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335
ORIGINAL PAPER
Introduction
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an enormous
devastating condition often affecting young and
male healthy individuals and which result
negatively at all the parameters of their life
including physical, emotional, financial and social
cost (Thuret et al., 2006; Ackery, Tator &
Krassioukov, 2004; Burt, 2004). Traumatic SCI
can result in paralysis or paresis of the affected
areas of the body and the extent of this injury
determined by how high or low on the spine the
damage occurs, leading finally to tertaplegia or
paraplegia (Thuret et al., 2006). There are many
secondary complications that the individuals with
SCI must face such as urinary infection,
pulmonary complications and complications
related to the skin (Montgomerie, 1997; Sugarman
et al., 1982). Therefore prevention and
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References
Ackery A., Tator C., Krassioukov A. (2004) A global
perspective on spinal cord injury epidemiology. Journal
of Neurotrama 21; 1355-1370.
Ahoniemi E., Alaranta H., Hokkinen E-M., Valtonen K.,
Kautiainen H. (2008) Incidence of traumatic spinal cord
injuries in Finland over a 30-year period. Spinal Cord 46;
781-784.
Albert T. & Ravaud J-F. (2005) Rehabilitation of spinal cord
injury in France: a nationwide multicentre study of
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Table 1a: Comparative analysis of traumatic spinal cord injury in different countries of the world
Country
America
United States
Western Canada
Eastern Canada
Brazil
Reference
Jackson et al.-Arch Phys Med Rehab (2004)
Dryden et al.-Can J Neurol Sci (2003)
Pickett et al.-Spine (2006)
Campos da Paz et al.-Paraplegia (1992)
Europe
Portugal
Italy
Germany
United Kingdom
France
The Netherlands
Denmark
Spain
Norway
Finland
Ireland
Greece
Sweden
Estonia
Iceland
Africa
Zimbabwe
Sierra Leone
Nigeria
South Africa
Asia
Turkey
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Num. of
patients
Mean age
Incidence per
Male to
Years
(years)
million people
female ratio
1973-2003
1997-2000
1997-2001
1988
30,532
450
151
108
33.3
35 (median)
42.2
30.3
Not mentioned
52.5
41.8 aged 15-64
Not mentioned
4.2 to 1
2.5 to 1
3 to 1
4.1 to 1
1989-1992
1997-1999
1976-1996
1985-1988
2000
1994
1975-1984
1984-1985
1974-1975
1976-2005
2000
Sep 2006(1year)
Sep 2006(1year)
2003-2007
1973-2008
398
581
16,659
219
793
113
268
616
131
1,647
46
81
47
191
191
50.5
38.5
Not mentioned
Male 35.5, female 44.2
Not mentioned
Majority aged 21-30
Majority aged 15-24
41.8
37
Male 42.4, female 40.4
37 (median)
43
47
Male 37.8, female 43.3
37
57.8
18-20
Not mentioned
Not mentioned
19.4
10.4
9.2
8
16.5
13.8
13.1
33.6
19.6
34.1
5.3
3.4 to 1
4 to1
2.6 to 1
3.76 to 1
Not mentioned
3.3 to 1
3.3 to 1
2.6 to 1
4.9 to 1
4.8 to 1
6.6 to 1
7 to 1
3 to 1
4.9 to 1
2.7 to 1
1988-1994
2002-2004
1992-2006
1988-1993
136
24
468
616
Not mentioned
Not mentioned
34
Not mentioned
8.1 to 1
11 to 1
2.34 to 1
4 to 1
1992
684
35.5
12.7
2.5 to 1
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Table 1b: Comparative analysis of traumatic spinal cord injury in different countries of the world
Country
Kuwait
Thailand
Nepal
Taiwan
Israel
Jordan
Bangladesh
India
Years
1991-1999
1997-2000
1997-2001
1978-1981
1959-1992
1993
1994-1995
2000-2001
Num. of
patients
90
83
233
560
250
151
179
483
Mean age
(years)
20.6
33.2
Majority aged 50+
Male 36.3, female 33.7
34.5
33
Majority aged 20-30
35.4
Incidence per
million people
7.8
Not mentioned
Not mentioned
14.6
Not mentioned
18
Not mentioned
Not mentioned
Male to
female ratio
7.2 to 1
3.9 to 1
2.6 to 1
4.9 to 1
