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STANDARDMETHODSFORTHEEXAMINATIONOFWATERANDWASTEWATER
PREAMBLE(NOTPARTOFTHESTANDARD)
Inordertopromotepubliceducationandpublicsafety,equaljusticeforall,abetterinformedcitizenry,
theruleoflaw,worldtradeandworldpeace,thislegaldocumentisherebymadeavailableonanoncommercial
basis,asitistherightofallhumanstoknowandspeakthelawsthatgovernthem.
ENDOFPREAMBLE(NOTPARTOFTHESTANDARD)
STANDARDMETHODSFORTHEEXAMINATIONOFWATERAND
WASTEWATER
18THEDITION1992
Preparedandpublishedjointlyby:
AMERICANPUBLICHEALTHASSOCIATION
AMERICANWATERWORKSASSOCIATION
WATERENVIRONMENT FEDERATION
JointEditorialBoard
ArnoldE.Greenberg,APHA,Chairman
LenoreS.Clesceri,WEF
AndrewD.Eaton,AWWA
ManagingEditor
MaryAnnH.Franson
PublicationOffice
AmericanPublicHealthAssociation
1015FifteenthStreet,NW
Washington,DC20005
ii
Copyright1917,1920,1923,and1925by
Copyright1933,1936,and1946by
AmericanWaterWorksAssociation
Copyright1955,1960,and1965by
WaterPollutionControlFederation
Copyright1971by
Copyright1976by
Copyright1981by
Copyright1985by
Copyright1989by
https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/002/apha.method.2120.1992.html
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Copyright1992by
WaterEnvironmentFederation
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,graphicallyorelectronically,including
enteringinstorageorretrievalsystems,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublishers.
30M7/92
TheLibraryofCongresshascataloguedthisworkasfollows:
AmericanPublicHealthAssociation.
Standardmethodsfortheexaminationofwaterandwastewater.
ISBN0875532071
PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
Composition:EPSGroup,Inc.,Hanover,Maryland
Setin:TimesRoman
Printing:VictorGraphics,Inc.,Baltimore,Maryland
Binding:AmericanTradeBindery,Baltimore,Maryland
CoverDesign:DRPollardandAssociates,Inc.,Arlington,Virginia
iii
2120COLOR*
2120A.Introduction
Colorinwatermayresultfromthepresenceofnaturalmetallicions(ironandmanganese),humusand
peatmaterials,plankton,weeds,andindustrialwastes.Colorisremovedtomakeawatersuitableforgeneral
andindustrialapplications.Coloredindustrialwastewatersmayrequirecolorremovalbeforedischargeinto
watercourses.
1.Definitions
Thetermcolorisusedheretomeantruecolor,thatis,thecolorofwaterfromwhichturbidityhas
beenremoved.Thetermapparentcolorincludesnotonlycolorduetosubstancesinsolution,butalsothat
duetosuspendedmatter.Apparentcolorisdeterminedontheoriginalsamplewithoutfiltrationor
centrifugation.Insomehighlycoloredindustrialwastewaterscoloriscontributedprincipallybycolloidalor
suspendedmaterial.Insuchcasesbothtruecolorandapparentcolorshouldbedetermined.
*ApprovedbyStandardMethodsCommittee.1988.
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2.PretreatmentforTurbidityRemoval
Todeterminecolorbycurrentlyacceptedmethods,turbiditymustberemovedbeforeanalysis.The
optimalmethodforremovingturbiditywithoutremovingcolorhasnotbeenfoundyet.Filtrationyieldsresults
thatarereproduciblefromdaytodayandamonglaboratories.However,somefiltrationproceduresalsomay
removesometruecolor.Centrifugationavoidsinteractionofcolorwithfiltermaterials,butresultsvarywiththe
samplenatureandsizeandspeedofthecentrifuge.Whensampledilutionisnecessary,whetheritprecedesor
followsturbidityremoval,itcanalterthemeasuredcoloriflargecolorbodiesarepresent.
Acceptablepretreatmentproceduresareincludedwitheachmethod.Statethepretreatmentmethod
whenreportingresults.
