mmWave

Next-Generation Wireless
Prototyping

Sponsored by

Dr. Ahsan Aziz

Wireless Research Lead User Team Manager

mmWave: Next-Generation Wireless Prototyping

Dr. Wes McCoy

Principle Wireless Platform Architect

Sarah Yost
Product Marketing Manager| SDR & Wireless Research

ni.com

ITU-R Vision for 5G

eMBB

>10 Gb/s Peak

Rate

100 X More
Devices

< 1 mS
Latency
mMTC

ni.com

uMTC, UR/LL

ITU-R Vision for IMT-2020 and Beyond

8 Capabilities

Peak
Data Rate

High

User Experience
Data Rate

Med

Low

Area Traffic
Capacity

Spectrum
Efficiency

Mobility
Network
Energy Efficiency

eMBB
uMTC, UR/LL
Latency

Connection
Density
Source ITU-R M.[IMT.VISION]

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mMTC

Approaching The Pivotal Moment

Technical ideas Multiple

from a huge
Ideasnumber of sources

1982-85

GSM
5G

We are here
The
Pivotal Year
of
Standardization

Pivotal
Moment
Birth
of GSM

1987

Broad Based Adoption

1988-91
Implementation by aBillions
large number
of Devices
of suppliers & operators
Source: www.gsmhistory.com/who_created-gsm

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Massive MIMO / FD MIMO: Theoretical 10X Capacity Gain

Prototyping is needed.

Phased Array

Phased Array

8 Transceiver Base
Station

64 Transceiver Base Station

Phase I: Hybrid Beamforming

3-5x est. capacity

Phase 2: Digital Beamforming

10x est. capacity

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Practical Implications of Massive MIMO

128 Element Linear Dipole Array
750 MHz = 12.8m wide
3.5 GHz = 2.75m wide

Patch
Dipole

Source: Building image from Rusek, et al Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities

and Challenges with Very Large Arrays, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine

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100 Year History of mmWave (30 GHz 300 GHz)

J.C. Bose at the

Royal Institution,
London, 1897

http://theinstitute.ieee.org/technology-focus/technology-history/first-ieee-milestones-in-india
https://www.cv.nrao.edu/~demerson/bose/bose.html

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Modern point-to-point
mmWave link

NYU Wireless: mmWave Channel Sounder

NYU Wireless group published channel sounding results for mmWave

28, 38, and 72 GHz

Prof. Ted Rappaport

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The Question of Frequency: WRC-15 Outcome

The ITU released a list of globally viable frequencies for 5G mmWave technologies

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The Question of Frequency: FCC Embraces mmWave

FCC issued a Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) that proposes
new flexible service rules among the 28 GHz, 37 GHz, 39 GHz, and
64-71 GHz bands.

Image Source: FCC 15-138, Page 12, Oct 23, 2015

https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-promotes-higher-frequency-spectrum-future-wireless-technology-0

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The Question of Frequency: 28 GHz

28 GHz could be the first mmWave frequency to be deployed

Being considered in US, Korea, and Japan

Field trials at 28 GHz underway

Not viable frequency for Europe

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The Question of Frequency: 73 GHz

Real-time over the air demonstrations show

73 GHz is viable

Over 14 Gbps throughput achieved

Globally viable frequency

More work at this frequency expected during
Phase 2

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13

The Question of Frequency: 38 & 39 GHz

Not much published research, yet

Globally viable frequency
Part of the phase 1 sub 40 GHz research
Verizon also purchased spectrum at 38 GHz
Wider contiguous bands available than at 28 GHz

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14

mmWave Research Areas

Channel Research
Channel sounding measurements
Creating channel models
Validating channel models

Communications Prototyping
New physical layer/new air interface
Adapting existing standards from 20
MHz bandwidth to 2 GHz bandwidth
Over the air testing at new mmWave
frequencies

Channe
l

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Channel Sounding

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Motivation for mmWave Channel Sounding

Understanding mmWave channel propagation in cellular environment

Lack of data and consistency in models

5G mmWave for wireless access technology is a new area for cellular

mmWave propagation channel models for various frequencies and environment are currently available
from different groups, but lacks consistency and use case.

NIs role in Channel Sounding

Enable researchers to do measurements efficiently to create and validate the channel models

Use the same HW to run a data link in the same environment immediately and gather system
performance

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1
7

17

Early Channel Sounding Results

Source: Nokia (NI 5G Summit at Notre Dame)

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Channel Sounding with sliding correlators

Ryan J. Pirkl* and Gregory D. Durgin, How to Build an Optimal Broadband Channel Sounder, Georgia Institute of
Technology, School of ECE, 777 Atlantic Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332, http://www.propagation.gatech.edu

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Some parameters of interest for mmWave sounding

Channel parameters

Pathloss > 170 dB

Time of arrival measurement > 1.33 (400 meters)
Maximum Excess delay ~1.33
MIMO channel sounding AoA, AoD
PDP resolution within few nanoseconds
Doppler

Calibration

IQ skew, Gain imbalance, LO leakage

Power
o

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Convert channel tap values to dBm

20

mmWave Channel Sounder

Wideband sounder

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Transmitter Block Diagram

ZC Seq
parameters

block
generation

RRC filter

pulse
shaping

Transmit 'x'
repetitions

Zadoff-Chu Sequence block

Length = 1920 samples at 3.072 GS/s
Tx transmits 'x' repetitions of ZC seq. at each PPS trigger

ni.com

FPGA
Host

PPS trigger

22

DAC

Receiver Software Architecture

Equalizer
LUT
From A/D

IQ

CFO

correction

correction

MF

Average
Rx ZC Seq.

