opposite sense .
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Chapter 31
P31.4
421
= N ( BA cos ) = NB r 2
cos f cos i
2 cos180 cos 0
= 25.0 ( 50.0 106 T ) ( 0.500 m )
0.200 s
=
P31.5
+9.82 mV
With the field directed perpendicular to the plane of the coil, the flux
through the coil is B = BA cos 0 = BA . For a single loop,
=
=
P31.6
B B( A )
=
t
t
( 0.150 T ) ( 0.120 m )2 0
0.200 s
With the field directed perpendicular to the plane of the coil, the flux
through the coil is B = BA cos 0 = BA . As the magnitude of the field
increases, the magnitude of the induced emf in the coil is
B B
2
=
A = ( 0.050 0 T s ) ( 0.120 m )
t
t
P31.7
The angle between the normal to the coil and the magnetic field is
90.0 28.0 = 62.0. For a loop of N turns,
= N dB = N d ( BA cos )
dt
dt
= NBcos A
t
= 200 ( 50.0 10
39.0 104 m 2
T )( cos62.0 )
1.80 s
= 10.2 V
P31.8
dt
t
= 3200 V
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422
Faradays Law
The induced current is then
I=
P31.9
3200 V
= 160 A
20.0
or
B
dB
d
= N A = N ( 0.010 0t + 0.040 0t 2 ) A
dt
t
dt
= N ( 0.010 0 + 0.080 0t ) A
2
= 30.0 [ 0.0100 + 0.0800 ( 5.00 )] ( 0.0400 )
= dB = N dB A
dt
dt
d
= N ( Bmax sin t ) A = NABmax cos t
dt
max = NABmax
( 8.00 106 m )2
( 1.00 103 T )
= [ 2 ( 60.0 Hz )]( 1)
4
= 1.89 1011 V
P31.11
The symbol for the radius of the ring is r1, and we use R to represent its
resistance. The emf induced in the ring is
d
d
dI
(BA cos ) = (0.5000 nIA cos 0) = 0.5000 nA
dt
dt
dt
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Chapter 31
423
= 4.80
(a)
T m2 1 N s 1 V C
= 4.80 104 V
s C m T N m
(b)
10 4
Bring
0.000 480V
= 1.60 A
0.000 300
7
0 I ( 4 10 T m A ) ( 1.60 A )
=
=
2r1
2 ( 0.0500 m )
The solenoids field points to the right through the ring, and is
increasing, so to oppose the increasing field, Bring points to the
left .
(a)
I ring =
d ( BA ) 1 d
1
dI
1
I
=
0 nI ) A = 0 n r22 = 0 n r22
(
dt
2 dt
2
dt
2
t
0 n r22 I
, counterclockwise as viewed from the left
2R t
end.
(b)
02 n r22 I
0 I
B=
=
2r1
4r1R t
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424
Faradays Law
(c)
The solenoids field points to the right through the ring, and is
increasing, so to oppose the increasing field, Bring points to the
left .
P31.13
(a)
B =
(b)
0 IL dx
IL h + w
= 0 ln
h
2 x
2
= dB = d 0 IL ln h + w = 0L ln h + w dI
dt
where
dt 2
dt
dI d
= ( a + bt ) = b:
dt dt
4 10
= (
T m A )( 1.00 m )
2
0.0100 m + 0.100 m
ln
( 10.0 A/s )
0.0100 m
= 4.80 106 V
Therefore, the emf induced in the loop is 4.80 V .
(c)
P31.14
The long, straight wire produces magnetic flux into the page
through the rectangle, shown in ANS. FIG. P31.13. As the
magnetic flux increases, the rectangle produces its own magnetic
field out of the page to oppose the increase in flux. The induced
current creates this opposing field by traveling counterclockwise
around the loop.
The magnetic field lines are confined to the interior of the solenoid, so
even though the coil has a larger area, the flux through the coil is the
same as the flux through the solenoid:
B = ( 0 nI ) Asolenoid
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Chapter 31
425
2
= N dB = N 0n( rsolenoid
) dI
dt
dt
7
= ( 15 )( 4 10 T m/A ) ( 1.00 103 m 1 )
( 0.0200 m ) ( 600 ) cos ( 120t )
2
(a)
= 1.88 107 T m 2
(b)
When the current is zero, the flux through the loop is B = 0 and
the average induced emf has been
P31.16
0 1.88 107 T m 2
B
=
=
= 6.28 108 V
t
3.00 s
B = B dA = B R
(
= ( 1.71 10
= 1.51 10
2
4
)(
) ( 0.0600 m)
N/m A ) ( 1 e
)
N/m A 1 e
1.60t
1.60t
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426
Faradays Law
The emf generated in the N-turn coil is
the standard unit of seconds, the factor 1.60 must have the unit s1.