3.SelectionofMethod
Thevisualcomparisonmethodisapplicabletonearlyallsamplesofpotablewater.Pollutionbycertain
industrialwastesmayproduceunusualcolorsthatcannotbematched.Inthiscaseuseaninstrumentalmethod.
Amodificationofthetristimulusandthespectrophotometricmethodsallowscalculationofasinglecolorvalue
representinguniformchromaticitydifferencesevenwhenthesampleexhibitscolorsignificantlydifferentfrom
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thatofplatinumcobaltstandards.Forcomparisonofcolorvaluesamonglaboratories,calibratethevisual
methodbytheinstrumentalprocedures.
4.Bibliography
OPTICALSOCIETY OFAMERICA.1943.CommitteeReport.Theconceptofcolor.J.Opt.Soc.Amer.
33:544.
JONES,H.etal.1952.TheScienceofColor.ThomasY.CrowellCo.,NewYork,N.Y.
2120B.VisualComparisonMethod
1.GeneralDiscussion
a.Principle:Colorisdeterminedbyvisualcomparisonofthesamplewithknownconcentrationsof
coloredsolutions.Comparisonalsomaybemadewithspecial,properlycalibratedglasscolordisks.The
platinumcobaltmethodofmeasuringcoloristhestandardmethod,theunitofcolorbeingthatproducedby1
mgplatinum/Lintheformofthechloroplatinateion.Theratioofcobalttoplatinummaybevariedtomatch
thehueinspecialcasestheproportiongivenbelowisusuallysatisfactorytomatchthecolorofnaturalwaters.
b.Application:Theplatinumcobaltmethodisusefulformeasuringcolorofpotablewaterandofwater
inwhichcolorisduetonaturallyoccurringmaterials.Itisnotapplicabletomosthighlycoloredindustrial
wastewaters.
c.Interference:Evenaslightturbiditycausestheapparentcolortobenoticeablyhigherthanthetrue
colorthereforeremoveturbiditybeforeapproximatingtruecolorbydifferentialreadingwithdifferentcolor
filters1orbydifferentialscatteringmeasurements.2Neithertechnique,however,hasreachedthestatusofa
standardmethod.RemoveturbiditybycentrifugationorbythefiltrationproceduredescribedunderMethodC.
Centrifugefor1hunlessithasbeendemonstratedthatcentrifugationunderotherconditionsaccomplishes
satisfactoryturbidityremoval.
ThecolorvalueofwaterisextremelypHdependentandinvariablyincreasesasthepHofthewateris
raised.Whenreportingacolorvalue,specifythepHatwhichcolorisdetermined.Forresearchpurposesor
whencolorvaluesaretobecomparedamonglaboratories,determinethecolorresponseofagivenwaterovera
widerangeofpHvalues.3
d.Fieldmethod:Becausetheplatinumcobaltstandardmethodisnotconvenientforfielduse,compare
watercolorwiththatofglassdisksheldattheendofmetallictubescontainingglasscomparatortubesfilled
withsampleandcolorlessdistilledwater.Matchsamplecolorwiththecolorofthetubeofclearwaterplusthe
calibratedcoloredglasswhenviewedbylookingtowardawhitesurface.Calibrateeachdisktocorrespondwith
thecolorsontheplatinumcobaltscale.Theglassdisksgiveresultsinsubstantialagreementwiththoseobtained
bytheplatinumcobaltmethodandtheiruseisrecognizedasastandardfieldprocedure.
e.Nonstandardlaboratorymethods:Usingglassdisksorliquidsotherthanwaterasstandardsfor
laboratoryworkispermissibleonlyifthesehavebeenindividuallycalibratedagainstplatinumcobaltstandards.
Watersofhighlyunusualcolor,suchasthosethatmayoccurbymixturewithcertainindustrialwastes,may
havehuessofarremovedfromthoseoftheplatinumcobaltstandardsthatcomparisonbythestandardmethod
isdifficultorimpossible.Forsuchwaters,usethemethodsinSections2120CandD.However,resultsso
obtainedarenotdirectlycomparabletothoseobtainedwithplatinumcobaltstandards.
f.Sampling:Collectrepresentativesamplesincleanglassware.Makethecolordeterminationwithina
reasonableperiodbecausebiologicalorphysicalchangesoccurringinstoragemayaffectcolor.Withnaturally
coloredwatersthesechangesinvariablyleadtopoorresults.
