Assignment # 1

Report

NAME:

Zariq Ahmed Khan

SUBJECT: Pakistan Studies

SECTION: C
REGISTRATION # 19641

Problems of Kashmir
In 1947, when the British granted India its
independence, Mohammed Ali Jinnah wanted a separate
country for Muslim majority ares of India. So the erstwhile
British Empire of India was split into West Paksitan, India
and East Pakistan. There were around five hundred princely
states in India that were given the choice of joining the
Pakistani union or the Indian union. Kashmir was ruled by a
Hindu King of the dogra dynasty, and was given a choice to
join either state.
Problems started in 1947 when British were leaving
India after the partition and the Muslims had demanded a
separate homeland for themselves, to be called as Pakistan.
When Pakistan became independent, they attacked the
princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in the guise of tribal
Pathans on 20th October 1947. Since the Maharaja by that
time had not decided to join the Indian Republic, the Indian
Army did not intervene. In one of its greatest mistake in the
history, the Indian Government under so-called Pundit
Jawaharlal Nehru did not think of protecting the Kashmir
borders, till The Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir asked India
for help and finally joined India on 26th October 1947.
However, by that time Pakistan had already
occupied almost half of the Kashmir. The UN Security
Council resolution of April 1948 had suggested a plebiscite
for the people of Kashmir, but only after it would be vacated
by Pakistan; India would be allowed to maintain some forces
to maintain the law and order. Pakistan never vacated the
area and as a result, the referendum never went through.
During the last 56 years, a lot of demographic changes took

place. The most notable one is the expulsions of the nonMuslim communities both from the Pakistan occupied
Kashmir (PoK) and also from the Srinagar valley of the
Indian held Kashmir. Non-Muslims were driven out from the
Pakistan occupied areas of Baltistan, Skardhu, Hunza and
Gilgit, the four semi-independent kingdoms associated with
the state of the Jammu and Kashmir; there are large-scale
infiltrations of Muslims into traditional Buddhist area Ladakh
and the Hindu areas of Jammu.
In the current demographic characteristics, there
are nine million people in the Indian Kashmir, about six
millions are Muslims, the rest three millions are Hindus,
Buddhists and Sikhs. While Kashmir valley is now almost all
Muslim, in Ladakh Buddhists are still in majority. Muslims are
still a minority in Jammu.
The dispute is mainly on the Indian part of Kashmir,
as Pakistan wants it on the ground that Muslims are the
majority of the population in that part, which is accordance
with the Two-nation theory, put forward by the founding
fathers of Pakistan. But Indias position is illogical. It
declared itself as the secular country, yet it had accepted the
partition of India and recognized Islamic Republic of Pakistan
and yet again Bangladesh in 1971. That logically means,
India also believes in the Two-Nation theory, which is
exactly reverse to the ideal of secularism of India.
Links:
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_kashmir_problem
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_kashmir_problem

The Role of Agriculture Sector in

Pakistan and its Problem
The magnanimity of the agricultural problems in
Pakistan has undoubtedly crippled the economy. In 1947,
agricultures contribution of GDP was 53% that has shrunken
down to 21% last year. Pakistan has great agricultural
potential because of its alluvial soils. However, it is producing
almost 50% below its potential. Neighboring India and
Bangladesh have shown significant improvement in their
agriculture sector unlike Pakistan. Where China is growing
padi crops in Gobi desert, Pakistan is still relying on perennial
canal system of irrigation. Let us make an attempt to study
the agricultural profile of Pakistan followed by a brief
discussion on problems in this sector.
Pakistan lies in a semi arid subtropical region. It is in the
north east of the world; that is just above tropic of cancer i.e.
23.5oN. Its dimensions are 240 30 N 370 N and 610 E
750 E approximately. Pakistan has 1046km coastline in the
south that impacts its climate and agriculture.
Almost 90% to 97% of showers in Pakistan are
received during summer monsoon season. Very few showers
are received during winters. Droughts and floods formulate a
permanent feature of the area. Pakistan receives seasonal
showers due to which most of the agricultural land must be
irrigated and agricultural output is largely affected by the
climatic variations and global warming.
Total land area of Pakistan is 96.9% and 3.1% is
constituted of water bodies. Total cropped area of Pakistan is
23.04 million hectors. 90% of the land is irrigated and only
remaining 10% is rain fed. In Pakistan, Intensive Subsistence

Farming is largely practiced Use of fertilizers and pesticides;

and techniques of crop rotation are practiced widely in order
to have larger yield. Among major crops of the country there
is wet padi and wheat. Cash crops include cotton, sugarcane,
maize, jute, tobacco, citrus fruits, mangoes etc. Almost 44%
of the labor is involved in it and almost 64.5% of the
population is still rural in nature. Due to 2010 floods,
agriculture sector showed overall growth of 1.2% where as
major crops showed negative growth of 4% during year 2010
2011.
Links:
http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-optional-subjects/groupb/agriculture/63654-problems-agriculture-pakistan.html

