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(IJECET)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 28-44, Article ID: IJECET_07_01_004
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ISSN Print: 0976-6464 and ISSN Online: 0976-6472
IAEME Publication
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1. INTRODUCTION
MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) is an antenna technology for wireless
communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter)
and the destination (receiver). The antennas at each end of the communications circuit
are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. MIMO is one of several
forms of smart antenna technology, the others being MISO (Multiple Input, Single
Output) and SIMO (Single Input, Multiple Output). In conventional wireless
communications, a single antenna is used at the source, and another single antenna is
used at the destination. In some cases, this gives rise to problems with multipath
effects. When an electromagnetic field (EM field) is met with obstructions such as
hills, canyons, buildings, and utility wires, the wave fronts are scattered, and thus they
take many paths to reach the destination. The late arrival of scattered portions of the
signal causes problems such as fading, cut-out (cliff effect), and intermittent reception
(picket fencing). In digital communications systems such as wireless Internet, it can
cause a reduction in data speed and an increase in the number of errors. The use of
two or more antennas, along with the transmission of multiple signals (one for each
antenna) at the source and the destination, eliminates the trouble caused by multipath
wave propagation, and can even take advantage of this effect.
MIMO technology has aroused interest because of its possible applications in
digital television (DTV), wireless local area networks (WLANs), metropolitan area
networks (MANs), and mobile communications.
2. MIMO SYSTEM
MIMO systems are composed of three main elements, namely the transmitter (TX),
the channel (H), and the receiver (RX). In N T is denoted as the number of antenna
elements at the transmitter, and Nr is denoted as the number of elements at the
receiver. It is important to note that the system is described in terms of the channel.
For example, the Multiple-Inputs are located at the output of the TX (the input to the
channel), and similarly, the Multiple-Outputs are located at the input of the RX (the
output of the channel).
The channel with N r outputs and N t inputs is denoted as a N r X N t matrix
where each entry hi;j denotes the attenuation and phase shift (transfer function)
between the jth transmitter and the ith receiver. It is assumed that the MIMO channel
behaves in a quasi-static fashion, i.e. the channel varies randomly between burst to
burst, but fixed within a transmission. This is a reasonable and commonly used
assumption as it represents an indoor channel where the time of change is constant
and negligible compared to the time of a burst of data. The MIMO signal model is
described as
r = Hs + n
(1)
where, r is the received vector of size N R1, H is the channel matrix of size N R NT ,
s is the transmitted vector of size N T 1, and n is the noise vector of size N R1. Each
noise element is typically modelled as independent identically distributed (i.i.d.) white
Gaussian noise, with variance NT =2. An explanation for this model is as follows. The
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transmitted signals are mixed in the channel since they use the same carrier frequency.
At the receiver side, the received signal is composed of a linear combination of each
transmitted signal plus noise. The receiver can solve for the transmitted signals by
treating as a system of linear equations. If the channel H is correlated, the system of
linear equations will have more unknowns than equations. One reason correlation
between signals can occur is due to the spacing between antennas. To prevent
correlation due to the spacing, they are typically spaced at least c=2, where c is the
wavelength of the carrier frequency. The second reason correlation can occur is due to
lack of multipath components. It is for this reason that rich multipath is desirable in
MIMO systems. The multipath effect can be interpreted by each receive antenna
being in a different channel. For this reason, the rank of a MIMO channel is defined
as the number of independent equations offered. It is important to note that: rank (H)
< min (N R;NT ) and therefore the maximum number of streams that a MIMO system
can support is upper-bounded by min(N R ;NT ). Since the performance of MIMO
systems depends highly on the channel matrix, it is important to model the channel
matrix realistically. The following section provides an overview of typical channel
models used for computer simulations.