2.Apparatus
a.Nesslertubes,matched,50mL,tallform.
b.pHmeter,fordeterminingsamplepH(seeSection4500H+).
3.PreparationofStandards
a.Ifareliablesupplyofpotassiumchloroplatinatecannotbepurchased,usechloroplatinicacidprepared
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frommetallicplatinum.Donotusecommercialchloroplatinicacidbecauseitisveryhygroscopicandmayvary
inplatinumcontent.Potassiumchloroplatinateisnothygroscopic.
b.Dissolve1.246gpotassiumchloroplatinate,K2PtCl6(equivalentto500mgmetallicPt)and1.00g
crystallizedcobaltouschloride,CoCl26H2O(equivalenttoabout250mgmetallicCo)indistilledwaterwith100
mLconcHClanddiluteto1000mLwithdistilledwater.Thisstockstandardhasacolorof500units.
c.IfK2PtCl6isnotavailable,dissolve500mgpuremetallicPtinaquaregiawiththeaidofheatremove
2-2
HNO3byrepeatedevaporationwithfreshportionsofconcHCl.Dissolvethisproduct,togetherwith1.00g
crystallizedCoCl26H2O,asdirectedabove.
d.Preparestandardshavingcolorsof5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,60,and70bydiluting0.5,1.0,
1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5,5.0,6.0,and7.0mLstockcolorstandardwithdistilledwaterto50mLinnessler
tubes.Protectthesestandardsagainstevaporationandcontaminationwhennotinuse.
4.Procedure
a.Estimationofintactsample:Observesamplecolorbyfillingamatchednesslertubetothe50mL
markwithsampleandcomparingitwithstandards.Lookverticallydownwardthroughtubestowardawhiteor
specularsurfaceplacedatsuchananglethatlightisreflectedupwardthroughthecolumnsofliquid.Ifturbidity
ispresentandhasnotbeenremoved,reportasapparentcolor.Ifthecolorexceeds70units,dilutesample
withdistilledwaterinknownproportionsuntilthecoloriswithintherangeofthestandards.
b.MeasurepHofeachsample.
5.Calculation
a.Calculatecolorunitsbythefollowingequation:
where:
A=estimatedcolorofadilutedsampleand
B=mLsampletakenfordilution.
b.Reportcolorresultsinwholenumbersandrecordasfollows:
ColorUnits
RecordtoNearest
150
51100
101250
10
251500
20
c.ReportsamplepH.
6.References
1.KNIGHT ,A.G.1951.Thephotometricestimationofcolorinturbidwaters.J.Inst.WaterEng.5:623.
2.JULLANDER.J.&K.BRUNE.1950.Lightabsorptionmeasurementsonturbidsolutions.ActaChem.Scand.
4:870.
3.BLACK,A.P.&R.F.CHRISTMAN,1963.Characteristicsofcoloredsurfacewaters.J.Amer.WaterWorks
Assoc.55:753.
7.Bibliography
HAZEN,A.1892.Anewcolorstandardfornaturalwaters.Amer.Chem.J.14:300.
HAZEN,A.1896.Themeasurementofthecolorsofnaturalwaters.J.Amer.Chem.Soc.18:264.
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MeasurementofColorandTurbidityinWater.1902.U.S.Geol.Surv.,Div.Hydrog.Circ.8,Washington,
D.C.
RUDOLES,W.&W.D.HANLON.1951.Colorinindustrialwastes.SewageInd.Wastes23:1125.
PALIN,A.T.1955.Photometricdeterminationofthecolourandturbidityofwater.WaterWaterEng.
59:341.
CHRISTMAN,R.F.&M.GHASSEMI.1966.Chemicalnatureoforganiccolorinwater.J.Amer.Water
WorksAssoc.58:723.
GHASSEMI,M.&R.F.CHRISTMAN,1968.Propertiesoftheyelloworganicacidsofnaturalwaters.Limnol.