N m d (1 e
= (250) 1.71 10 4
A
dt
1.60 t
Nm
1 t1.60
= 0.042 6
(1.60 s )e
is in mV.
Faradays law,
= N dB , becomes here
dt
= N
d
dB
BA cos ) = NA cos
(
dt
dt
B
= NA cos
t
The area is
A=
A=
B
N cos
t
80.0 10 3 V
600 10 T 200 10 T
50 cos 30.0o
0.400s
= 1.85 m 2
Each side of the coil has length d = A , so the total length of the wire
is
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Chapter 31
P31.18
(a)
427
Suppose, first, that the central wire is long and straight. The
enclosed current of unknown amplitude creates a circular
magnetic field around it, with the magnitude of the field given by
Ampres law.
B ds = 0 I :
B=
0 I max sin t
2 R
= 0 I max nA cos t
This is an alternating voltage with amplitude max = 0 nA I max .
Measuring the amplitude determines the size Imax of the central
current. Our assumptions that the central wire is long and
straight and passes perpendicularly through the center of the
Rogowski coil are all unnecessary.
(b)
P31.17
In a toroid, all the flux is confined to the inside of the toroid. From
Equation 30.16, the field inside the toroid at a distance r from its center is
B=
0 NI
2 r
0 NI max
adr
sin t
2
r
NI
b + R
= 0 max a sin t ln
R
2
B = BdA =
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428
Faradays Law
and the induced emf is
= N dB = N 0 NImax a ln b + R cos t
2
dt
0.030 0 + 0.040 0
[ 2 ( 60.0 )]( 0.020 0 ) ln
cos t
0.040 0
= 0.422 cos t
In Figure P31.20, the original magnetic field points into the page and is
increasing. The induced emf in the upper loop attempts to generate a
counterclockwise current in order to produce a magnetic field out of
the page that opposes the increasing external magnetic flux. The
induced emf in the lower loop also must attempt to generate a
counterclockwise current in order to produce a magnetic field out of
the page that opposes the increasing external magnetic flux. Because of
the crossing over between the two loops, the emf generated in the
loops will be in opposite directions. Therefore, the magnitude of the
net emf generated is
dt
dt
where the upper loop is loop 1 and the lower one is loop 2.
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Chapter 31
(a)
429
The induced current will be the ratio of the net emf to the total
resistance of the loops:
I= net =
R
dB 2
dB 2
r2 r12 )
r2 r12 )
(
(
dt
dt
=
R
R 2 r +2 r
( 2
1)
total
dB 2
dB
r2 r12 )
( r2 r1 )( r2 +r1 )
(
dt
dt
=
=
R
R
2 ( r2 +r1 )
2 ( r2 +r1 )
dB
( r2 r1 )
= dt
R
2
Substitute numerical values:
I=
(b)
Section 31.2
Motional emf
Section 31.3
Lenzs Law
*P31.21
2 ( 3.00 /m )
P31.22
(a)
rad/s ) ( 3.00 m )2
Binduced = Binduced i (to the right) and the current in the resistor is
430
Faradays Law
(b)
Binduced
( )
( +i ) is to the right, and the current in the resistor is
( )
Bext = Bext k into the paper and Bext decreases; therefore, the
( )
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
No. If you try to connect the wings to a circuit containing the light
bulb, you must run an extra insulated wire along the wing. In a
uniform field the total emf generated in the one-turn coil is zero.
P31.25
(a)
Chapter 31
(b)
*P31.26
431
I=
Bv
R
v=
IR ( 0.500 A ) ( 6.00 )
=
= 1.00 m/s
B ( 2.50 T ) ( 1.20 m )
(a)
Refer to ANS. FIG. P31.26 above. At constant speed, the net force
on the moving bar equals zero, or
Fapp = I L B
where the current in the bar is I = /R and the motional emf is
= B v. Therefore,
Bv
B2 2 v ( 2.50 T ) ( 1.20 m ) ( 2.00 m/s )
=
( B) =
R
R
6.00
= 3.00 N
2
FB =
P = I 2R =
B2 2 v 2
= 6.00 W
R
or
P = Fv = 6.00 W
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432
Faradays Law
*P31.28
With v representing the initial speed of the bar, let u represent its
speed at any later time. The motional emf induced in the bar is
Bu
= Bu. The induced current is I = = . The magnetic force on
R
R
B2 2 u mdu
=
.