Time slots
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Informa tion
source
Modula tor
Alamouti
Code S
The information bits are first modulated using an M-ary modulation scheme. The
encoder takes the block of two modulated symbols s1 and s2 in each encoding
operation and hands it to the transmit antennas according to the code matrix
(2)
The first row represents the first transmission period and the second row the
second transmission period. During the first transmission, the symbols s 1 and s2 are
transmitted simultaneously from antenna one and antenna two respectively. In the
second transmission period, the symbol
is transmitted from antenna one and the
symbol
from transmit antenna two. It is clear that the encoding is performed in
both time (two transmission intervals) and space domain (across two transmit
antennas). The two rows and columns of S are orthogonal to each other and the code
matrix is orthogonal
(3)
Where I2 is a (2 2) identity matrix. This property enables the receiver to detect s 1 and
s2 by a simple linear signal processing operation. Let us look at the receiver side now.
Only one receive antenna is assumed to be available. The channel at time t may be
modelled by a complex multiplicative distortion h1 (t) for transmit antenna one and
h2 (t) for transmit antenna two as shown in equation 3.3 and 3.4. Assuming that the
fading is constant across two consecutive transmit periods of duration T, we can write
h1 (t)= h1 (t+T)=h1 =
(4)
h2 (t)= h2 (t+T)= h2 =
(5)
Where, |hi | and i , i = 1, 2 are the amplitude gain and phase shift for the path from
transmit antenna i to the receive antenna. The received signals at the time t and t + T
can then be expressed as
=
(6)
(7)
Where, r1 and r2 are the received signals at time t and t + T, n1 and n2 are complex
random variables representing receiver noise and interference.
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(8)
=
(9)
(10)
or in short notation as
y = Hv s +
(11)
(12)
)I2 =
I2
(13)
where I2 is the (2 2) identity matrix and h 2 is the power gain of the equivalent
MIMO channel with =(
). Due to this orthogonality the receiver of the
Alamouti scheme (discussed in detail in the following subsection) decouples the
MISO channel into two virtually independent channels each with channel gain h2 and
diversity d = 2. It is obvious that the EVCM depends on the structure of the code and
the channel coefficients. The concept of the EVCM simplifies the analysis of the
STBC transmission scheme. The existence of an EVCM is one of the important
characteristics of STBCs.
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The number of symbols in a space-time codeword is N=N T NR. Then the symbol
streams are subjected to inverse fast Fourier transform operation followed by cyclic
prefix insertion between two consecutive OFDM symbols in order to reduce the effect
of the delay spread of the multipath channels. The length of the CP is adjustable and
must be set in order to keep a bandwidth efficient system without occurring inter
symbol interference or inter carrier interference. At the receiver, after removing the
CP and applying FFT, the transmitted symbol stream
is estimated using the
received signal
Assume the channel gain
follows the Rayleigh distribution
th
th
from the i transmit antenna to j the receive antenna over the tth symbol period. If the
channel gains do not change during T symbol periods, the symbol time index can be
omitted and as long as the transmit antennas and receive antennas are spaced
sufficiently apart, NT NR fading gain {hij} can be assumed to be statistically
independent. If
is the transmitted signal from the ith transmit antenna during tth
symbol period, the received signal at the jth receive antenna during tth symbol period is
given by
(14)
where
is the noise process at the jth receive antenna during tth symbol period, which
is modelled as the zero mean circular symmetric complex Gaussian (ZMCSCG) noise
of unit variance, and is the average energy of each transmitted signal.
In general we can write as
Y=
(15)
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In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a
data stream over a communication channel that has been altered due to noise,
interference, distortion or bit synchronization errors. The bit error rate or bit error
ratio (BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits
during time interval.
In a noisy channel, the BER is often expressed as a function of the normalized
carrier-to-noise ratio measure denoted Eb/N0, (energy per bit to noise power spectral
density ratio), or Es/N0 (energy per modulation symbol to noise spectral density).
While in wireless communication, BER (dB) vs. SNR (dB) is used. The BER may be
analyzed using stochastic computer simulations.