Oceanogr.13:583.
2120C.SpectrophotometricMethod
1.GeneralDiscussion
a.Principle:Thecolorofafilteredsampleisexpressedintermsthatdescribethesensationrealizedwhen
viewingthesample.Thehue(red,green,yellow,etc.)isdesignatedbythetermdominantwavelength,the
degreeofbrightnessbyluminance,andthesaturation(pale,pastel,etc.)bypurity.Thesevaluesarebest
determinedfromthelighttransmissioncharacteristicsofthefilteredsamplebymeansofaspectrophotometer.
b.Application:Thismethodisapplicabletopotableandsurfacewatersandtowastewaters,both
domesticandindustrial.
c.Interference:Turbidityinterferes.Removebythefiltrationmethoddescribedbelow.
2.Apparatus
a.Spectrophotometer,having10mmabsorptioncells,anarrow(10nmorless)spectralband,andan
effectiveoperatingrangefrom400to700nm.
b.Filtrationsystem,consistingofthefollowing(seeFigure2120:1):
1)Filtrationflasks,250mL,withsidetubes.
2)Waltercrucibleholder.
3)Micrometallicfiltercrucible,averageporesize40m.
4)Calcinedfilteraid.*
5)Vacuumsystem.
3.Procedure
a.Preparationofsample:Bringtwo50mLsamplestoroomtemperature.Useonesampleattheoriginal
pHadjustpHoftheotherto7.6byusingsulfuricacid(H2SO4)andsodiumhydroxide(NaOH)ofsuch
concentrationsthattheresultingvolumechangedoesnotexceed3%.AstandardpHisnecessarybecauseofthe
variationofcolourwithpH.Removeexcessivequantities
*CeliteNo.505,ManvilleCorp.,orequivalent.
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Figure2120:1.Filtrationsystemforcolourdeterminations.
ofsuspendedmaterialsbycentrifuging.Treateachsampleseparately,asfollows:
Thoroughlymix0.1gfilteraidina10mLportionofcentrifugedsampleandfiltertoformaprecoatin
thefiltercrucible.DirectfiltratetowasteflaskasindicatedinFigure2120:1.Mix40mgfilteraidina35mL
portionofcentrifugedsample.Withvacuumstillon,filterthroughtheprecoatandpassfiltratetowasteflask
untilclearthendirectclearfiltrateflowtocleanflaskbymeansofthethreewaystopcockandcollect25mL
forthetransmittancedetermination.
b.Determinationoflighttransmissioncharacteristics:Thoroughlyclean1cmabsorptioncellswith
detergentandrinsewithdistilledwater.Rinsetwicewithfilteredsample,cleanexternalsurfaceswithlens
paper,andfillcellwithfilteredsample.
Determinetransmittancevalues(inpercent)ateachvisiblewavelengthvaluepresentedinTable2120:1,
usingthe10ordinatesmarkedwithanasteriskforfairlyaccurateworkandall30ordinatesforincreased
accuracy.Setinstrumenttoread100%transmittanceonthedistilledwaterblankandmakealldeterminations
withanarrowspectralband.
4.Calculation
a.TabulatetransmittancevaluescorrespondingtowavelengthsshowninColumnsX,Y,andZinTable
2120:I.Totaleachtransmittancecolumnandmultiplytotalsbytheappropriatefactors(for10or30ordinates)
shownatthebottomofthetable,toobtaintristimulusvaluesX,Y,andZ.ThetristimulusvalueYispercent
luminance.
TABLE2120:I.SELECTEDORDINATESFORSPECTROPHOTOMETRICCOLORDETERMINATIONS*
X
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Ordinate No.