3.1 to 1
5.8 to 1
7.5 to 1
2.96 to 1
1987-1996
75
12.5
8.3 to 1
20.5
3.5 to 1
Qatar
Reference
Raibulet et al.-Kuw Med J (2001)
Kuptniratsaikul-J Med Assoc Thai (2003)
Lakhey et al.-Trop Doct (2005)
Chen and Lien-Paraplegia (1985)
Catz et al.-Spinal Cord (2002)
Otom et al.-Spinal Cord (1997)
Fazlul-Hoque et al.-Spinal Cord (1999)
Singh et al.-Ind J Comm Med (2003)
Mena Quinones et al.-Mid East J Emerg Med
(2002)
South Korea
1995
204
32.3
Majority aged 40th
years
2004-2005
251
15.4
4.5 to 1
1978-1981
1985-1994
36
75
26
Majority aged 16-30
Not mentioned
18.7
8 to 1
4 to 1
Oceania
Australia
Papua New Guinea
Fiji
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Rest of Europe
Mediterr
anean
Countries
Greece, Divanoglou and Levi-Spinal Cord (2009)
Italy, Pagliacci et al.-Arch Phys Med Rehabil (2003)
France, Albert et al.-Spinal Cord (2005)
Spain, Garcia-Reneses et al.-Paraplegia (1991)
Portugal, Martins et al.-Spinal Cord (1998)
The Netherlands, Van Asbeck et al.-Spinal Cord (2000)
Denmark, Biering-Srensen et al.-Paraplegia (1990)
Norway, Gjone and Nordlie-Paraplegia (1978-79)
Sweden, Divanoglou and Levi-Spinal Cord (2009)
Finland, Ahoniemi et al.-Spinal Cord (2008)
Ireland, O'Connor and Murray-Spinal Cord (2005)
Iceland, Knutsdottir and Thorisdottir-48th ISCoS (2009)
Estonia, Rekand et al.-48th ISCoS (2009)
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Incidence
33.6
18-20
19.4
8
57.8
10.4
9.2
16.5
19.6
13.8
13.1
5.3
34.1
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345
Fall
Violence
Sport
Country
RA
Fall
Violence
Sport
United States
45.6
19.6
17.8
10.7
Zimbabwe
56
11
15
35-56.4
19.1-31
11.3
Sierra Leone
50
41.7
42
15
27.9
77.4
9.4
11.1
1.7
Portugal
57.3
37.4
25
2.5
56
Italy
53.8
22.6
1.9
7.9
Turkey
48.8
36.5
5.2
1.2
Germany
46.2
6.5
1.4
10.3
Kuwait
63.3
16.9
8.4
United Kingdom
50.2
42.5
7.3
Thailand
74.7
16.9
8.4
The Netherlands
31
48.7
8.9
Nepal
6.9
77.6
Denmark
47
34
12
Taiwan
44.5
29.9
2.7
3.4
Spain
52.2
27.4
3.2
3.2
Israel
32.8
30.4
Finland
39.5
41.2
2.7
6.6
Jordan
44.4
21.9
Ireland
50
37
Bangladesh
18
43
Greece
51
37
India
34.7
44.5
2.7
3.9
Sweden
23
47
17
Qatar
72
13.3
Estonia
42
42.2
39.2
Iceland
44
31
21
Australia
49
29
10
34
40
Canada
Brazil
Africa
RA
Nigeria
South Africa
Asia
Country
South Korea
Oceania
Europe
America
10.4
27.8
2.6
6
Fiji
25.3
38.7
32
Abbreviations: TSCI = traumatic spinal cord injury; Numbers uppercase right from the countries cite reference number; RA = road accidents; All the number
represent percentages (%).
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United States
Cervical
Thoracic
54.1
Lumbar
Country
45.9
Zimbabwe
Africa
America
Country
Cervical
51
Thoracic
Lumbar
49
17.3-10
17.1-9
Oceania
Europe
61.5-75
Asia
Sierra Leone
29.4
70.6
Nigeria
30.3
10.3
59.4
Portugal
51.2
41
7.8
South Africa
25
63
12
Italy
43.3
56.7
Turkey
31.8
26.6
28.1
Germany
38
62
Kuwait
43.98
56.02
United Kingdom
53
33.3
13.7
Thailand
25.3
74.7
The Netherlands
57.5
42.5
Nepal
37.8
30
30.9
Denmark
51
49
Taiwan
46.8
53.2
*
Spain
38
34
16
Israel
36.4
32.4
31.2
Finland
50.6
49.4
Jordan
31.8
68.2
Ireland
50
41
9
Bangladesh
40
60
Greece
48
52
India
34
59
Sweden
45
55
Qatar
57.3
42.7
Norway
53
26
12
South Korea
63.2
21.1
15.7
Australia
51.8
37
10
Papua New Guinea
22
78
Fiji*
31
69
Abbreviations: TSCI = traumatic spinal cord injury; Numbers uppercase right from the countries cite reference number; * regarding traumatic
and non-traumatic aetiology; All the number represent percentages (%); Injuries refer as tetraplegia grouped as cervical injuries and injuries refer
as paraplegia grouped as thoracic and lumbar injuries.
Canada
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