Receive block diagram

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23

Equalizer

FPGA
Host

Apply
Power Cal.

Post Processing
(rms delay spread,
Doppler etc.)

Channel
Impulse
Response

Sounding Signal Design

ni.com

Sensitivity per Antenna Port

Sensitivity of the channel sounder

=

o
o

!=

, KTB @ 2GHz = 174dBm/Hz + 93dB = 81 dBm

(Noise Figure) = 7 dB
= 25 + 23dBi = 48 dBm
#, ERP = ERP, Transmit power, dBm = #, PA +
(Processing gain) = 10log10(Signal sample duration) = 36 dB (3840 samples)
(Averaging gain) = 10log10(Number of averaged CIRs)

Current setup:

For 50 averaged CIRs (33.3 s duration),

For the current parameters

ni.com

17 dB

= 81 + 7 36 17 = 127dBm

= 127dbm 23dBi = 150dBm ! = 48 150dBm = 198dB

Assume 20 SNR per CIR, 198dB-20dB, 178dB Pathloss measurement capability

25

Waveform Design

Zadoff-Chu
Sequence Block

Zadoff-Chu
Sequence Block

Zadoff-Chu
Sequence Block

2.56 s (1920 samples

at 1.536 GS/s)

Waveform

Repetition of ZC Sequences 6 7 = 8

9:;<=
>

,0 7

1,

= 1920

Correlation at the receiver

ni.com

Correlation of received ZC sequence with a local copy gives the CIR estimate
Periodicity also enables TOA measurement

26

Calibration for Channel Sounding

ni.com

RF, IF & Baseband Calibrations

1.

IQ Impairment correction both on TX and RX side

2.

Hardware frequency Response Calibration

3.

Frequency Domain Equalizer

Linearity Tests

4.

Hardware delay Calibrations

Necessary for Measuring Flight Time accurately

Account for delays between PPS triggers, propagation delays over cable, etc.

Power Calibration

5.

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Linear range of operation for RF/IF (TX & RX)

Convert Channel Impulse Response from dB to dBm.

28

Demo

Playback of Channel Impulse Responses at 28.5 GHz

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5G mmWave New Radio PoC System

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Why develop a mmWave PoC system for research?

Physical layer

New air interface design e.g. 5G RAT

o

Higher layers

New network topology

o

Low latency MAC, multiuser support, scheduling algorithms, hand off mechanisms, ..

Semiconductor

Scalable BW, Sub 1ms latency, MIMO support, channel coding LDPC, Polar codes etc., beam
steering/tracking, various control channel design, cell search .

mmWave IC performance vs. power, size, cost tradeoffs

Antenna subsystem

Enabling many new areas such as self driving cars, massive number of connected devices as
part of IoT, many more.

Every new idea will requires building some sort of PoC system fast

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Some key requirements for a mmWave research platform

Hardware Requirements:

High performance
o

Flexible
o
o
o

Needs to serve as a golden reference

Needs to be modular and scalable in terms of BW, channel count, latency, computational capabilities
Flexible processing architecture
Accommodate different HW partitioning to enable testing of different modules developed by researchers

Software Requirements

Unified software environment - provide varying degree of determinism, latency, throughput

o

Software development environment

o

Open & modifiable- not too complex yet rich functionality

Hardware abstraction
o

FPGA, DSP, MCU etc.

I/O, Timing, synchronization etc.

Rich set of very high throughput DSP IP blocks

Make it easy for the developer so that they can focus of the research

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Proposed platform for 5G mmWave PoC system development

mmWave

Receiver

Baseband
Receiver

IF Downconverter
Analog
Baseband

Digital
Baseband

Analog
Baseband

Digital
Baseband

MulitMulit-FPGA
Processing

Data

Modular radio heads to support

multiple frequencies

mmWave
Transmitter

ni.com

IF
Upconverter

Baseband
Transmitter

33

MultiMulti-FPGA
Processing

Data

Proposed platform for 5G mmWave PoC system development

mmWave IC

mmWave IC

ni.com

Baseband
Receiver

IF Downconverter
Analog
Baseband

Digital
Baseband

Analog
Baseband

Digital
Baseband

IF
Upconverter

Baseband
Transmitter

34

MulitMulit-FPGA
Processing

MultiMulti-FPGA
Processing

Data

Data

Proposed platform for 5G mmWave PoC system development

Baseband
Receiver
Analog
Baseband

Digital
Baseband

Analog
Baseband

Digital
Baseband

MulitMulit-FPGA
Processing

Data

mmWave IC

Baseband
Transmitter

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MultiMulti-FPGA
Processing

Data

Air Interface for mmWave MIMO PoC system for 5G

Modulation:

Single Carrier Null CP

BPSK 1/5, QPSK , 16QAM , 16QAM 7/8, 64QAM , 64QA M 7/8

Some system configurations:

TDD [UL and DL support]

2/3us block duration (with null CP), 150 blocks/slot; 100us/slots
Real time beam tracking [feedback]
Bandwidth: 2GHz
Sample rate: 3.072 Gs/S
2x2 MIMO
RF: 73.5GHz
Sub 1ms system latency

M. Cudak, T. Kovarik, T. A. Thomas, A. Ghosh, Y. Kishiyama and T. Nakamura, "Experimental mm wave 5G cellular system," 2014 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Austin, TX,
2014, pp. 377-381.

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NI mmWave Transceiver System

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2GHz 2x2 MIMO Receiver Baseband

Wmmse=[W1 W2]
MIMO EQ
W mmse

W1
Channel Est

Fine Timing & CFO est

Coarse Timing

Pilot
Odd

Matched
filter

FFT

MIMO
Equalization

Align counters &

Applycorrection

IFFT

Stream 1
Decoder

IFFT

Stream 1
Decoder

Channel Est

Pilot
Even

FFT

Stream 1
Stream 2
W2
Channel Est

Pilot
Odd

Matched
filter

FFT

MIMO
Equalizer

Align counters &

Applycorrection

Channel Est

Pilot
Even

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FFT

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FPGA Mapping for Baseband

PXIe-1085 Chassis #1
3072 MS/s
12-bit
Digitizer

3630

ADC Interface
I/Q Correction
RRC Filter
Frame Sync
Equalization

7902

PXIe-1085 Chassis #2
MIMO Processor
Channel Est
Wmmse

7902

LLR
Turbo Decoders

Data Aggregation
Host Processing

7976R 7976R 7976R 7976R

PXIe-8880

Eight-core
Intel Xeon E5-2618L
Channel 0
Analog
Differential
I and Q

I
R EF I N
Q

R EF OUT

PCIe
Switch
3630

Channel 1
Analog
Differential
I and Q

7902

7902

7976R 7976R 7976R 7976R

I
R EF I N
Q

R EF OUT

PCIe
Switch

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2x2 MIMO mmWave PoC

Trigger4..6: bus1

bus2

bus3
IF0

DAC0

ADC0

MOD1

DEMOD1

MOD0

DEMOD0

DAC1

ADC1

IF1

3620

3610

3630

7902

7902

7902

7902

3610

3630

3620

TX

RX

MAC

TX

LO1
IN

LO1
IN

LO1
IN

LO1
OUT

LO1
OUT

LO1
OUT

LO1
OUT

LO1

LO1

LO1

IF IN

8384

16

17

18

16

17

18

RX

LO1
IN

IF OUT

7976R

LO1

IF OUT

IF IN

8880
DIGITAL I/O

DIGIT AL I/O

Q+

LO2 IN

Q+

Q-

LO2 OUT

Q-

I
REF IN
Q

REF OUT

REF IN

REF I N
Q

REF OUT

REF OUT

MIMO

7976R 7976R 7976R 7976R 7976R

7902

10
>> Constellation >> Pilots >>

>> Constellation >> Pilots >>

8381

11

I+

RE F IN

I-

REF OUT

Q+

LO2 IN

Q+

Q-

LO2 OUT

Q-

I+

I-

REF I N

REF OUT

12

13

14

15

Wmmse >>

I-

>>

I+

RE F OUT

Wmmse >>

REF IN

I-

>>

I+

7976R 7976R 7976R 7976R 7976R

7902

2nd stream

BLANK

PCIe
Switch

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10

11

12

13

14

15

PCIe
Switch

High Throughput DSP IP for Multi Gbps mmWave PoC: Wide Data Path
FFT

512 FFT (4x128) Radix-4 Decimation in Time

x0,x4,x8

Serial
FFT128

x1,x5,x9

Serial
FFT128

x2,x6,x10

Serial
FFT128

x3,x7,x11

Serial
FFT128

X0,X1,X2
Parallel FFT4

X256,X257,X258
X384,X385,X386

Twiddle
factors

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X128,X129,X130

41

Conclusions

mmWave for wireless access is a new technology

Will require both theoretical research and building PoC systems to validate system performance
Will require much data collection in different environment in order to characterize signal behavior at
mmWave

Research in mmWave spans all the way from channel models to new RAT and semiconductor
development
mmWave technology will also enable new application space that are beyond our imagination
today

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42

The Role of Spectrum Sharing

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you for viewing
this IEEE ComSoc
Live Webinar.
in Future
Wireless
Networks

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