Wavelength
nm
424.4
465.9
414.1
2*
435.5*
489.5*
422.2*
443.9
500.4
426.3
452.1
508.7
429.4
5*
461.2*
515.2*
432.0*
474.0
520.6
434.3
531.2
525.4
436.5
8*
544.3*
529.8*
438.6*
552.4
533.9
440.6
10
558.7
537.7
442.5
11*
564.1*
541.4*
444.4*
12
568.9
544.9
446.3
13
573.2
548.4
448.2
14*
577.4*
551.8*
450.1*
15
581.3
555.1
452.1
16
585.0
558.5
454.0
17*
588.7*
561.9*
455.9*
18
592.4
565.3
457.9
19
596.0
568.9
459.9
20*
599.6*
572.5*
462.0*
21
603.3
576.4
464.1
22
607.0
580.4
466.3
23*
610.9*
584.8*
468.7*
24
615.0
589.6
471.4
25
619.4
594.8
474.3
26*
624.2*
600.8*
477.7*
27
629.8
607.7
481.8
28
636.6
616.1
487.2
29*
645.9*
627.3*
495.2*
30
663.0
647.4
511.2
0.032.69
0.033.33
0.039.38
0.098.06
0.100.00
0.118.14
Factorswhen30OrdinatesUsed
FactorsWhen10OrdinatesUsed
*Insertineachcolumnthetransmittancevalue(%)correspondingtothewavelengthshown.Wherelimitedaccuracyis
sufficient,useonlytheordinatesmarkedwithanasterisk.
b.CalculatethetrichromaticcoefficientsxandyfromthetristimulusvaluesX,Y,andZbythefollowing
equations:
Locatepoint(x,y)ononeofthechromaticitydiagramsinFigure2120:2anddeterminethedominant
wavelength(innanometers)andthepurity(inpercent)directlyfromthediagram.
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Figure2120:2.Chromaticitydiagrams.
2-5
TABLE2120:II.COLORHUESFORDOMINANT WAVELENGTHRANGES
Wavelength Range
nm
Hue
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400465
Violet
465482
Blue
482497
Bluegreen
497530
Green
530575
Greenishyellow
575580
Yellow
580587
Yellowishorange
587598
Orange
598620
Orangered
620700
Red
400530c*
Bluepurple
530c700*
Redpurple
*SeeFigure2120:2forsignificanceofc.
Determinehuefromthedominantwavelengthvalue,accordingtotherangesinTable2120:II.
5.ExpressionofResults
Expresscolorcharacteristics(atpH7.6andattheoriginalpH)intermsofdominantwavelength
(nanometers,tothenearestunit),hue(e.g.,blue,bluegreen,etc.)luminance(percent,tothenearesttenth),
andpurity(percent,tothenearestunit).Reporttypeofinstrument(i.e.,spectrophotometer),numberof
selectedordinates(10or30),andthespectralbandwidth(nanometers)used.
6.Bibliography
HARDY ,A.C.1936.HandbookofColorimetry.TechnologyPress,Boston,Mass.
2120D.TristimulusFilterMethod
1.GeneralDiscussion
a.Principle:Threespecialtristimuluslightfilters,combinedwithaspecificlightsourceandphotoelectric
cellinafilterphotometer,maybeusedtoobtaincolordatasuitableforroutinecontrolpurposes.
Thepercentageoftristimuluslighttransmittedbythesolutionisdeterminedforeachofthethreefilters.
Thetransmittancevaluesthenareconvertedtotrichromaticcoefficientsandcolorcharacteristicvalues.
b.Application:Thismethodisapplicabletopotableandsurfacewatersandtowastewaters,both
domesticandindustrial.Exceptformostexactingwork,thismethodgivesresultsverysimilartothemore
accurateMethodC.
c.Interference:Turbiditymustberemoved.
2.Apparatus
a.Filterphotometer.*
b.Filterphotometerlightsource:Tungstenlampatacolortemperatureof3000C.
c.Filterphotometerphotoelectriccells,1cm.
d.Tristimulusfilters.
e.Filtrationsystem:SeeSection2120C.2bandFigure2120:1.
3.Procedure
a.Preparationofsample:SeeSection2120C.3a.
b.Determinationoflighttransmissioncharacteristics:Thoroughlyclean(withdetergent)andrinse1cm
absorptioncellswithdistilledwater.Rinseeachabsorptioncelltwicewithfilteredsample,cleanexternal
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surfaceswithlenspaper,andfillcellwithfilteredsample.
Placeadistilledwaterblankinanothercellanduseittosettheinstrumentat100%transmittance.
