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Energy
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Centre de Dveloppement des Energies Renouvelables, B.P. 62 16340 Bouzareah, Algiers, Algeria
Ecole Nationale Suprieure Polytechnique dEl Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 20 April 2010
Received in revised form
15 November 2010
Accepted 17 November 2010
Available online 23 December 2010
To allow a real penetration of the huge dispersed naturally renewable resources (wind, sun, etc.)
intermittent and more or less easily predictable, optimal sizing of hybrid renewable power generation
systems prove to be essential. This paper recommends an optimal sizing model based on iterative
technique, to optimize the capacity sizes of different components of hybrid photovoltaic/wind power
generation system using a battery bank. The recommended model takes into account the submodels of
the hybrid system, the Deciency of Power Supply Probability (DPSP) and the Levelised Unit Electricity
Cost (LUEC). The ow chart of the hybrid optimal sizing model is also illustrated. With this incorporated
model, the sizing optimization of grid-independent hybrid PV/wind power generation system can be
accomplished technically and economically according to the system reliability requirements. A case study
is conducted to analyze one hybrid project, which is designed to supply residential household located in
the area of the CDER (Center for Renewable Energy Development) situated in Bouzarah, Algeria (36
0
0
48 N, 3 1 E, 345 m).
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Hybrid PV/wind system
Unit sizing
Optimization
Economic evaluation
1. Introduction
Energy consumption in the last century has considerably
increased due to massive industrialization. The forecast of energy
needs for years to come only conrm this trend, especially given
demographic trends and development in some world regions,
particularly in Asia. On the one hand, the elds of traditional energy
resources of fossil origin can be exploited for several decades,
which suggests a situation of energy shortage globally which will
be imminent. On the other hand, nuclear waste poses further
problems in terms of pollution of radioactive waste, decommissioning of old plants and industrial hazard. To meet the energy
needs of todays society, it is necessary to nd solutions and to
diversify them.
Alternative energy resources such as solar and wind have
attracted energy sectors to generate power on a large scale. However,
common drawback with solar and wind energy is their unpredictable
nature and dependence on weather and climatic changes. Standalone photovoltaic (PV) or wind energy systems do not produce
usable energy for considerable portion of time during the year.
In order to efciently and economically utilize the renewable
energy resources, one optimum match design sizing method is
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 213 21 90 15 03; fax: 213 21 90 15.
E-mail address: h.kaabeche@hotmail.com (A. Kaabeche).
0360-5442/$ e see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.11.024
1215
1216
(1)
hpv hr hpc
h
i
1 b Tc Tcref
(2)
Tc Ta NOCT 20=800Gt
(3)
( C)
CB
EL SD
VB DODmax Tcf hB
(6)
(7)
Battery discharging,
(8)
Where SOC(t) and SOC(t-1) are the states of charge of battery bank
(Wh) at the time t and t e 1, respectively; s is hourly self-discharge
rate; EGen(t) is the total energy generated by PV array and wind
generators after energy loss of controller; EL(t) is load demand at
the time t; hinv and hB are the efciency of inverter and charge
efciency of battery bank, respectively. At any time t, the charged
quantity of the battery bank is subject to the following two
constraints:
.
i
8 h
< PR V2 VC2
VR2 VC2 ;
Pw V
: PR ;
0;
VC V VR
VR V VF
Otherwise
(4)
VH
V Href
H
Href
(9)
!f
(5)
Where V(H) is the wind speed at hub height H, m/s; V(Href) is the
wind speed measured at the reference height Href , m/s; a is the
power law exponent. The determination of a becomes very
important. The value of 1/7 is usually taken when there is no
specic site data [26,27].
1217
1218
REPG
T
X
EPGt=
t1
T
X
EL t
(11)
t1
(12)
DPSP
T
X
DPSt=
t1
T
X
EL t
(13)
t1
A DPSP of 1 means that the load will never be satised and the
DPSP of 0 means that the load will be always satised. From the
above-described situations, a program is developed in MATLAB to size
the components for each conguration, for a particular DPSP specied
by the user. The ow chart of HPWES model is illustrated in Fig. 2.
In this program, Ppv,min, Ppv,max and Pw,min, Pw,max represent the
lower and higher limits of the variation interval of the PV and wind
generator rated power, respectively. DPPV and DPW represent the
variation step of the PV and wind power, Dt the simulation step and
DSD is the step of storage days. In this study the maximum number
of storage days, NSD 5.
Table 1
The costs and lifetime aspect for the system components.