the bar is backward F = IB =
R
dt
Method one: To find u as a function of time, we separate variables
thus:
B2 2
du
dt =
Rm
u
2 2
t
u
B
du
dt
=
Rm
u
0
v
B2 2
u
( t 0 ) = ln u ln v = ln
Rm
v
2 2
u
e B t Rm =
v
2 2
dx
u = ve B t Rm =
dt
dx = ve
xmax 0 =
B2 2 t Rm
Rm B2 2 t Rm B2 2 dt
dt = v 2 2 e
Rm
B 0
Rmv
Rmv
e e 0 ] =
2 2 [
B
B2 2
B2 2 u
B2 2 dx
du
=
=m
R
R dt
dt
2 2
B
mdu =
dx
R
Direct integration from the initial to the stopping point gives
0
xmax
B2 2
mdu = R dx
v
0
B2 2
m(0 v) =
( xmax 0)
R
mvR
xmax = 2 2
B
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Chapter 31
*P31.29
433
FB = IB
and the motional emf by
= Bv
The current is given by I =
(a)
(b)
(c)
P31.30
I 2 R
FB =
and I =
v
IR
Bv
.
, so B =
v
R
max
B cos
4.50103 V
=177m/s
( 50.0106 T )(1.20m ) cos65.0
This is equivalent to about 640 km/h or 400 mi/h, much faster than the
car could drive on the curvy road and much faster than any standard
automobile could drive in general.
P31.31
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434
Faradays Law
n sin B2 2 v cos R
=
n cos
mg
v=
mgR sin
B2 2 cos 2
v=
P31.32
= 2.80 m/s
Chapter 31
435
P31.33
v=
mgR sin
B2 2 cos 2
= B r 2
2
2 rad rev
1
2
= ( 0.9 N s C m ) ( 0.4 m ) ( 3 200 rev min )
2
60 s min
= 24.1 V
(a)
(b)
The flux through the closed loop formed by the rails, the bar, and
the resistor is directed into the page and is increasing in
magnitude. To oppose this change in flux, the current must flow
in a manner so as to produce flux out of the page through the area
enclosed by the loop. This means the current will flow
counterclockwise .
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436
Faradays Law
(c)
(d)
P31.35
T
=
mg
=
267 N
= 298 m/s
3.00 103 kg/m
and
f =
= 1.28 m
2
v 298 m/s
=
= 233 Hz
1.28 m
(a)
(b)
x = A cos t = A cos 2 ft
Its velocity is v =
dx
= 2 fA sin 2 ft .
dt
= Bv,
with amplitude
max = Bvmax = B2 fA
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Chapter 31
P31.36
(a)
437
F = N ( ILB) = N ( IwB)
The induced emf in the coil is
=N
d B
d ( Bwx )
=N
= NBwv
dt
dt
so the current is I =
NBwv
R
counterclockwise.
The force on the leading side of the coil
is then:
NBwv
F = N
wB
R
=
(b)
N 2 B2 w 2 v
to the left
R
B = NBA = constant
so
(c)
= 0, I = 0,
and F = 0 .
As the coil starts to leave the field, the flux decreases at the rate
Bwv, so the magnitude of the current is the same as in part (a), but
now the current is clockwise. Thus, the force exerted on the
trailing side of the coil is:
N 2 B2 w 2 v
F=
to the left again
R
P31.37
The emfs induced in the rods are proportional to the lengths of the
sections of the rods between the rails. The emfs are 1 = Bv1 with
positive end downward, and 2 = Bv2 with positive end upward,
where = d = 10.0 cm is the distance between the rails.
We apply Kirchhoffs laws. We assume current I1 travels downward in
the left rod, current I2 travels upward in the right rod, and current I3
travels upward in the resisitor R3.
For the left loop,
+Bv1 I1R1 I 3 R3 = 0
[1]
+Bv2 I 2 R2 + I 3 R3 = 0
[2]
[3]
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438
Faradays Law
Substituting [3] into [1] gives
Bv1 I1R1 I 3 R3 = 0
Bv1 ( I 2 + I 3 ) R1 I 3 R3 = 0
I 2 R1 + I 3 ( R1 + R3 ) = Bv1
[4]
Bv2 + I 3 R3 Bv1 I 3 ( R1 + R3 )
=
R2
R1
I 3 = B
( v1R2 v2 R1 )
R1R2 + R1R3 + R2 R3
= 275 2
we obtain
I 3 = ( 0.010 0 T )( 0.100 m )
= 1.45 104 A
Therefore, I 3 = 145 A upward in the picture , as was originally
chosen.
