Lecture 01 - Introduction

ElectricalEngineering1B ENS1253
27July2015
ENS1253 Electrical
Engineering 1B
Lecture1 Introductionand
1st OrderTransientResponses
Textbook:Chapters4&5
Welcome!
Youareherebecauseyouhavesuccessfullycompleted
(orbeenexemptedfrom)ElectricalEngineering1A.
ThisunitisadirectcontinuationofEE1A,andbuilds
upontheknowledgethatwasgainedinthefirst
semester.
Youmayneedtopersonallyundertakesomerevision
oftheimportantconceptsfromEE1Aasweprogress
inthisunit timewillnotpermitanysubstantial
revisitingofthosetopicsinclass.
Otherprerequisiteunits:MAT1236(Calculus1) OR
MAT1137(IntroductoryAppliedMathematics)
ENS1253Lecture1 AdamOSSEIRAN
SchoolofEngineering
EdithCowanUniversity
27July2015
Contact Details
Lecturer:
AssociateProfessorAdamOSSEIRAN
Phone:
0863045752
Email:
a.osseiran@ecu.edu.au
Office:
JO5.145
What will be covered in this unit
1st OrderTransientResponses
ACcircuits,phasors,andtheimpedanceconcept
ACsteadystatesinusoidalanalysis
FrequencyresponseinACcircuits
Transistors operation,modellingandsimplecircuits
PowerinACcircuits,threephasecircuits
Transformers
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27July2015
Class Timetable
ENS1253 Electrical Engineering 1B (2015 Semester 2)
LECTURE
Day
MON
Time
14:30 - 16:30
Room
JO 07.101 (Lecture Theatre)
TUTORIALS
Day
MON
Time
16:30 - 18:30
Room
JO 07.101 (Lecture Theatre)
LABS (Mandatory Activity)

Day
TUE
TUE
TUE
WED
WED
WED
Starts in Week 3
Time
08:30 - 10:30
10:30 - 12:30
13:30 - 15:30
08:30 - 10:30
10:30 - 12:30
13:30 - 15:30
Room
JO 05.134
JO 05.134
JO 05.134
JO 05.134
JO 05.134
JO 05.134
Texts & References
CourseText:
RIZZONI, Giorgio (2009)
Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering, (1st ed.)
McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
CourseWebpage:
AccessiblethroughMyECU Blackboard
(Includesprintablecourseslides,laboratoryworksheets,
tutorialmaterials,etc.)
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27July2015
Texts & References
UsefulReferences:
Hambley, Allan. R. (2011)
Electrical Engineering Principles and Applications, (5th ed.).
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Floyd, T. L. (2010),
Electronics Fundamentals: Circuits, Devices and Applications,
(8th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Boylestad, R. L. (2007),
Introductory Circuit Analysis, (11th ed.). New Jersey: PrenticeHall.
Nilsson, J.W., & Riedel, S. A. (2007),
Electric Circuits, (8th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
7
Assessments
Laboratoryworkandreports
25%
CircuitDesignProject
(projectdemonstrationinweek12lab)
15%
Makesureyoudocumentallprojectstagesinyour
labbook
MidsemesterTest(duringweek7lecture)
10%
FinalExamination(duringweeks09 20Nov)
50%
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27July2015
Calculator Policy
Thefollowingcalculatorsaretheonly calculatorsthatare
permittedtobeusedintestsandexaminationsforall
engineeringunits:
CasioFX100
CasioFX570
SharpEL506
SharpEL520
Allengineeringstudentsshouldpurchaseoneoftheabove
threecalculators,ensurethattheyarefamiliarwithits
operation,andbringittoalltestsorexaminationsfor
engineeringunits.Anystudentsfoundusingnoncompliant
calculatorsafterthecommencementofatestorexamination,
foranyengineeringunit,willbeconsideredcheatingandwill
bedealtwithasstipulatedintheAcademicMisconductpolicy
withfullconsequences.
9
Academic Misconduct
Conductinrelationtoanyacademicworkthatisdishonest
orunfair.
See:
http://www.ecu.edu.au/GPPS/governance_services/uni_rules.html
EdithCowanUniversityregardsacademicmisconductof
anyformasunacceptable.Itincludes,butisnotlimitedto:
plagiarism;
unauthorisedcollaboration;
cheatinginexaminations;
theftofotherstudentswork.
SchoolofEngineering
10
27July2015
Academic Misconduct
cheatingmeansconductinanyassessmentthatis
dishonest.
plagiarismmeanstoknowinglyorunknowingly
presentasonesownworktheideasorwritingsof
anotherwithoutappropriateacknowledgmentor
referencing.Thisincludes,butisnotlimitedto:
paraphrasingtextwithoutacknowledgmentofthesource;
paraphrasingtextinadequatelywithacknowledgmentofthe
source;
copying thetextofanotherstudentsassignmentorother
studentsassignments;and
copyingofvisualrepresentations(cartoons,linedrawings,
photos,paintingsandcomputerprograms).
11
Plagiarism
Anydetectedcaseofplagiarismoranyotheracademic
misconductwillbetreatedveryseriously.
InaccordancewiththeUniversityRulesthesecases
willbereportedtotheHeadofSchool.
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27July2015
Overview of todays lecture
Transientresponsevs.operatingpointanalysis
Capacitordischargingorchargingthrougha
resistance
1st orderRC circuitresponse
RL transientanalysis
1st orderRL circuitresponse
Determiningthetransientresponsesofother1st
ordercircuits
13
Transient Responses
Thusfarourinvestigationsintocircuitresponseshave
beenlargelytimeindependent,i.e.wehavecalculated
thevoltagesandcurrentswithinacircuitastime
invariantquantities
Thisisfineforcircuitsinvolvingonlyresistiveelements,
butifweincludecapacitiveand/orinductiveelements
thenweneedtobeawarethatcircuitresponsewillbe
afunctionofboththecircuitparametersandoftime
Whyisthis?
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Transient Responses
Toanswerthisquestion,wewilllookatasimplecircuit
involvingasingleresistor,asinglecapacitor,anda
switch
Thisindicatesthat
theswitchcloses
atatimet =0
Wewillassume
thatthecapacitor
haspreviously
beenchargedtoa
voltageofVi volts
15
What happens right after the