Component
PV arraya
Wind turbinea
Battery banka
Invertera
4.84
3.000
0.207
0.715
1%
3%
1%
0%
of
of
of
of
price
price
price
price
25
20
4
10
Table 2
Specications of the PV module.
Type
Voc (V)
Isc (A)
Vmax (V)
Imax (A)
Pmax (W)
Arco-Solar
21.7
2.7
17.3
2.49
43
LCC CRF
LUEC$=kWh P8760
t 1 EGen t
(14)
Where LCC is the life cycle cost of the hybrid system; EGen is the
hourly total energy generated by both the wind and PV system; CRF
is the capital recovery factor, a ratio to calculate the present value of
an annuity (a series of equal annual cash ows). The equation for
the capital recovery factor is:
k 1 kd Lp
CRF kd ; Lp d
1 kd Lp 1
(15)
kd
k0d f
1f
(16)
According to the studied system, the life cycle cost (LCC) takes
into account the capital cost (Ccap), the present value of replacement cost (Crep) and the present value of maintenance cost (Cmain).
4.2.1. The initial capital cost
The initial capital cost of each system component consists of the
component price, the cost of civil work, installation and the
connections. In this study, the civil work and installation costs are
taken as 40% of PV generator price for PV part and 20% of wind
Table 3
Specications of the wind turbine.
4
Type
Rated
power
(W)
Cut-in
speed
VC (m/s)
Rated
speed
VR (m/s)
Cut-off
speed
VF (m/s)
Tower
high (m)
AIR 403
400
12
25
10
Table 4
Specications of the single battery.
Type
Nominal
capacity (Ah)
Voltage (V)
Round-trip
efciency
DOD (%)
Varta Solar
100
12
0.85
50
(17)
Where (CPV, Cunit,PV) are the total capacity (W) and unit cost
($/W) of PV array respectively; (CW, Cunit,W)are the total capacity
(W) and unit cost ($/W) of the wind machine respectively; (CB,
Cunit,B) are the total capacity (Wh) and unit cost ($/Wh) of the
battery bank respectively; and (CINV, Cunit,INV)are the nominal
capacity (W) and unit cost ($/W) of the inverter respectively; and C0
is the total constant cost including the cost of civil work and
installation.
4.2.2. The present value of replacement cost
The present value of replacement cost of a system component is
the present value of all the replacement costs occurring throughout
the system lifetime. As the life period of wind generator, battery
banc and inverter are shorter than PV system; the replacement cost
of the wind generator, the batteries and the inverter have to be
included in the cost analysis of the hybrid system. Considering the
ination rate of component replacements f0 and real interest rate
(kd), the present value of replacement cost (Crep) can be determined
as follows [31]:
Nrep
X
1 f0 Ni =Nrep 1
i1
1
1f1
1kd
L p
;
CO&M0 Lp ;
for kd sf1
for kd f1
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000 8760
6000
7000
8000 8760
6000
7000
8000 8760
Time (hours)
14
12
10
(18)
1 kd
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Time (hours)
c
350
45
40
300
250
1f1
kd f1
1000
CPV CUnit;PV CW CUnit;W CB CUnit;B
CINV CUnit;INV C0
CO&M0
(19)
generator price for wind part. Then the initial capital cost for the
hybrid system, (CIC) is given by:
CIC
CO&M;Hyb
1219
200
150
100
35
30
25
20
15
10
50
5
0
0
2
10
12
14
16
Time (hours)
Fig. 3. Hourly load prole.
18
20
22
24
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Time (hours)
Fig. 4. Meteorological conditions for optimal design. (a) solar irradiation on horizontal
plane, (b) wind speed and (c) ambient temperature.
1220
70
DPSP=1 %
DPSP=3 %
DPSP=5 %
35
1 day storage
50
60
DPSP=1 %
DPSP=3 %
DPSP=5 %
40
40
30
20
5 days storage
30
25
20
15
10
10
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
0
400
4000
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
4000
Fig. 5. System congurations for different DPSP for 1 day of autonomy of the battery
bank.
Fig. 7. System congurations for different DPSP for 5 days of autonomy of the battery
bank.
CO&M0 k CIC
research is that represented on Fig. 3. This hourly energy distribution is considered identical for every day of the year and corresponds
to the load prole generally encountered in remote areas in Algeria.