P31.38
(a)
Bvertical = B =
1.17 V
( 25.0 m )( 7.80 103 m/s )
Chapter 31
(b)
439
(c)
Section 31.4
P31.39
Point P1 lies outside the region of the uniform magnetic field. The rate
of change of the field, in teslas per second, is
dB d
= ( 2.00t 3 4.00t 2 + 0.800 ) = 6.00t 2 8.00t
dt dt
r dB r
= ( 6.00t 2 8.00t )
2 dt 2
0.050 0
6.00 ( 2.00 )2 8.00 ( 2.00 ) = 0.200 N/C
=
E =
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440
Faradays Law
The magnitude of the force on the electron is
(c)
The force is zero when the rate of change of the magnetic field is
zero:
dB
8.00
= 6.00t 2 8.00t = 0 t = 0 or t =
= 1.33 s
dt
6.00
P31.40
Point P2 lies inside the region of the uniform magnetic field. The rate of
change of the field, in teslas per second, is
dB d
= ( 0.0300t 2 + 1.40 ) = 0.0600t
dt dt
E d =
d B
dt
d ( B R
d B
=
dt
dt
2
R
E = ( 0.0600t )
2r
E2 r =
) = R
dB
dt
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Chapter 31
441
For r = r2 = 0.020 0 m,
R2
( 0.0600t )
2r
2
0.0250 m )
(
=
[ 0.0600 ( 3.00)] = 2.81 103 N/C
2 ( 0.0200 m )
E =
(b)
P31.41
E d =
d B
dt
where
B = BA = 0 nI ( r 2 )
dI
dt
d
2 rE = 0 n ( r 2 ) ( 5.00sin 100 t )
dt
2
= 0 n ( r )( 5.00 )( 100 ) cos100 t
2 rE = 0 n ( r 2 )
If a viewer looks at the solenoid along its axis, and if the current is
increasing in the counterclockwise direction, the magnetic flux is
increasing toward the viewer; the electric field always opposes
increasing magnetic flux; therefore, by the right-hand rule, the
electric field lines are clockwise .
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442
Faradays Law
Section 31.5
P31.42
max = NBhorizontal A
1500
min 1 rev 60 s
P31.43
Maximum emf occurs when the magnetic flux through the coil is
changing the fastest. This occurs at the moment when the flux is
zero, which is when the plane of the coil is parallel to the
magnetic field.
2 = 2
1 1
or
P31.44
13.3 V
Chapter 31
P31.45
443
2 rad 1 min
= ( 3 000 rev/min )
= 314 rad/s
1 rev 60 s
so
(a)
(b)
P31.46
max = 19.6 V
(a)
dt
max = 1 R 2 B
2
1 120 rev 2 rad 1 min
2
=
( 0.250 m ) ( 1.30 T )
2 min
rev
60 s
= 1.60 V
(b)
During the time period that the coil travels in the field region, the
emf varies as max sin t for half a period, from + max , at
t = 2 , to max , at t = 3 2 ; therefore, the average emf is
zero .
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444
Faradays Law
(c)
1
The flux could also be written as B = R 2 Bcos t so that it is a
2
maximum at t = 0, but, in this case, the time period over which
the flux changes would be from t = 0 to t = 2 , and the
amplitude of the emf and its average would be the same as in the
previous case; therefore, no change in either answer .