Determinepercentageoflighttransmissionthroughsampleforeachofthethreetristimuluslightfilters,with
thefilterphotometerlampintensityswitchinapositionequivalentto4Vonthelamp.
4.Calculation
a.DetermineluminancevaluedirectlyasthepercentagetransmittancevalueobtainedwiththeNo.2
tristimulusfilter.
b.CalculatetristimulusvaluesX,Y,andZfromthepercentagetransmittance(T1,T2,T3)forfiltersNo.1,
2,3,asfollows:
X=T30.06+T10.25
Y=T20.316
Z=T30.374
Calculateanddeterminetrichromaticcoefficientsxandy,dominantwavelength,hue,andpurityasin
Section2120C.4babove.
5.ExpressionofResults
ExpressresultsasprescribedinSection2120C.5.
*FisherElectrophotometerorequivalent.
GeneralElectriclampNo.1719(at6V)orequivalent.
GeneralElectricphotovoltaiccell.TypePV1,orequivalent.
CorningCS3107(No.1),CS498(No.2),andCS570(No.3),orequivalent.
2-6
2120E.ADMITristimulusFilterMethod(PROPOSED)
1.GeneralDiscussion
a.Principle:ThismethodisanextensionofTristimulusMethod2120D.Bythismethodameasureofthe
samplecolor,independentofhue,maybeobtained.ItisbasedonuseoftheAdamsNickersonchromaticvalue
formula1forcalculatingsinglenumbercolordifferencevalues.i.e.,uniformcolordifferences.Forexample,if
twocolors,AandB,arejudgedvisuallytodifferfromcolorlesstothesamedegree,theirADMIcolorvalueswill
bethesame.ThemodificationwasdevelopedbymembersoftheAmericanDyeManufacturersInstitute
(ADMI).2
b.Application:Thismethodisapplicabletocoloredwatersandwastewatershavingcolorcharacteristics
significantlydifferentfromplatinumcobaltstandards,aswellastowatersandwastewaterssimilarinhuetothe
standards.
c.Interference:Turbiditymustberemoved.
2.Apparatus
a.Filterphotometer*equippedwithCIEtristimulusfilters(see2120D.2d).
b.Filterphotometerlightsource:Tungstenlampatacolortemperatureof3000C(see2120D.2b).
c.Absorptioncellsandappropriatecellholders:Forcolorvalueslessthan250ADMIunits,usecells
witha5.0cmlightpathforcolorvaluesgreaterthan250,usecellswith1.0cmlightpath.
d.Filtrationsystem:SeeSection2120C.2bandFigure2120:1oracentrifugecapableofachieving1000
g.(SeeSection2120B.)
3.Procedure
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a.Instrumentcalibration:Establishcurvesforeachphotometercalibrationdataforoneinstrument
cannotbeappliedtoanotherone.Prepareaseparatecalibrationcurveforeachabsorptioncellpathlength.
1)Preparestandardsasdescribedin2120B.3.Fora5cmcelllengthpreparestandardshavingcolor
valuesof25,50,100,200,and250bydiluting5.0,10.0,20.0,30.0,40.0,and50.0mLstockcolorstandard
withdistilledwaterto100mLinvolumetricflasks.Fortheshorterpathlength,prepareappropriatestandards
withhighercolorvalues.
2)Determinelighttransmittance(see3c,below)foreachstandardwitheachfilter.
3)Usingthecalculationsdescribedin3dbelow,calculatethetristimulusvalues(Xs,Ys,Zs)foreach
standard,determinetheMunsellvalues,andcalculatetheintermediatevalue(DE).
4)UsingtheDEvaluesforeachstandard,calculateacalibrationfactorFnforeachstandardfromthe
followingequation:
where:
(APHA)n,=APHAcolorvalueforstandardn.
(DE)n=intermediatevaluecalculatedforstandardn,and
b=celllightpath,cm.
