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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
Contents
Explosion loads
Far field blast prediction
Near field: why use CFD?
Near field: FLACS
Near field: Examples
Summary
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GexCon AS
Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
Explosion loads
Within the explosion (0-2 cloud
radii) and in near field (2-5 cloud
radii)
Pressure load
Explosion wind
Heat transfer
(Convective/radiation/conductive)
Smoke
Far field
(> 5 cloud radii)
GexCon AS
Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
Contents
Explosion loads
Far field blast prediction
Near field: why use CFD?
Near field: FLACS
Near field: Examples
Summary
www.gexcon.com
GexCon AS
Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
www.gexcon.com
GexCon AS
Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
www.gexcon.com
GexCon AS
Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
Multi-Energy method
Series of blast curves (generated by computer
code) giving blast overpressure, duration and
shape as a function of combustion energy
scaled distance
Necessary input parameters: initial blast
strength and participating combustion energy
Initial blast strength is estimated on the basis of
level of congestion, maximum length of flame
propagation and fuel reactivity
ME-method excludes detonation
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GexCon AS
Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
Multi-Energy method
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Example: Flixborough
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Baker-Strehlow-Tang
Set of numerically derived blast curves
Curves represent different flame speeds
expressed using Mach number
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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P = 10 barg
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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S
W
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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FLACS
(direction)
TNT eq.
method
MEmethod
(initial
strength
6)
SW
NW
NE
SE
23.4
1.1
0.14
0.14
1.2
0.9
0.5
37.5
0.92
0.1
0.11
0.58
0.37
0.45
58.7
0.24
0.06
0.07
0.32
0.17
0.4
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Contents
Explosion loads
Far field blast prediction
Near field: why use CFD?
Near field: FLACS
Near field: Examples
Summary
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Alternatives to
CFD generally
ignore geometry!
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Contents
Explosion loads
Far field blast prediction
Near field: why use CFD?
Near field: FLACS
Near field: Examples
Summary
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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spray
water mitigation
flow
Both experiments, experts and simplified tools benefit from interaction with CFD
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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v
P,
Turbulence:
k- model
wall functions
sub-grid contributions
Equations seem to be similar for all CFD-tools
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Rigorous models
Reaction kinetics
Thermodynamics/ chemical equilibrium
Multi-environment models
PDF based models
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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FLACS-simulations:
Max. pressure 1 barg
Max. pressure 6 barg
100 air changes per hour
50 air changes per hour
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Geometry handling
porosity concept
sub-grid modeling
Same geometry dispersion,
explosion & fire
Efficient concept
FLACS interfaces can handle
100.000+ objects
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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24m
48m
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Contents
Explosion loads
Far field blast prediction
Near field: why use CFD?
Near field: FLACS
Near field: Examples
Summary
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Liquefaction plant:
Dimensioning
load identified
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Contents
Explosion loads
Far field blast prediction
Near field: why use CFD?
Near field: FLACS
Near field: Examples
Summary
www.gexcon.com
GexCon AS
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Validation important
FLACS validated against numerous tests
Various ventilation studies (offshore platforms)
Dispersion experiments (wind tunnel & field tests)
Explosion experiments (wide range of scenarios)
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Validation: dispersion
Example: Maplin Sands tests
Conducted by Shell Research in 1980
34 spills of liquefied gases onto water
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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Partial fills
Structural response + gas reactivity
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Volume (m^3)
2000
1500
1000
500
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19
18
18 : 1m grid
17
16
16 : 1m grid
15
14
14 : 1m grid
13
12
11
10
9 : 1m grid
8 : 1m grid
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Total Raffinage Chemie Explosion Loading and Response Seminar: 26 September 2012, Brussels
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kees@gexcon.com
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