switch is closed?
1. ThecapacitorvoltageVi appearsacrossR
2. AproportionofthecapacitorvoltageappearsacrossR
3. Thecapacitorisinstantlydischargedduetotheshort
4. Nothing thecapacitoractsasanopencircuittoDC
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Transient Responses
Canyouthinkofafluidflowanalogyforthiscircuit?
Thenarrowpiperepresentstheresistanceinthecircuit,the
chargeimbalanceonthecapacitorplates(representedbythe
stretchedmembrane)willbeequalisedasaresultofthe
currentflowthroughtheresistor
17
First-Order RC Circuit
Letusanalysethecircuitusingourbasictoolboxof
KCL,KVLandOhmsLaw
ApplyingKCLtothetopnodeofthecircuitafterthe
switchhasclosedyields:
C
dvC (t ) vC (t )
0
dt
R
Whichisafirstorderlinear
differentialequation how
dowefindvC(t)fromthis?
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IfwemultiplythroughbyRweget:
dvC (t ) vC (t )
dv (t )
0
RC C vC (t ) 0
dt
R
dt
Evenwithoutknowingtoomuchaboutdifferential
equations,wecanseefromthisthatthesolutionfor
vC(t)mustbeafunctionthathasthesameformasits
firstderivative
Forafurtherclue,letusnow
examinetheresponse
graphically
19
RearrangingintermsofdvC(t)/dt weget:
dvC (t )
v (t )
dvC (t )
C
vC (t ) 0
dt
dt
RC
Whichistheequationforastraightline:
RC
dvC
dt
Vi
vC
Slope
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1
RC
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FromthisplotwecanseethatforvC(t)=Vi the
derivativedvC(t)/dt isnegative,i.e.vC(t)willdecrease
withtime
Thiscontinuestobethecase(althoughtherateof
decreasewillitselfdecreasewithtime)untilvC(t)=0,
atwhichpointthederivativeisalsozerosonofurther
changeoccurs
ThepointvC(t)=0iscalledafixedpoint forthe
equation,itisalsocalledthesteadystate forthe
circuit asnofurtherchangeoccursfromthispoint
onwards
21
Noticethat:
ifvC(t)movesawayfromthefixedpointthenthedynamics
ofthecircuitwillforcetheoutputbacktothispoint,hence
thispointisastablepoint
thecircuitwilleventuallysettleatthefixedpointforany
initialcondition
Alsonoticethattheaboveobservations couldbemade
withoutsolvingthedifferentialequation
Oneimportantpieceofinformationthatthisplot does
nottellus,however,ishowlongitwilltakethecircuit
toreachaparticularpointontheslope
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Todeterminethisinformationwedoneedananalytical
solutiontothedifferentialequation
Wenowknowthatthesolutionisafunctionthathas
thesameformasitsfirstderivative,andonewitha
decayingrateofchange
Canyouthinkofawellknownfunctionthatfitsthis
description?
Theobviousanswerisanexponentialfunction
23
Withalittleforeknowledge(youwilllearnmoreabout
differentialequationsolvinglater),weanticipatethat
thesolutionwillbeoftheform
vC (t ) Ke st
whereK ands areconstantstobedetermined
Substitutingthistrialsolutionbackintoourearlier
differentialequationgives
Ke st
dvC (t )
vC (t )
st
sKe
RC
dt
RC
1
s
RC
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Oursolutionthusfaris:
vC (0) Vi
vC (t ) Ke t RC
InordertosolveforK wewillneedanotherpieceof
informationaboutthesystem...
Weknowthatthevoltageacrossthecapacitorjust
beforetheswitchclosesisvC(0)=Vi.Whatthenisthe
capacitorvoltagejustaftertheswitchcloses(vC(0+))?
Capacitorvoltagescannotchangeinstantaneously,thus
thevoltagejustaftertheswitchclosesmustalsobeVi
25
WecaninsertthisintooursolutiontofindK:
vC (0) Vi Ke 0 / RC Ke 0 K
ThusVi=K istheinitialvoltageacrossthecapacitor,
vC (t ) Ke st
andthefullsolutionofis:
vC (t ) Vi e t RC
Thetimeinterval =RC
iscalledthetime
constant ofthecircuit
( hasunitsofseconds)
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Inonetimeconstant,thevoltagedecaysbythefactor
e1 0.368,thusthesmallerthecapacitanceandthe
smallertheresistance,thequickerthevoltagedecays
(doesthismakesense?)
Thesystemwillnottrulyreachzerountilt =,but
afterabout5timeconstants,thevoltageremainingon
thecapacitorisnegligiblecomparedtotheinitial
value,andthesystemisgenerallyconsideredtobeat
steadystate fromthispointonward
Steadystate
5
27
Notethatthetransientresponseofallfirstorder
circuitsisadecayingexponentialfunction,witha
characteristicdecaytimeof
Thistypeofsolutioniscalledtransientbecauseit
decaysawaytoinsignificanceafteracertaintime
Thetransientresponsebridgesthegapbetweenthe
initialcapacitorvoltageandsteadystatecapacitor
voltage(zerointhiscase)
Intheearlystages,justaftertheswitchingevent,the
transientresponsedominatesthetotalresponseofthe
circuit,itthendecaystozeroast
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27July2015
What do you anticipate the current