Where, B is Bandwidth in Hertz , S/N is Signal to Noise Ratio in watts or volts 2 . For
MIMO the capacity is given by
(17)
Where Pt is the power budget of MIMO system which is allocated among the different
channels and H is the channel matrix of system. The capacity of a MIMO is the
algebraic sum of the capacities of all channels and given by
(20)
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We have to maximize the total number of bits to be transported .As per the
scheme following steps are followed to carry out the water filling algorithm.
Algorithm Steps:1. Take the inverse of the channel gains.
2. Water filling has non uniform step structure due to the inverse of the Channel
gain.
3. Initially take the sum of the total power Pt and the inverse of the channel gain.
It gives the complete area in the water filling and inverse power gain
(21)
4. Decide the initial water level by the formula given below by taking the average
Power allocated
(22)
5. The power values of each subchannel are calculated by subtracting the inverse
Channel gain of each channel
(23)
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(25)
Where PAPR (xn (t)) is the PAPR of the nth OFDM symbol and is some threshold.
Based on the CLT, the envelope of the OFDM signal follows the Rayleigh
distribution and consequently its energy distribution becomes an exponential, or
equivalently, a central chi-square distribution with two degrees of freedom and zero
mean with a CDF given by
CDF( )=(1-
(26)
The probability that the PAPR of the OFDM signal with N subcarriers is below a
threshold is the probability that all the N samples are below the threshold. Assuming
that the OFDM samples are mutually independent, this probability can be given as
prob(PAPR< )= CDF[ PAPR(xn (t))] =
(27)
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(29)
where x[n] is the OFDM signal, CL is the clipping level and x[n] is the angle of x[n].
Clipping is a nonlinear process that leads to both in-band and out-of-band distortions.
While the latter one causes spectral spreading and can be eliminated by filtering the
signal after clipping, the former can degrade the BER performance and cannot be
reduced by filtering. However, oversampling by taking longer IFFT can reduce the inband distortion effect as portion of the noise is reshaped outside of the signal band
that can be removed later by filtering. Filtering the clipped OFDM signal can preserve
the spectral efficiency by eliminating the out-of band distortion and, hence, improving
the BER performance but it can lead to peak power re growth.
The simulations are conducted for the OFDM signal without clipping and when
clipping is used with a clipping ratio (CR) of 1dB and 5dB. The CR is related to the
clipping level by the expression
(30)
Value
BPSK
64
10^4
52
-1
10
STBC
STBC
STBC
STBC
(NT=2,
(NT=2,
(NT=2,
(NT=2,
NR=1)
NR=2)
NR=3)
NR=4)
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
10
15
20
25
SNR dB
Figure 3 BER performance of ASTBC based MIMO OFDM system for various antenna
configurations
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10
no clipping
CR = 5dB
CR = 1dB
-1
10
-2
BER
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
10
12
SNR(dB)
14
16
18
20
Figure 4 BER performance with and without clipping for different values of CR
0
Empirical CCDF without clipping and with clipping for different values of CR.
