Power Supplies (Voltage Regulators)

Chapter 15
Power Supplies
(Voltage Regulators)
Power Supply
pp y Diagram
g
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky
Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Filter Circuits
The output from the rectifier section is a

pulsating DC.
The filter circuit reduces the peak-to-peak

pulses to a small ripple voltage.
voltage


Ripple Factor
After the filter circuit a small

amount of AC is still
remaining.
g The amount of
ripple voltage can be rated in
terms of ripple factor (r).
ripple voltage (rms) Vr(rms )

%r =
=
100
d voltage
dc
lt
V dc


Rectifier Ripple Factor

Half--Wave
Half
Full--Wave
Full
DC output:
DC output:
Vdc = 0.636Vm
Vdc = 0.318Vm
AC ripple output:
AC ripple output:
Vr(rms) = 0.308Vm
Vr(rms) = 0.385Vm
Ripple factor:
%r =
=
Vr(rms)
Vdc
Ripple factor:
100
%r =
0.385Vm
100 = 121%
0.318Vm

Vr(rms)
(
)
Vdc
100
0.308 Vm
100 = 48%
0.636 Vm

Types of Filter Circuits

Capacitor Filter
RC Filter


Capacitor Filter
Ripple voltage
Vr(rms) =
I dc
4 3fC
2.4I dc 2.4Vdc
=
C
RLC
The larger the capacitor the

smaller the ripple voltage.
DC output
4.17I dc
I
Vdc = Vm dc = Vm
C
4fC
Ripple factor
%r =
Vr(rms)
Vdc
100 =
2.4I dc
2.4
100 =
100
CVdc
RLC


Diode Ratings with Capacitor Filter

The size of the capacitor increases the current drawn through the diodes
the larger the capacitance, the greater the amount of current.
Peak Current vs. Capacitance:
I=
CV
t
where
C = capacitance
V = change in capacitor voltage during charge/discharge
t = the charge/discharge time


RC Filter Circuit
Adding an RC section further
reduces the ripple
pp voltage
g and
decrease the surge current
through the diodes.
Vr(rms)
XC
Vr(rms)
R
Vr(rms) = ripple voltage after the RC filter

Vr(rms) = ripple voltage before the RC filter
R = resistor in the added RC filter
XC = reactance of the capacitor in the added RC filter
%VR =
VNL VFL
100%
VFL
VNL = no-load voltage

VFL = full-load voltage
g


Voltage Regulation Circuits

There are two common types of circuitry for voltage
regulation:
Discrete Transistors
ICs

10

Discrete--Transistor Regulators
Discrete
Series voltage regulator
Current--limiting circuit
Current
Shunt voltage regulator

11

Series Voltage Regulator Circuit
The series element controls the amount of the input voltage that gets to
the output.
If the output voltage increases (or decreases), the comparator circuit
provides a control signal to cause the series control element to decrease
(or increase) the amount of the output voltage.

12

R1 and R2 act as the sampling circuit

Zener provides the reference voltage
Q2 controls the base current to Q1
Q1 maintains the constant output
voltage
When the output increases:
When the output decreases:
1. The voltage at V2 and VBE of Q2

increases
2. The conduction of Q2 increases
3. The conduction of Q1 decreases
4. The output voltage decreases

1. The voltage at V2 and VBE of Q2

decreases
2. The conduction of Q2 decreases
3. The conduction of Q1 increases
4. The output voltage increases
13

The op-amp compares the

Zener diode voltage with
the output voltage (at R1
and R2) and controls the
conduction of Q1.

14

Current--Limiting Circuit
Current
When IL increases:
The voltage across RSC increases

The increasing voltage across RSC drives Q2 on
Conduction of Q2 reduces current for Q1 and the load

15

Shunt Voltage Regulator Circuit
The shunt voltage regulator

shunts current away from
the load.
The load voltage is sampled and fed back to a comparator circuit.

If the load voltage is too high, control circuitry shunts more
current away
y from the load.

16

When the output voltage increases:
When the output voltage decreases:
The Zener current increases

The conduction of Q2 increases
The voltage drop at Rs increases
The output voltage decreases

17
The Zener current decreases

The conduction of Q2 decreases
The voltage drop at Rs decreases
The output voltage increases


18

IC Voltage Regulators
Regulator ICs contain:
Comparator circuit
Reference voltage
Control circuitry
Overload protection
Types of three-terminal IC voltage regulators
Fixed positive voltage regulator

Fixed negative voltage regulator
Adjustable voltage regulator

19

Three--Terminal Voltage Regulators

Three
The specifications for this IC indicate:
The range of input voltages that can be regulated for a specific range of
output voltage and load current
Load regulationvariation in output voltage with variations in load
current
egu at o
va at o in output vo
voltage
tage w
with
t va
variations
at o s in input
put
Linee regulationvariation
voltage

20

Fixed Positive Voltage Regulator
These ICs provide a fixed positive output voltage.

21

Fixed Negative Voltage Regulator
These ICs output a fixed negative output voltage.

22

Adjustable Voltage Regulator
These regulators have

adjustable output
voltages.
The output voltage is
commonly selected
using a potentiometer.

23

Practical Power Supplies

DC supply (linear power supplies)
Chopper
Ch
supply
l ((switching
i hi power supplies)
li )
TV horizontal high voltage supply
Battery chargers

24


Power Supplies (Voltage Regulators)

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Chapter 15

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The output from the rectifier section is a

The filter circuit reduces the peak-to-peak

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

After the filter circuit a small

ripple voltage (rms) Vr(rms )

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Rectifier Ripple Factor

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Filter Circuits

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The larger the capacitor the

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Diode Ratings with Capacitor Filter

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Vr(rms) = ripple voltage after the RC filter

VNL = no-load voltage

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Voltage Regulation Circuits

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Series Voltage Regulator Circuit

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Series Voltage Regulator Circuit

R1 and R2 act as the sampling circuit

When the output increases:

When the output decreases:

1. The voltage at V2 and VBE of Q2

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

1. The voltage at V2 and VBE of Q2

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Series Voltage Regulator Circuit

The op-amp compares the

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The voltage across RSC increases

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Shunt Voltage Regulator Circuit

The shunt voltage regulator

The load voltage is sampled and fed back to a comparator circuit.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Shunt Voltage Regulator Circuit

When the output voltage increases:

When the output voltage decreases:

The Zener current increases

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e

The Zener current decreases

Copyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Shunt Voltage Regulator Circuit