Hourly data of solar irradiation on the horizontal plane, wind
speed as well as ambient temperature, plotted in Fig. 4 during the
year 2003, were recorded using a properly data-acquisition system
installed at the CDER [33]. The annual wind energy potential for
Bouzarah at 10 m height is 187 kWh/m2 and the annual total solar
radiation on the horizontal surface is 1626 kWh/m2. On a comparative basis between the solar insolation and wind distribution of
the site, there is a great scope for generating power from solar for
longer periods in a year. Thus, the data recorded are used in system
unit sizing and the generation is assumed to keep constant in each
hour interval.
(20)
45
DPSP=1 %
DPSP=3 %
DPSP=5 %
40
35
3 days storage
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
3200
3600
4000
6
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
Rat ed Power
o
f W ind Turbin
3600 4000
e (W)
20
Num
40
er o
80
u
Mod
f PV
60
les
Fig. 8. System congurations and Levelised Unit Electricity Cost for DPSP 1%.
1221
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0
400 800
1200 1600
2000
Rat ed Pow
er
2400 2800
of W ind Tu
b
Num
rbine (W)
30
20
50
40
PV
r of
60
du
Mo
les
4.5
10
0.5
0
Fig. 9. System congurations and Levelised Unit Electricity Cost for DPSP 3%.
1 day storage
3 days storage
5 days storage
4.5
Fig. 11. Minimal values of LUEC vs. DPSP [fx3]for different days of autonomy of the
battery bank.
with the minimum LUEC value occurs in each curve which means
the best conguration for one certain DPSP value and one certain
battery bank. This conguration is considered as the optimal one
which meets the system reliability requirement with the lowest
LUEC value. On the other hand, a meticulous examination into Figs.
8, 9 and 10 shows that the lowest LUEC is found when the capacity of
wind turbine and the number of PV modules are both moderate. It is
also shown that the LUEC for one day battery storage is lower than
three and ve days for the desired DPSP of 1%, 3% and 5% for the
studied case because batteries are much more expensive with
a short lifespan.
5.4. Impact of power reliability on the LUEC
The minimal values of the Levelised Unit Electricity Costs for
different DPSP (power reliability requirements) are calculated by
the proposed optimal sizing method. The results for hybrid system
are demonstrated in Fig. 11. The best congurations for one, three
and ve days of autonomy of the battery bank happen for a DPSP of
10% (lowest value). It conrms that higher power reliable systems
are more expensive than lower requirement systems. On the other
hand, a deeper examination into Fig. 11 shows that the optimal
congurations for one day-storage capacity have the lowest LUEC
than the three and ve days-storage capacity because batteries are
much more expensive with a short lifespan. Thus, choosing an
optimal system conguration according to system power reliability
requirements can help save investment and avoid blind capital
spending sizing.
6. Conclusions
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
400 800 1200
1600 2000
Rat ed Power of W
3600 4000
10
Num
20
ber o
30
40
es
odul
PV M
Fig. 10. System congurations and Levelised Unit Electricity Cost for DPSP 5%.
In this paper, a grid-independent hybrid PV/wind system optimization model, which utilizes the iterative optimization technique
to follow the Deciency of Power Supply Probability (DPSP) model
and the Levelised Unit Electricity Cost (LUEC) model for power
reliability and system cost respectively, is presented. The conguration adopted in this study corresponds to the hybrid PV/wind
system in which both wind and PV generators present the primary
source of energy thereby represent the best complementarity
between the two renewable energy sources photovoltaic and wind
and leads to an energy management strategy different from that
presented in the previous studies. The recommended model
consists of three main parts: the submodel of the hybrid system, the
technical submodel developed according to the Deciency of Power
1222
Supply Probability (DPSP) technique for system reliability evaluation and the economic submodel developed based on the concept
of the Levelised Unit Electricity Cost (LUEC) which is considered as
a good indicator of economic protability in the eld of renewable
energy. A set of congurations meeting the desired DPSP can be
obtained by using the DPSP submodel. The conguration with the
lowest LUEC gives the optimal one.
A case study is conducted to analyze one hybrid project, which is
designed to supply residential household located in the area of the
CDER (Center for Renewable Energy Development) situated in
Bouzarah, Algeria (36 480 N, 3 10 E, 345 m). The algorithm input
data set consists of hourly solar irradiation on the horizontal plane,
wind speed as well as ambient temperature recorded at Bouzarah
(Algeria) for the year 2003, the desired DPSP, load power requirements during the year and specications of the system devices.
The grid-independent hybrid PV/wind system is simulated by
running the developed program and the relationships between
system power reliability and system congurations have been
studied. The optimal congurations of the hybrid system are determined in terms of different desired system reliability requirements (DPSP) and the Levelised Unit Electricity Cost (LUEC).
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