If the time axis is chose so that the maximum emf occurs at the
same time as it does in the figure of part (d) the graph is
Thus,
= dB = NB r 2 sin t
dt
s 1 ) sin ( 4.00 t )
Chapter 31
P31.48
445
back =
110 V
(c)
P31.49
(a)
B = BA cos = BA cos t
(b)
(c)
I=
(d)
P = I 2R =
(e)
P = Fv = so =
dt
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
446
Faradays Law
Section 31.6
P31.50
Eddy Currents
the N and S poles on the solenoid core are shown correctly. On the rail
in front of the brake, the upward flux of B increases as the coil
approaches, so a current is induced here to create a downward
magnetic field. This is
rail is shown correctly. On the rail behind the brake, the upward
magnetic flux is decreasing. The induced current in the rail will
produce upward magnetic field by being
counterclockwise as the
Additional Problems
*P31.51
(a)
d B d
d
dB
= ( BA cos ) = ( BA ) = A
dt
dt
dt
dt
2
= 113 V
(b)
E=
*P31.52
2 r
113 V
= 300 V/m
2 (0.0600 m)
Suppose we wrap twenty turns of wire into a flat compact circular coil
of diameter 3 cm. Suppose we use a bar magnet to produce field
103 T through the coil in one direction along its axis. Suppose we then
flip the magnet to reverse the flux in 101 s. The average induced emf is
then
= N B = N [ BA cos ] = NB ( r 2 )
t
= ( 20)(103 T ) ( 0.015 0 m )2
2
101 s
cos180 cos 0
t
~ 104 V
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 31
*P31.53
447
B NBA ( cos )
=
t
t
200 ( 1.1 T ) ( 100 104 m 2 ) cos180 cos 0
=
= 44 V
0.10 s
=N
P31.54
44 V
=
= 8.8 A
R 5.0
(a)
(b)
B = BA cos 0.00 = BA
The rate of change of the flux is
d B d
dB
= ( BA cos 0.00 ) = A
dt
dt
dt
d B
dt
IR = A
dB
dB
= r2
dt
dt
Therefore,
3
dB IR ( 2.50 10 A )( 0.500 )
=
=
2
dt r 2
( 0.080 0 m )
= 0.062 2 T/s
= 62.2 mT/s
P31.55
where
dt
dt
( 1.60 )( 0.350 ) t 200
=
e
200
dt
0.160 m )( 0.350 T )
=(
e
2
2.00 s
4.00 2.00
= 3.79 mV
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
448
P31.56
Faradays Law
The emf through the hoop is given by
= dB = A dB = A d ( Bmax e t ) =
dt
P31.57
P31.58
dt
dt
ABmax t
e
= N ( BA cos ) = N ( r 2 ) cos 0 B
t
t
1.50 T 5.00 T
= 1( 0.00500 m 2 )( 1)
= 0.875 V
20.0 103 s
I=
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
0.875 V
= 43.8 A
0.020 0
(a)
Bv
.
R
Particle in equilibrium
The circuit encloses increasing flux of magnetic field into the
page, so it tries to make its own field out of the page, by carrying
counterclockwise current. The current flows upward in the bar, so
the magnetic field produces a backward magnetic force FB = IB
(to the left) on the bar. This force increases until the bar has
reached a speed when the backward force balances the applied
force F:
F = FB = IB =
B = ( Bv ) B = B2 2 v
R
R
R
FR
( 0.600 N )( 48.0 )
v= 2 2 =
= 281 m/s
B
( 0.400 T )2 ( 0.800 m )2
I=
(e)
0.600 N
F
P=I R= R=
( 48.0 ) = 169 W
B
( 0.400 T ) ( 0.800 m )
(f)
FR
F 2R
( 0.600 N ) ( 48.0 ) = 169 W
P = Fv = F 2 2 = 2 2 =
B
B
( 0.400 T )2 ( 0.800 m )2
(g)
Yes.
Bv B FR
F
0.600 N
=
=
=
= 1.88 A
2 2
R
R B
B ( 0.400 T )( 0.800 m )
(d)
(h)
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Chapter 31
P31.59
(i)
Yes.
(j)
449
= N d ( BA cos ) = N ( r 2 ) cos 0 dB
dt
dt
d
50.0 103 + ( 3.20 103 ) sin ( 1046 t )
dt
2
= ( 30.0 ) ( 2.70 103 ) ( 3.20 103 )( 1046 ) cos ( 1046 t )
Model the loop as a particle under a net force. The two forces on the
loop are the gravitational force in the downward direction and the
magnetic force in the upward direction. The magnetic force arises from
the current generated in the loop due to the motion of its lower edge
through the magnetic field. As the loop falls, the motional emf
= Bwv induced in the bottom side of the loop produces a current
I = Bwv/R in the loop. From Newtons second law,
g=ay
y
R
MR
The largest possible value of v, the terminal speed vT, will occur when
ay = 0. Set ay = 0 and solve for the terminal speed:
MgR
B2 w 2 vT
g=0vT = 2 2
MR
Bw
Substituting numerical values,
vT =
=3.92m/s
This is the highest speed the loop can have while the upper edge is
above the field, so it cannot possibly be moving at 4.00 m/s.
P31.61
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450
Faradays Law
and for the right-hand loop,
d
Ata 2 + I PQ R I 2 ( 3R ) = 0
dt
where
Thus,
2Aa 2 5R I PQ + I 2 I PQ R = 0
and
Aa 2 + I PQ R = I 2 ( 3R )
2Aa 2 6RI PQ
solving,
I PQ
5
Aa 2 + I PQ R = 0
3
Aa 2
upward
=
23R
I PQ
(1.00 10
=
T s ) ( 0.650 m )
23 ( 0.065 0 )
= 283 A upward
(a)
dq
I=
= where
dt R
d B
= N
dt
N 2
so dq =
d B
R 1
Q=
so
P31.63
N
BAN
BA cos 0 BA cos =
2
R
R
4
RQ ( 200 ) ( 5.00 10 C )
B=
=
= 0.250 T
NA ( 100 ) ( 40.0 104 m 2 )
m s ) = 7.00 V
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 31
451
The left-hand loop contains decreasing flux away from you, so the
induced current in it will be
directed away from you. Let I1 represent the current flowing upward
through the 2.00- resistor. The right-hand loop will carry
counterclockwise current. Let I3 be the upward current in the 5.00-
resistor.