The Separation of Bangladesh

1971
The separation of East Pakistan was a great
setback to Pakistan. By 1970, sentiments for national unity
had weakened in East Pakistan to the extent that constant
conflict between the two Wings dramatically erupted into
mass civil disorder. This tragically resulted in the brutal and
violent amputation of Pakistans Eastern Wing.
The physical separation of a thousand miles
between the two wings without a common border, and
being surrounded by Indian territory and influences, led to
constant political, economic and social conflicts between the

two wings; embittering relations bringing the country on the

verge of collapse.
As a result of the separation of its Eastern Wing,
Pakistans international credit was depleted and the
military, being its most powerful institution, suffered a lot.
To some, the very concept of Pakistan as the homeland for
the Muslims in Southeast Asia no longer appeared valid.
Trouble started right at the inception of Pakistan in
1947. Almost immediately, East Pakistan claimed that as
their population (55 percent as compared to 45 percent in
the West) was greater, they were in a majority.
Democratically, the Federal Capital, therefore, should have
been in Dhaka and not in Karachi.
Since Karachi was the seat of the National
Government; ministers, government officials and
industrialists exerted immense influence on national and
regional affairs, which brought them many benefits. But the
East Pakistanis were unable to extract the same kind of
advantages, as they were a thousand miles away from the
Capital. Moreover, the Capital initially attracted wealthy
industrialists, businessmen, administrators, doctors and
other professionals who had fled from India.
The location of the Capital, it was said, created
great economic imbalance, uneven distribution of national
wealth and privileges, and better jobs for the people of West
Pakistan, because they were able to sway decisions in their
own favor.
Secondly, Bengalis resented the vast sums of
foreign exchange earned from the sale of jute from East,

which were being spent on defense. They questioned how

the expenditure for the Kashmir cause would be justified,
when it could otherwise have been productively used to
build dams and barriers to control floods, eradicate poverty
and illiteracy, and supply food and shelter for the evergrowing population in East Pakistan.
Thirdly, the people of the East believed that it was sheer
regional prejudice that all white-collar jobs were taken by
West Pakistanis.
Many mistakes were made early in the short
history of Pakistan. There lived in East Pakistan about 15
million Hindus who, with the help of their fellow West
Bengali Indians from across the border, were able to exploit
East-West differences that emerged as a result of these
mistakes. Grievances were exaggerated to foster anti-West
Pakistani feelings that eventually created Bengali
Nationalism and separatist tendencies. Bengali political
leaders went around depicting the Central Government and
West Pakistan as hostile exploiters. However, no effective
efforts were made by the Government to check these antinational trends.
After 25 years, the East Pakistanis declared
themselves independent and renamed their Province as
Bangladesh. Pakistan finally recognized Bangladesh at the
Islamic Conference in Lahore on February 22, 1974.

Links:
http://storyofpakistan.com/the-separation-of-east-pakistan /

The India Pakistan War of 1965

The 1965 war between India and Pakistan was the
second conflict between the two countries over the status of
the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The clash did not resolve
this dispute, but it did engage the United States and the
Soviet Union in ways that would have important implications
for subsequent superpower involvement in the region. The
dispute over this region originated in the process of
decolonization in South Asia. When the British colony of
India gained its independence in 1947, it was partitioned
into two separate entities: the secular nation of India and
the predominantly Muslim nation of Pakistan. Pakistan was
composed of two noncontiguous regions, East Pakistan and
West Pakistan, separated by Indian Territory. The state of
Jammu and Kashmir, which had a predominantly Muslim
population but a Hindu leader, shared borders with both
India and West Pakistan. The argument over which nation
would incorporate the state led to the first India-Pakistan
War in 1947-48 and ended with UN mediation. Jammu and
Kashmir, also known as "Indian Kashmir" or just "Kashmir,"
joined the Republic of India, but the Pakistani Government
continued to believe that the majority Muslim state
rightfully belonged to Pakistan. Conflict resumed again in
early 1965, when Pakistani and Indian forces clashed over
disputed territory along the border between the two nations.
Hostilities intensified that August when the Pakistani army
attempted to take Kashmir by force. The attempt to seize
the state was unsuccessful, and the second India-Pakistan

War reached a stalemate. This time, the international

politics of the Cold War affected the nature of the conflict.
On September 20 calling for an end to the fighting
and negotiations on the settlement of the Kashmir problem,
and the United States and the United Kingdom supported
the UN decision by cutting off arms supplies to both
belligerents. This ban affected both belligerents, but
Pakistan felt the effects more keenly since it had a much
weaker military in caparison to India. The UN resolution and
the halting of arms sales had an immediate impact. India
accepted the ceasefire on September 21 and Pakistan on
September 22.
The ceasefire alone did not resolve the status of
Kashmir, and both sides accepted the Soviet Union as a
third-party mediator. Nevertheless, although the Tashkent
agreement achieved its short-term aims, conflict in South
Asia would reignite a few years later

Links:
http://history.state.gov/milestones/1961
1968/IndiaPakistanWar

Khilafat Movement (1919-1924)