response to look like?
1. Thecapacitorwillblockcurrentflow
2. Thecurrentwillbeconstant
3. Thecurrentwillsteadilyincrease
4. Thecurrentwillsteadilydecrease
5. Thecurrentwillexponentiallydecay
6. Thecurrentwillexponentiallyrise
29
ThecurrentflowinginthisRCcircuitcanbeobtained
byapplyingOhmslaw:
v (t ) V
i (t ) C i e t RC
R
R
Thecurrentjumpsupimmediatelytoamaximum
value(i(0) =Vi/R)andthendecreasesexponentiallyas
thecapacitordischarges
Notethatafteraroundfivetimeconstants
thecurrentgoestozero,(i.e.The
capacitorblocksDCcurrentflow)
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27July2015
RC Circuit with DC Source
NowconsiderthesimpleRC circuitshownbelow:
ThistimewearechargingacapacitorfromaDCsource
througharesistance asbeforewewishtofindan
expressionforthecapacitorvoltageasafunctionof
time
31
WestartbyapplyingKCLatthenodebetweenthe
capacitorandtheresistoraftertheswitchcloses:
dvC (t ) vC (t ) VS
0
dt
R
dv (t )
RC C vC (t ) VS
dt
Whichisthesameasthedifferentialequationwe
obtainedforthecapacitordischarge
case,exceptfortheconstantterm
ontherighthandsideVs
C
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Becausewehaveobtainedthesameformof
differentialequation,weexpecttheformofthe
solutiontobethesame,exceptforanaddedconstant
term,thusweassumethesolutiontobeoftheform:
vC (t ) K1 K 2 e st
SubstitutingthisbackintotheKCLequationyields:
dv (t )
(1 RCs ) K 2 e st K1 VS
RC C vC (t ) VS
dt
EquatingliketermsgivesK1 =VS and(1+RCs)K2 =0,
andsolvingforsgivess=1/RC
33
SoatthispointwefoundK1 ands:
vC (t ) VS K 2 e t RC
vC (t ) K1 K 2 e st
HowcanwefindK2?
Asbeforeweneedtousetheinitialcapacitorvoltage,
vC(0+)=vC(0)=Vi
vC (0 ) Vi VS K 2e 0 VS K 2
K 2 Vi VS
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Thecompletesolutionis,thus:
vC (t ) VS (Vi VS )e t RC VS (Vi VS )e t
whereasbefore =RC isthetimeconstant
Thesecondtermontherighthandsideiscalledthe
transientresponse,whicheventuallydecaysto
negligiblevalues,thefirsttermisthesteadystate
response,alsocalledtheforcedresponse,which
persistsafterthetransienthasdecayed
35
AplotofthisresponseforthecaseVi =0isshown
below:
Afteronetime
constantvC(t)has
reached63.2%of
itsfinalvalue
vC(t)risesexponentiallyandapproachesthesteady
statevalue,VS,asymptoticallyast becomeslarge.For
practicalpurposesvC(t)canbetakentobeequaltoVS
afteraboutfivetimeconstants
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Application Note
TheRC timeconstantcanbeusefulorproblematic
dependingonthecontext
Whencanitbeuseful?
Easyimplementationofelectronictimingcircuits
Whencanitbeproblematic?
Digitalsystems limitsswitchingspeed
Informationindigitalsystemsisrepresentedthroughtwo
differentvoltagelevels,switchingbetweentheselevelscannot
beachievedwithoutchargingordischargingofparasitic
capacitancesthroughcircuitresistances(fromwires,etc.)
resultinginnonzerotimeconstants
37
What kind of transient response