(a)
(b)
or
I1 = 3.50 A
or
I 3 = 1.40 A
F=
P31.64
P
v
34.3 W
= 4.29 N
8.00 m s
F = ma:
mv 2
mv
r =
r
qB
B m2 v 2
B =
.
q 2 B2
Thus,
(a)
qvBsin 90 =
v=
Bq2 B
=
m2
(15 10
T m 2 ) ( 30 109 C ) ( 0.6 T )
2
( 2 1016 kg )
= 2.54 105 m s
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
452
Faradays Law
(b)
qV =
1
mv 2
2
P31.65
dt
R
1
1
d B
dt = d B
R dt
R
1
Bcos
d ( BA cos ) =
R
R
A2 =0
dA
A1 =a 2
A =0
B cos 2
B cos a 2
Q =
A
=
R
R
A1 =a2
=
= 2.29 106 C
P31.66
(a)
(b)
0.360 V
= 0.900 A
0.400
F = FB = IB
= ( 0.900 A ) ( 1.50 m ) ( 0.0800 T ) = 0.108 N
Chapter 31
(c)
453
Since the magnetic flux B A between the axle and the resistor is
in effect decreasing, the induced current is clockwise so that it
produces a downward magnetic field to oppose the decrease in
flux: thus, current flows through R from b to a. Point b is at the
higher potential.
(d)
*P31.67
(a)
= N
=
d
d a2
BA cos = 1 B
cos 0
dt
dt 2
Ba 2 d
1
= Ba 2
2 dt
2
rad s )
2
= 0.125 V = 0.125 V clockwise
At this instant,
0.125 V
= 0.020 0 A clockwise
6.25
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454
P31.68
Faradays Law
At a distance r from wire, B =
0 I
. Using
2 r
0 vI
2 r
(a)
We use
= N B , with N = 1.
t
0 I
I
B = B f A Bi A = A B f Bi = a 2
0
2 ( h + a ) 2 a
a 2 0 I 1
1 0 ahI
=
2
h + a a 2 ( h + a)
The time for the washer to drop a distance h (from rest) is:
2h
. Therefore,
t =
g
= B =
t
0 ahI
ahI
g
0 aI
gh
= 0
=
2 ( h + a ) t 2 ( h + a ) 2h 2 ( h + a ) 2
4 10
=(
2 ( 0.500 m + 0.005 00 m )
( 9.80 m s )( 0.500 m )
2
= 97.4 nV
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 31
P31.70
455
(b)
Since the magnetic flux going through the washer (into the plane
of the page in the figure) is decreasing in time, a current will form
in the washer so as to oppose that decrease. To oppose the
decrease, the magnetic field from the induced current also must
point into the plane of the page. Therefore, the current will flow
in a clockwise direction .
(a)
(b)
N r cos 0
2
= dt
P = I =
R
R
dB 2
2
N r
220(0.020 T/s) (0.120 m)2
dt
R=
=
= 248
P
160 W
(c)
P31.71
Let represent the angle between the perpendicular to the coil and
the magnetic field. Then = 0 at t = 0 and = t at all later times.
(a)
= N
d
d
(BA cos ) = NBA (cos t) = +NBA sin t
dt
dt
d B
2
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
456
Faradays Law
(c)
At t = 0.050 0 s,
AB
R
(0.020 0 m 2 )(1.00T)
= 4.32 N m
10.0
= d ( NBA ) = 1 dB a2 = a2 K
dt
(a)
dt
(b)
(c)
P31.73
(a)
The time interval required for the coil to move distance and exit
the field is t = v , where v is the constant speed of the coil.
Since the speed of the coil is constant, the flux through the area
enclosed by the coil decreases at a constant rate. Thus, the
instantaneous induced emf is the same as the average emf over
the interval t, or
= N = N ( 0 BA ) = N B
t
(b)
t0
NB2
= NBv
v
NBv
R
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 31
(c)
457
N 2 B2 2 v 2
N 2 B2 2 v 2
P=
R
=
R2
R
(d) The rate that the applied force does work must equal the power
delivered to the coil, so Fapp v = P or
Fapp =
P31.74
P N 2 B2 2 v 2 R N 2 B2 2 v
=
=
v
v
R
(e)
As the coil is emerging from the field, the flux through the area it
encloses is directed into the page and decreasing in magnitude.