The Luck now pact showed that it was possible
for middle-class, English-educated Muslims and Hindus to
arrive at an amicable settlement of Hindu-Muslim

constitutional and political problems. The Hindu-Muslim

unity reached its climax during the Khilafat and the Noncooperation Movements.
The Muslims of South Asia, under the leadership
of the Ali Brothers, Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana
Shaukat Ali launched the historic Khilafat Movement after the
First World War to protect the Ottoman Empire from
dismemberment; Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi linked the
issue of Swaraj with the Khilafat issue to associate the
Hindus with the Movement. The ensuing movement was the
first country-wide popular movement.
The Muslims of India, for many reasons had a
strong feeling of identity with the world community of Islam.
They had seen the decline in the political fortunes of Islam as
the Europeans powers conquered the Muslim land one after
the other. The Anglo-Russian convention of 1908 had
reduced their next door neighbor Iran to a mere dependency.
Afghanistan also suffered as it was a bone of contention
between Russia and Great Britain, and was now under the
latters sphere of influence.
The general impression among the Muslims of
India was that the Western powers were waging a war
against Islam throughout the world to rob it of all its power
and influence. The Ottoman Empire was the only Muslim
power which had maintained a semblance of authority and
the Muslims of India wanted to save the Islamic political
power from extinction.
Although the Khilafat Movement failed to
achieve its declared objectives, it carried political
awakening to large masses of Muslims. It was during the

Khilafat days that representatives of Indian Muslims came

into contact with eminent personages from other Muslims
countries to save the semblance of unity in the world of
Islam.
The Khilafat Movement was an asset for the
struggle of Pakistan. It made clear to the Indian Muslims to
trust neither the British nor the Hindus, but to look to their
own strengths for self-preservation.
Links:
http://www.allamaiqbal.com/webcont/393/KhilafatMovement
[1919-1924].html
http://storyofpakistan.com/khilafat-movement/

Water Dispute between India and

Pakistan (1947-1960)
The most explosive of Indo-Pakistan disputes was
the question of sharing the waters of the Indus basin.
On April 1, 1948, India cut off the supply of water
from the two headworks under her control. Fortunately,
Eugene Black, President of the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development offered the offices of the
Bank for the solution of the water problem in 1952. A
solution acceptable to both governments was agreed upon
in 1960 at the Indus Basin Development Fund Agreement at
Karachi. This treaty is commonly known as the "Indus Water
Treaty".
The treaty allowed for a transitional period of 10
to 13 years, after which the three eastern rivers would fall

exclusively to India's share and the three western rivers to

Pakistan. During the transitional period, Pakistan would
construct a system of replacement works consisting of two
dams, five barrages and seven link canals financed by the
Indus Development Fund.
The treaty was signed in Karachi on September
19, 1960 by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru and President of Pakistan Mohammad Ayub Khan. The
treaty was a result of Pakistani fear that since the Source
Rivers of the Indus basin were in India, it could potentially
create droughts and famines in Pakistan, especially at times
of war. However, India did not revoke the treaty during any
of three later Indo-Pakistani Wars.
Links:
http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsorysubjects/pakistan-affairs/12015-pakistans-history-1947-tillpresent.html

The Role of Industrialization

Sector in Pakistan and its
Problems
When we see the economy of Pakistan that is
mainly due to Karachi and then Punjab. Karachi provides
more than 50 % Taxes due to Import/Export of goods plus
large scale industry where as Punjab composes about 60 %

of Pakistan's GDP (and its strengths are textile, agriculture,

small scale industries and service sector). If Punjab and
Karachi are crippled with that the whole economy of the
country goes down. If we see Punjab we see a lot of
industrialization especially in Lahore, Gujranwala,
Faisalabad, Sialkot, Wazirabad, Gujrat etc. And in Sindh its
mainly Karachi and then agriculture in rural Sindh, as far as
KP and Balochistan (Hub?) are concerned I dont think there
is much to discuss there.
At the moment the economy of Pakistan is
feeling the crunch mostly due to the energy issues and law
and order situation in Karachi which should be resolved by
the government on priority. In addition to this especially in
the case of Sindh, there are not that many industries in the
rest of the province due to which there's an influx of a large
population towards Karachi hence creating social/ethnic
problems over there as well.
Following are the problems of industrialization in Pakistan.
1.Energy crisis- alternate sources etc
2. Declining foreign direct investmentimproving law n order, curbing corruption
3. Low yield or production (raw material) - land
reforms, water management, agricultural
development
4. Politicization and nepotism- appointment on
merits (plus on the basis of competence level)

5. Natural disaster - (decreases yield, destroys

infrastructure)-curbing impacts of climate
change
6. Corruption -Accountability
7. Poor management -Good governance
8. Technological backwardness- improving
education and tech development
9. Circular debt - Improving taxation system.
10. Political instability -hampers industrial
growth, re-appointments, industry and economy
are overshadowed by political dilemmas
11.Inconsistent policies - well planned,
consistent policies
12. Issues of labor 13. Poor infrastructure
14. Shortage of capital to install or maintain
industries - numerous solutions to generate
capital
Links:
http://www.paklinks.com/gs/pakistan-affairs/558731industrialization-of-pakistan.html

http://www.cssexam.com/showthread.php/4425-Industrialproblems-of-Pakistan