Placing(DE)nontheXaxisandFnontheYaxis,plotacurveforthestandardsolutions.Usecalibration
curvetoderivetheFvaluefromDEvaluesobtainedwithsamples.
b.Samplepreparation:Preparetwo100mLsampleportions(oneattheoriginalpH.oneatpH7.6)as
describedinSection2120C.3a,orbycentrifugation.(NOTE:Centrifugationisacceptableonlyifturbidity
removalequivalenttofiltrationisachieved.)
c.Determinationoflighttransmissioncharacteristics:Thoroughlycleanabsorptioncellswithdetergent
andrinsewithdistilledwater.Rinseeachabsorptioncelltwicewithfilteredsample.Cleanexternalsurfaceswith
lenspaperandfillcellwithsample.Determinesamplelighttransmittancewiththethreefilterstoobtainthe
transmittancevalues:T1fromFilter1.T2fromFilter2,andT3fromFilter3.Standardizetheinstrumentwith
eachfilterat100%transmittancewithdistilledwater.
d.Calculationofcolorvalues:TristimulusvaluesforsamplesareXs,Ys,andZsforstandardsXr,Yr,and
Zr,andfordistilledwaterXc ,Yc ,andZc .MunsellvaluesforsamplesareVxs,VysandVzsforstandards,Vxr,
Vyr,andVzr,andfordistilledwaterVxc ,Yyc ,andVzc .
Foreachstandardorsamplecalculatethetristimulusvaluesfromthefollowingequations:
X=(T30.1899)+(T10.791)
Y=T2
Z=T31.1835
Tristimulusvaluesforthedistilledwaterblankusedtostandardizetheinstrumentarealways:
Xc =98.09
Yc =100.0
Zc =118.35
Convertthesixtristimulusvalues(Xs,Ys,ZsXc ,Yc ,Zc )tothecorrespondingMunsellvaluesusing
publishedtables2,3,4orbytheequationgivenbyBridgeman.3
CalculatetheintermediatevalueofDEfromtheequation:
DE={(0.23Vy)2+[(VxVy)]2+[0.4(VyVz)2}
where:
Vy=VysVyc
(VAVv)=(VxsVys)(Vxc Vvc )
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(VyVz)=(VvsVzs)(Vvc Vzc )
whenthesampleiscomparedtodistilledwater.
*FisherElectrocolorimeter.Model181,orequivalent.
InstrumentalColourSystems.Ltd.7BuckleburyPlace.UpperWoolhampton,BerkshireRG75UD,
England.
2-7
Withthestandardcalibrationcurve,usetheDEvaluetodeterminethecalibrationfactorF.
CalculatethefinalADMIcolorvalueasfollows:
where:
b=absorptioncelllightpath,cm.
ReportADMIcolorvaluesatpH7.6andattheoriginalpH.
4.AlternateMethod
TheADMIcolorvaluealsomaybedeterminedspectrophotometrically,usingaspectrophotometerwitha
narrow(10nmorless)spectralbandandaneffectiveoperatingrangeof400to700nm.Thismethodisan
extensionof2120C.Tristimulusvaluesmaybecalculatedfromtransmittancemeasurements,preferablybyusing
theweightedordinatemethodorbytheselectedordinatemethod.ThemethodhasbeendescribedbyAllenet
al.,2whoincludeworksheetsandworkedexamples.
5.References
1.MCLAREN,K.1970.TheAdamsNickersoncolourdifferenceformula.J.Soc.DyersColorists86:354.
2.ALLEN.W.,W.B.PRESCOTT R.E.DERBY ,C.E.GARLAND,J.M.PERET &M.SALTZMAN,1973.
DeterminationofcolorofwaterandwastewaterbymeansofADMIcolorvalues.Proc.28thInd.Waste
Conf.,PurdueUniv.,Eng.Ext.Ser.No.142:661.
3.BRIDGEMAN,T.1963.InversionoftheMunsellvalueequation.J.Opt.Soc.Amer.53:499.
6.Bibliography
JUDD.D.B.&G.WYSZECKI.1963.ColorinBusiness,Science,andIndustry,2nded.JohnWiley&Sons,
NewYork,N.Y.(SeeTablesA,B,andCinAppendix.)
WYSZECKI.G.&W.S.STILES.1967.ColorScience.JohnWiley&Sons.NewYork,N.Y.(SeeTables6.4.A,
B,C,pp.462467.)
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03/05/2016

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