Thus, the change in the flux through the coil is directed out of the
page. The induced current must then flow around the coil in such
a direction as to produce flux into the page through the enclosed
area, opposing the change that is occurring. This means that the
current must flow clockwise around the coil.
(f)
As the coil is emerging from the field, the left side of the coil is
carrying an induced current directed toward the top of the page
through a magnetic field that is directed into the page. By the
right-hand rule, this side of the coil will experience a magnetic
force directed to the left , opposing the motion of the coil.
B=
0 I
2 x
r+
Bv dx =
r+
r+
0 I
Iv r+ dx 0 Iv
v dx = 0
=
ln x
2 x
2 r x
2
r
0 Iv r +
ln
r
2
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
458
P31.75
Faradays Law
We are given
B = ( 6.00t 3 18.0t 2 )
Thus,
= dB = 18.0t 2 + 36.0t
dt
Maximum
P31.76
= ( 18.0 + 36.0) V =
3.00
6.00 A
0 I
. We
2 x
d B =
so
0 I
( dx )
2 x
0 I r + w dx 0 I
w
B =
=
ln 1 +
2 r x
2
r
Therefore,
= dB = 0 Iv
dt
and
P31.77
I=
w
2 r ( r + w )
0 Iv w
2 Rr ( r + w )
IL dr
d B = BLdr = 0
2 r
B =
0 IL h+ w dr 0 I max L h + w
=
ln
sin ( t + )
h
2 h r
2
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 31
459
= N dB
dt
NI L
w
= 0 max
ln 1 + cos ( t + )
2
h
4 10
= (
0.0500 m
ln 1 +
cos ( t + )
0.0500 m
The term sin ( t + ) in the expression for the current in the straight
wire does not change appreciably when t changes by 0.10 rad or less.
Thus, the current does not change appreciably during a time interval
t <
0.10
= 1.6 104 s
1
( 200 s )
frequencies, f =
, that are less than about 106 Hz.
2
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
460
P31.78
Faradays Law
(a)
= Bv, where B =
0 I
, = 0.800 ,
2 y
1 2
gt = 0.800 ( 4.90 ) t 2 where I
2
is in amperes, and y are in meters, v is in meters per second,
and t in seconds.
vf = vi + gt = 9.80t, and y = y f = y i
Thus,
4 107 )( 200 )
1.18 104 ) t
(
= (
0.300
9.80
t
=
(
)(
)
2
2
2 ( 0.800 4.90t
where
0.800 4.90t
(b)
(c)
(d) At t = 0.300 s,
(1.18 10 )( 0.300)
4
V = 98.3 V
Challenge Problems
P31.79
d B
dB
2
=A
= ( 0.100 m ) ( 100 T s ) = V
dt
dt
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 31
461
d B
2
= ( 0.150 m ) ( 100 T s ) = 2.25 V
dt
[1]
[2]
Using the loop rule on the right loop: 5.00I2 + 3.00I3 = 2.25
[3]
I3 =
(a)
= N
d
d
( 2 r )
=
. The eddy current
dA
bdr
in the ring is
Bmax r 2 ( sin t ) Bmax rb sin t
dI =
=
=
dr
resistance
( 2 r ) bdr
2
1 1
cos 2 t is
2 2
1
1
0 = , so the time-averaged power delivered to the annulus is
2
2
dP =
2
Bmax
r 3b 2
dr
4
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
462
Faradays Law
The average power delivered to the disk is
R 2
B b 2 3
P = dP = max
r dr
4
0
P=
2
2
Bmax
b 2 R 4
Bmax
R 4b 2
0
=
4
4
16
(b)
2
When Bmax doubles, Bmax
and P become 4 times larger.
(c)
+ induced
R
dv
= IBd
dt
dv IBd Bd
=
=
+ induced ) = Bd ( Bvd )
(
dt
m mR
mR
du
dv
= Bd :
dt
dt
dv Bd
=
( Bvd )
dt mR
u
t
1 du Bd
du
( Bd ) dt
=
u
=
Bd dt mR
u0 u
0 mR
2
2 2
u
u
( Bd ) t
= e B d t mR .
Integrating from t = 0 to t = t gives ln =
or
u0
u0
mR
Bvd = e B d t mR
2 2
Therefore,
v=
(1 e
Bd
B2 d 2t mR
).