would you expect for an RL circuit?
1. Theresponsewillbelinear
2. Theresponsewillbeoscillatory
3. Theresponsewillbeexponential
4. Theresponsewillbetransitory
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RL Circuits
RLcircuitscanbesolvedinalmostthesamewayasjust
describedforRC circuits,thekeydifferenceisthat
insteadofwantinganexpressionforcapacitorvoltage
asafunctionoftime,wewantanexpressionforthe
inductorcurrentasafunctionoftime
Asaresult,webeginbyapplyingKVLtoobtaina
differentialequationintermsofinductorcurrentand
thenasbeforeassumeasolutionoftheform
iL(t)=K1 +K2et/
39
Your Turn
Seeifyoucanapplytheanalysistechniqueweusedto
solvethebasicRC circuitinordertodeterminethe
timeconstantfortheRL circuitbelow:
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Your Turn
Seeifyoucanapplytheanalysistechniqueweusedto
solvethebasicRC circuitinordertodeterminethe
timeconstantfortheRL circuitabove:
ApplyingKVL:
di (t )
L di (t )
V
VS
i (t ) S
Ri (t ) L
dt
R dt
R
Tryi(t)=K1 +K2et/
L
V
) K 2e t K1 S
R
R
L
V
K1 S
,
R
R
(1
41
RL Transient Response
TofindK2,weneedtoapplytheinitialconditions,
beforetheswitchclosestheinductorcurrentmustbe
zeroasthecircuitisopen,whatwillthecurrentinthe
inductorbeimmediatelyaftertheswitchcloses?
Inductorcurrentmustbecontinuous,thereforeitwill
stillbe0,thus:
VS
V
K 2e0 S K 2
R
R
V V
and
i (t ) S S e tR L
R R
i ( 0 ) i ( 0 ) 0
K2
VS
R
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RL Transient Response
i (t )
VS VS tR L
e
R R
v(t ) 100 50i (t )
i (t ) 2 2e t 0.002
v (t ) 100e t 0.002
43
Other First Order Circuits
Asithappens,thesolutionswehaveobtainedforthe
simpleRC andRL circuitsinvestigatedcanbeappliedto
any firstordercircuitinvolvingDCsources,resistances,
andasingleenergystorageelement whyisthis?
Thvenins Theorem
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Summary
Importantconceptsfromtoday:
Transientcircuitresponses
1st orderRC andRL circuitresponses
Determiningtransientresponseforother1st ordercircuits
Nextweek:
ACAnalysisFundamentals
Whatyouneedtodobeforenextweek:
Readthroughthefirstfewsectionsfromchapters4&5in
thetextbook
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23

Lecture 01 - Introduction

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Lecture 01 - Introduction

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ElectricalEngineering1B ENS1253

What will be covered in this unit

LABS (Mandatory Activity)

Texts & References

Texts & References

Overview of todays lecture

1st orderRC circuitresponse

1st orderRL circuitresponse

What happens right after the

whereK ands areconstantstobedetermined

What do you anticipate the current

RC Circuit with DC Source

RC Circuit with DC Source

RC Circuit with DC Source

RC Circuit with DC Source

RC Circuit with DC Source

whereasbefore =RC isthetimeconstant

RC Circuit with DC Source

What kind of transient response

v(t ) 100 50i (t )

Other First Order Circuits

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