Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Short communication
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 24 January 2011
Received in revised form 11 March 2011
Accepted 20 March 2011
Available online 13 May 2011
Keywords:
Caesalpinia spinosa
Castanea sativa
Tannin
Dye removal
Natural adsorbents
Gelication
a b s t r a c t
Tannins from Caesalpinia spinosa (Tara) and Castanea sativa (Chestnut) have been tested for gelication.
Adsorbent are produced by formaldehyde-induced polymerization (TTG for Tara, CTG for Chestnut). These
new biopolymers were tested for cationic dye removal and promising results were achieved: gelied
tannins from both natural vegetal sources were effective in removing Victoria Blue R, Methylene Blue
(MB) and Fuchsine, while Auramine O and Rhodamine B were refractory to this treatment. The particular
case of CTG-MB is ruled by Langmuir adsorption hypothesis. kl1 and kl2 parameters are obtained for
four different temperatures according to linear, non linear and multiparametric adjustment. Good r2
correlation coefcients are obtained in every case.
2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The increasing pollution level urges scientic community to
research with more and more dedication in environmental remediation. In addition, natural resources are becoming relevant in this
task because they present many advantages that t very well to the
sustainability soope (Dorf, 2001). Proting the numerous chemical
compounds that come from vegetal world may be an interesting
way for the synthesis of useful products. In this scenario, tannins
have been already used as natural adsorbents, after undergoing a
gelication process (Nakano et al., 2001; Tondi et al., 2009; BeltrnHeredia et al., 2011).
The remediation of several pollution problems is a target of
many researchers nowadays. Technical ways of solving environmental concerns and menaces such as the dumping of surfactants,
dyes, pharmaceuticals and other hazards are available long time
ago, but making them cheaper and sustainable is still a challenge.
Natural raw materials are a possible source of low-cost adsorbents
that could provide a successful solution (Demirbas, 2008; Mohan
et al., 2008).
Tannin structure involves multiple aromatic rings that provides a useful matrix in which active centers can be introduced
by means of the adequate polymerization process (Pizzi, 2008).
Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 924289 300x9033; fax: +34 924289 385.
E-mail addresses: jsanmar@unex.es (J. Snchez-Martn), jbelther@unex.es
(J. Beltrn-Heredia), jugragera@alumnos.unex.es (J. Gragera-Carvajal).
0926-6690/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.03.024
1239
Cl
1 + kl2 Cl
(1)
(2)
105.48
10 C
20 C
56.17
78.74
30 C
52.63
40 C
kl2
r2
0.284
0.119
0.127
0.062
0.786
0.808
0.923
0.808
0.27
0.091
0.11
0.05
0.994
0.958
0.991
0.851
Multiparametric adjustment
E1 = 6.36 103 ; E2 = 5.35 103 ; k01 = 1.016 103 ; k02 = 4.98; r2 = 0.801
1240
k = k0 exp
E
RT
(3)
E 1
+ ln k0
(4)
(5)
This investigation has been supported by COMISIN INTERMINISTERIAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGA (CICYT) CTQ 2010-14823/PPQ
project as well as to JUNTA DE EXTREMADURA under PRI-07A031
project.
References
Beltrn-Heredia, J., Snchez-Martn, J., Carmona-Murillo, C., 2011. Adsorbents from
Schinopsis balansae: optimisation of signicant variables. Ind. Crops Prod. 33
(2), 409417.
Demirbas, A., 2008. Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: a
review. J. Hazard. Mater. 157 (23), 220229.
Dorf, R.C., 2001. Sustainable and Appropriate Technologies. Technology, Humans
and Society. Academic Press, San Diego.
Glvez-Garro, J.M., Riedl, B., Conner, A.H., 1997. Analytical studies on Tara tannins.
Holzforschung 51 (3), 235243.
Hagerman, A., 1995. Tannin Analysis. Miami University, Ohio.
Haslam, E., 1989. Plant Polyphenols-Vegetables and Tannins Revisited. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Kumar, K.V., Sivanesan, S., 2006. Pseudo second order kinetics and pseudo isotherms
for malachite green onto activated carbon: comparison of linear and nonlinear
regression methods. J. Hazard. Mater. 136 (3), 721726.
Kumar, K.V., Porkodi, K., Rocha, F., 2008. Isotherms and thermodynamics by linear
and nonlinear regression analysis for the sorption of methylene blue onto activated carbon: comparison of various error functions. J. Hazard. Mater. 151 (23),
794804.
Lampire, O., Mila, I., Maminiaina, R., Michon, V., Herve du Penhoat, C., Faucheur,
N., Laprevote, O., Scalbert, A., 1998. Polyphenols isolated from the bark of Castanea sativa Mill. Chemical structures and autoassociation. Phytochemistry 49
(2), 623631.
Mohan, D., Singh, K.P., Singh, V.K., 2008. Wastewater treatment using low cost activated carbons derived from agricultural byproductsa case study. J. Hazard.
Mater. 152 (3), 10451053.
Mozurkewich, M., Benson, S.W., 1984. Negative activation energies and curved
Arrhenius plots 1. Theory of reactions over potential wells. J. Phys. Chem. 88
(25), 64296435.
Mozurkewich, M., Lamb, J., Benson, S.W., 1984. Negative activation energies and
curved Arrhenius plots 2. Hydroxyl plus carbon monoxide. J. Phys. Chem. 88
(25), 64356441.
Nagao, R., Epstein, I.R., Gonzalez, E.R., Varela, H., 2008. Temperature
(Over)compensation in an oscillatory surface reaction. J. Phys. Chem. A
112 (20), 46174624.
Nakano, Y., Takeshita, K., Tsutsumi, T., 2001. Adsorption mechanism of hexavalent
chromium by redox within condensed-tannin gel. Water Res. 35 (2), 496500.
zacar, M., Sengil, A., 2003. Evaluation of tannin biopolymer as a coagulant aid for
coagulation of colloidal particles. Colloids Surf. A 229 (1), 8596.
Pizzi, A., 1994. Advanced Wood Adhesives Technology. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Pizzi, A., 2003. Natural phenolic adhesives I: tannin. In: Pizzi, A., Mittal, K.L. (Eds.),
Handbook of Adhesive Technology. , 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp.
573588.
Pizzi, A., 2008. Tannins: major sources properties and applications. In: Belgacem,
M., Galdini, A. (Eds.), Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable
Sources. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Tondi, G., Oo, C.W., Pizzi, A., Thevenon, M.F., 2009. Metal absorption of tannin-based
rigid foams. Ind. Crops. 29 (23), 336340.
Tan, I.A.W., Ahmad, A.L., Hameed, B.H., 2008. Adsorption of basic dye on highsurface-area activated carbon prepared from coconut husk: equilibrium, kinetic
and thermodynamic studies. J. Hazard. Mater. 154 (13), 337346.
Kannan, N., Sundaram, M.M., 2001. Kinetics and mechanism of removal of methylene
blue by adsorption on various carbonsa comparative study. Dyes Pigments 51
(1), 2540.