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 31
P31.82
463
(b)
mv 2
mv = q rBc
r
d
s
=
A
av
dt
or
E ( 2 r ) = r 2
dBav
dt
E=
r dBav
2 dt
Ft = mat q E = m
q
dv
dt
r dBav
dv
=m
2 dt
dt
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
464
Faradays Law
If the electron starts at rest and increases to final speed v as the
magnetic field builds from zero to final value Bav, then integration
of the last equation gives
r
q
2
Bav
v
dBav
dv
dt = m dt
dt
0 dt
r
Bav = mv
2
F = Mg T = Ma
For the sliding bar, m:
Bv
F = T IB = ma, where I = =
R
B2 2 v
Mg
= (m + M) a
R
Mg
dv
B2 2 v
a=
=
dt m + M R ( M + m)
=
( v )
R ( M + m)
M+m
0
0
v
Integrating,
v
t
dv
=
( v ) dt
0
0
1
ln ( v ) = t
Then,
ln ( v ) ln ( ) = t
ln
( v ) = t
v=
v = e t
2 2
MgR
1 e t ) =
1 e B t R( M+m)
(
2 2
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 31
465
P31.4
+9.82 mV
P31.6
2.26 mV
P31.8
160 A
P31.10
1.89 1011 V
P31.12
02 n r22 I
0 n r22 I
; (b)
(a)
; (c) left
4r1R t
2R t
P31.14
P31.16
= 68.2e 1.60t ,
is in V
is in mV
P31.18
(a) See P31.18(a) for full explanation; (b) The emf induced in the coil is
proportional to the line integral of the magnetic field around the
circular axis of the toroid. Ampres law says that this line integral
depends only on the amount of current the coil encloses.
P31.20
(a) 0.013 3 A; (b) The current is counterclockwise in the lower loop and
clockwise in the upper loop.
P31.22
(a) to the right; (b) out of the page; (c) to the right
P31.24
(a) 11.8 mV; (b) The wingtip on the pilots left is positive; (c) no change;
(d) No. If you try to connect the wings to a circuit containing the light
bulb, you must run an extra insulated wire along the wing. In a
uniform field the total emf generated in the one-turn coil is zero.
P31.26
1.00 m/s
P31.28
Rmv
B2 2
P31.30
P31.32
P31.34
The speed of the car is equivalent to about 640 km/h or 400 mi/h,
much faster than the car could drive on the curvy road and much
faster than any standard automobile could drive in general.
mgR sin
B2 2 cos 2
(a) 0.729 m/s; (b) counterclockwise; (c) 0.650 mW; (d) Work is being
done by the external force, which is transformed into internal energy
in the resistor.
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
466
P31.36
Faradays Law
N 2 B2 w 2 v
N 2 B2 w 2 v
(a)
to the left; (b) 0; (c)
to the left again
R
R
P31.38
(a) 6.00 T; (b) Yes. The magnitude and direction of the Earths field
varies from one location to the other, so the induced voltage in the
wire changes. Furthermore, the voltage will change if the tether cord or
its velocity changes their orientation relative to the Earths field;
(c) Either the long dimension of the tether or the velocity vector could
be parallel to the magnetic field at some instant.
P31.40
(a) 2.81 103 N/C; (b) tangent to the electric field line passing through
at point P2 and counterclockwise
P31.42
(a) 12.6 mV; (b) when the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic
field
P31.44
P31.46
(a) 1.60 V; (b) zero; (c) no change in either answer; (d) See ANS. FIG.
P31.46(d); (e) See ANS. FIG. P31.46(e).
P31.48
P31.50
P31.52
~104 V
P31.54
P31.56
ABmax t
e
P31.58
(a)
P31.60
3.92 m/s is the highest speed the loop can have while the upper edge
is above the field, so it cannot possibly be moving at 4.00 m/s.
P31.62
P31.64
P31.66
P31.68
P31.70
Bv
; (b) particle in equilibrium; (c) 281 m/s; (d) 1.88 A; (e) 169 W;
R
(f) 169 W; (g) yes; (h) increase; (i) yes; (j) larger
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 31
467
P31.72
(a) C a 2 K; (b) upper plate; (c) The changing magnetic field through
the enclosed area of the loop induces a clockwise electric field within
the loop, and this causes electric force to push on charges in the wire
P31.74
P31.76
0 Iv w
2 Rr ( r + w )
P31.78
(a)
P31.80
2
Bmax
R 4b 2
; (b) 4; (c) 4; (d) 16
(a)
16
P31.82
0.800 4.90t 2
(a) See P31.82(a) for full description; (b) See P31.82(b) for full
description.
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.