10
no clipping
CR = 1dB
CR = 5dB
-1
10
-2
10
-3
CCDF
10
-4
10
-5
10
-6
10
-7
10
-8
10
6
PAPR threshold(dB)
10
12
Value
BPSK
64
10^4
52
1dB,5Db
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Y=
can be
(31)
From the equation 33 we observe that H(z) is a constant, we can see that the
mutual information is maximized when H(y) is maximized. Now, the auto-correlation
matrix of y is given as
(35)
where, Ex the energy of the transmitted signals and N 0 is the power spectral density of
the additive noise
The differential entropy H(y) is maximized when y is
ZMCSCG which consequently requires x to be ZMCSCG. The mutual information
can be found from equation 34 as follows
=
) bps/Hz
(37)
Then, the channel capacity of deterministic MIMO channel in the case of CSI
known to both receiver and transmitter side is expressed as
bps/Hz
(38)
When H is not known at the transmitter side, one can spread the energy equally
among all the transmit antennas so that the autocorrelation function of the transmit
signal vector x is given as
(39)
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)
(40)
No of Receiving
antennas
2
3
4
5
25
nt=2,
nt=3,
nt=4,
nt=5,
nr=2
nr=3
nr=4
nr=5
20
15
10
0
-10
-5
5
SNR in dB
10
15
20
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(41)
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(42)
Similarly, the ergodic channel capacity for the closed loop (CL) system using CSI
at the transmitter side is given as
)
(43)
F(X)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
NT=NR=1
NT=NR=2
NT=NR=3
NT=NR=4
0.2
0.1
0
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
Where H w denotes the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d) Rayleigh fading
channel gain matrix and Rt is the correlation matrix taking correlations between the
transmit antennas, Rr is the correlation matrix taking correlations between the receive
antennas. Then the correlated channel capacity can be represented as
)
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(46)
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From the above equations, let us consider two cases for simulation.
Case1: Correlation exists between transmit and receive antennas, transmit
antennas and receive antennas but the correlation matrix Rt and Rr are identical
Capacity of i.i.d and Correlated Channel in Terms of SNR with Correlation Exists between the Transmit Antennas and Receive Antennas but Same Correlation Matrix
25
33 correlated channel
33 i.i.d channel
44 i.i.d channel
20
44 correlated channel
15
10
0
-10
-5
5
SNR in dB
10
15
20
Figure 8 Capacity of i.i.d and Correlated Channel in Terms of SNR with Correlation exist
between the Transmit Antennas and Receive Antennas but Same Correlation Matrix
Observation: Figure8 shows the capacity of i.i.d and correlated channel in terms of
SNR with correlation exists between the transmit antennas and receive antennas but
same correlation matrix. From figure 8 I observe that at 15 dB of SNR value 44 i.i.d
channel provide 16.22 bps/Hz whereas 33 i.i.d channel provides 11.8 bps/Hz and
44 correlated channel provides12.34 bps/Hz. So i.i.d channel outperforms the
correlated channel.
Case 2: Correlation exists between transmit and receive antennas, transmit
antennas and receive antennas but the correlation matrix Rt and Rr are not identical.
Capacity of i.i.d and Correlated Channel in terms of SNR with Correlation Exists between the Transmit Antennas and Receive Antennas but Different Correlation Matrix
25
33 correlated channel
33 i.i.d channel
44 correlated channel
20
44 i.i.d channel
15
10
0
-10
-5
5
SNR in dB
10
15
20
Figure 9 Capacity of i.i.d and Correlated Channel in Terms of SNR with Correlation Exists
between the Transmit Antennas and Receive Antennas but different Correlation Matrix
Observation:
Figure 9 shows the capacity of i.i.d and correlated channel in terms of SNR with
correlation exists between the transmit antennas and receive antennas but different
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correlation matrix. In this case I noticed that 44 i.i.d channel provide 22bps/Hz
whereas 44 correlated channel provides 14 bps /Hz. So i.i.d channel outperforms t he
correlated channel.
5. CONCLUSION
The performance of the ASTBC based MIMO OFDM system under Rayleigh fading
channel is evaluated and it is observed that the performance of two transmit antennas
with more receive antennas is much better than that of the system with two transmit
antenna and less receive antennas in term of BER due to the more diversity gain of
Alamoutis code. The performance of deterministic, ergodic and correlated MIMO
channel capacity is evaluated. It is observed that the channel capacity increases with
the number of antennas added to the system, independent and identically distributed
channel outperforms the correlated channel. Finally, to reduce PAPR clipping
technique is applied and I observed that as the CR is reduced, the CL is lowered down
and more parts of the OFDM signal are clipped and hence, the BER is increasing and
the empirical CCDF is decreasing.
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[11]
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