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PREPARATION OF DPR
FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS
Ashok Kumar
Chief Engineer
Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
Govt. of India
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Recommendations
3. DATA COLLECTION
Environmental data
Quality of air, water and ground soil
Impact of bridge on marine life and other environmental conditions
Severity of environment w.r.t corrosion (severe/moderate)
Wind and seismic data
Determination of HFL/LWL
Design discharge and velocity of flow
Linear waterway and span arrangement
Scour depth
Horizontal and vertical clearances and freeboard in
the approaches
Subsoil data in foundation
Floor protection works
Flyovers & Interchanges proper traffic circulation
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7. TYPE OF SUPERSTRUCTURE
Simply supported, continuous or balanced cantilever for
conventional bridges
Cable stayed and suspension bridges for long spans
R.C.C. Solid slab for spans upto 10 metre
Voided R.C.C. slab for 10 to 20 metres span
Simply supported R.C.C. T-beam and slab for 10 to 25 metre
span
Simply supported precast/cast-in-situ P.S.C. girders and
R.C.C. deck slab for spans 25 to 40 metre
Simply supported P.S.C. box girders upto about 60 metre
Continuous P.S.C box girders or bow string girders upto 120
to 150 metre span built with cantilever segmental construction
method.
Continuous arch bridges in R.C.C./P.S.C.
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Steel girders with composite R.C.C. deck slab.
8. TYPE OF SUBSTRUCTURE
Solid wall type pier
Circular column type pier (specially
suitable for skew bridge)
Solid wall type abutment
Spill through column type abutment
Straight/splayed return walls
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9. TYPE OF FOUNDATION
Circular well
Dumbell/Double-D shape well
Pile foundation - bored piles
commonly used
Shallow isolated open foundation
Raft foundation
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Bearings
Sliding plate bearings for spans around 15 metre
Metallic rocker and rocker-cum-roller bearings (IRC 83Part I)
Elastomeric bearings (IRC 83-Part 2)
POT cum PTFE bearings suitable for larger spans and
multi-directional rotation (IRC 83 Part 3)
Knuckle and pin bearings
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Final drawings
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17. CONCLUSION
A. FEASIBILITY REPORT
Preliminary survey and data collection
Selection of bridge site
Detailed survey and investigation and analysis of data and test results
Proposal of span arrangements
Decide type of superstructure, substructure and foundation
Select appropriate types of appurtenances
Finalise GAD
B. DETAILED PROJECT REPORT
Prepare detailed design and drawings incorporating durability measures
and review of design
Prepare tender documents including BOQ and technical specifications
Prepare quality assurance plan and maintenance manual
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Bridge Components
1) Superstructure
2) Substructure
3) Foundations
4) Appurtances
Superstructure and Substructure, No uncertainties
Foundation: Full of uncertainties: Variation to the
contract
Hence Planning, Investigation Analysis and Design
plays a major role in deciding type of foundation
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Hydraulic Analysis
Subsoil Investigation
Structural Analysis
HYDRAULIC PARAMETRE
DESIGN DISCHARGE
BY EMPERICAL FORMULAE
By Area Velocity Method
By Unit Hydrograph Method
Emperical Formulae
DICKENSS FORMULA
Q=CM3/4
Where Q = the peak run-off in cu.m/sec. And M is the catchment area in
sq.km.
C = 11-14 where the annual rainfall is 60-120 cm;
= 14-19 in Madhya Pradesh
32 in Western Ghats.
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Ryves Formula
Q = CM2/3 The formula was devised for
chennai.
Where Q is run-off in cu.m./sec., and
M is the catchment area in sq. km.
C= 6.8 for areas with in 25 km of the coast
8.5 for areas between 25 and 160 km of
the coast and10.0 for limited areas near
hills.
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Inglish Formula
Q = 125 M/M+10
Where Q= maximum flood discharge in
cu.m/sec.
M= the area of the catchment in
sq. km.
The formula was devised for Bombay
presidency.
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Afflux
Afflux is the height by which the natural flood level of the
river rises at any point due to constriction and/or
obstruction which may be calculated as below
h = (V2/17.88 + 0.015) {(A/a)2 1}
Where
h = Afflux in meteres
V = average velocity of the water in the river prior to
constriction in m/sec.
A = Unobstructed sectional area of the river at proposed
site in sq.m.
a = Constricted area of the river at the bridge in sq.m.
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Minimum vertical
Clearances in mm
Upto 0.3
Above 0.3 and upto 3
Above 3 and upto 30
Above 30 and upto
300
Above 300 and upto
3000
Above 3000
150
450
600
900
1200
1500
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Where d
m is
Type of Foundations
Shallow Foundation(open foundation)
Deep Foundation(Piles,well etc)
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Type of Foundation
Shallow Foundation transfers the loads
and moments from Superstructure directly
to the foundation base, without any
passive relief from the soil.
Deep Foundation, the passive relief is
provided by the soil grip below the scour
level.
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Open Foundation
Suited where hard / rock strata is available
at shallow depth
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Pile Foundations:
Traditionally adopted for flyover and creek bridges where no
scour was expected.
Why pile foundations were not adopted for river bridges
because:
1) Vulnerable against concentration of flow
2) At deep scour locations unsupported length turns out to be
high
3) Can be damaged by floating debris and rolling boulders
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Classification of Piles:
1) Friction Piles
2) End Bearing Piles
3) Friction and End Bearing Piles
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Suitable Locations:
1) Span range not more than 50m
2) Scour between 10m and 15m
3) Discharge per m length low For river
bridges
4) For flyovers and creeks
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Well Foundations
1) Suitable for location where heavy scour occurs
2) Discharge per meter length is high
3) Velocity flow is high
4) Spans are more than 50m or 60,
5) If well foundations are adopted go for larger spans
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Dead load
Live load
Snow load
Wind load
Water current
Longitudinal forces caused by tractive effort of vehicles or by braking
of
vehicles and/or those caused by restraint of movement of free bearings by
friction or deformation
Buoyancy
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4) Earth Pressure
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Design of Foundation
A) Open Foundation
1) Depth of Open Foundation
a In Soil - the minimum depth of open foundation shall be upto stratum
Having safe bearing capacity but not less than 2.0m below the Scour level
or the protected bed level.
b In Rock In hard rock, with an ultimate crushing strength of 10 MPQ
0.6 m Minimum - All other cases 1.5m
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B) Pile Foundation
1) Shall be designed for minimum vertical load and
maximum moment which will decide the
reinforcement.
2) The maximum loaded pile with associated
moment shall also be checked for compressive
stress in concrete.
3) Minimum reinforcement shall be ensured.
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C) Well Foundation
1) Component of well foundation
a) Cutting Edge Steel cutting edge shall be strong
40 kg/m to facilitate Sinking of Well
b) Well Curb Should offer the minimum resistance
while sinking
- RCC Minimum M25 concret
- Minimum reinforcement 72 kg/cu-m.
- In case of blasting inner faces shall be protected
with steel plates with minimum thickness not less
than 10mm.
c) Bottom Plug Concrete shall have minimum
cement content of 330 kg/m3 & slump 150mm
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4)Shift 150mm.
5)The zero shear section shall be arrived.
6)The bending moment at vertical load shall
be worked out.
7)Steining of the well foundation shall be
checked for combined axial load & Bending
movement.
8)Reinforcement may be provided accordingly.
9)For rock wells, the well steining section shall
be examined at top of the kerb.
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Failure of Bridges
Inadequate slope protection
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Inadequate
hydraulic
study
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Sliding of
girder over
bearing
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Sliding of
girder over
bearing
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Thank You
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