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Ciclo Combinado
Preparado por:
W. Galarza S.
Pgina N 1
30/11/2015
INTRODUCCION
TURBINA A VAPOR
TURBINA A VAPOR
TURBINA A GAS
La turbina de gas es una maquina trmica de reaccin de flujo
continuo donde la energa trmica pasa al eje de la mquina.
La energa transferida al eje proviene de la corriente de gases de
combustin y se transfiere en el proceso de expansin del
gases. El proceso de compresin de aire absorbe
aproximadamente 2/3 del trabajo producido por la turbina.
TURBINA A GAS
CICLO COMBINADO
Ciclo Combinado, es una
infraestructura de
generacin de energa
que combina dos ciclos
termodinmicos en un
mismo sistema: uno
cuyo fluido de trabajo es
el aire (ciclo superior) y
otro en el que el fluido es
vapor de agua (ciclo
inferior). La combustin
se da en la cmara de
combustin de la turbina
a gas.
CC en un solo eje
con Post Combustin
CC en mas de un eje
con Post Combustin
ARREGLOS TG Y TV
CICLO COMBINADO
INYECCION DE AGUA.
CICLO CHEM
EL HRSG
Los HRSG son principalmente de tres tipos:
HRSGs CIRCULACION NATURAL
HRSGs CIRCULACION FORZADAA
ONCE THROUGH HRSGs
DESGASIFICADOR.
MAKE UP
Abstract. The purpose of this article is to through the analysis of the first law of thermodynamics for a combined cycle
and determine the ecological coefficient of the same. This system consists of two gas turbines, two heat recovery
boilers and a steam turbine, having a total installed capacity of power generation of 500MW.This plant will be
installed in a small town located 180 km from So Paulo. This place was chosen based on technical aspects by
present proximity to the pipeline and transmission line, water availability and other favorable environmental aspects of
the project. The natural gas that will serve as the plant's fuel will come from the Field of Mexilho, from the base of
Caraguatatuba, and the water used for cooling will come from the Paraba do Sul River.
Keywords: combined cycle plant, thermodynamics, power plants, ecological efficiency.
1. INTRODUCTION
While the efficiency of modern gas turbines varies between 25 and 43%, the efficiency of combined cycle units is
generally near 50%. This makes this technology particularly more attractive from the standpoint of efficiency, since it is
possible to generate more power from the energy recycling of the exhaust gases of the turbine.
Natural gas is a fossil fuel and its main component is methane (CH4). In addition, natural gas is the fossil fuel with
more efficient burning and produces less waste.
Advances in natural gas consumption can be seen as positive from the environmental point of view, since it reduces
oil consumption and it is less pollution. Natural gas is richer in hydrogen compared with other fossil fuels; the
proportion of carbon dioxide generated by burning is significantly lower.
Natural gas is also considered one of the safest fuels that exist, given its lower density than air, dissipating easily
into the atmosphere - unlike, for example liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which accumulates near the ground in case of
leaks. The gas composition used in this study is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 - Composition of Gas
Component
CO2
N2
Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)
Total
Mass (%)
3,75
1,11
80,60
10,19
4,48
3,28
100
Volume (%)
1,50
0,70
89,00
6,00
1,80
1,00
100
PCI (kg/kJ)
50.000
47.525
46.390
45.775
48.722
The primary air pollutants emitted by thermoelectric units are nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur oxides (SOX), volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), particulate materials, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and
nitrogen dioxide (N2O). Small amounts of organic compounds (hydrocarbons) are released into the atmosphere when
the combustion process of the fuel is not completed. Emissions are directly influenced by the type of fuel, combustion
technology, size and age of the installation, maintenance procedures and operation. Thus emission rates increase several
orders of magnitude for facilities that are operated with reduced efficiency of the combustion process or unsuitable
maintenance (EPA, 1998)
2. THERMODYNAMICS ANALYSIS
The analysis on the topic 2.1 demonstrates through the first law of thermodynamics the amount of heat and
electricity generated by the thermoelectric plant investigated as well as its final electrical efficiency, this quantitative
analysis is thus not be considered power quality. The first law analysis need to be divided into two stages, first the
analysis of the Brayton cycle and then the analysis of the Rankine cycle is performed. In the first cycle, will be analyzed
two gas turbines considered identical.
2.1 First law of thermodynamics analysis
Figure 1 shows a simplified thermoelectric plant cycle proposed for analysis and the Tables 2 and 3 shows the
points that will be studied in this work.
A Compressor
B Gas Turbine
C Combustor
D Heat Recovery Steam Boiler
E High Pressure Steam Turbine
F Low Pressure Steam Turbine
G Condenser
H Pump
P (MPa)
0,099
0,099
0,094
1,381
1,312
0,099
0,1
T (C)
22
185
22
379
1320
612
86
m (kg/s)
18,26
18,26
787,88
787,88
806,14
806,14
806,14
P (MPa)
13,1
2,413
0,3351
2,701
0,00728
0,38
14,01
T (C)
566
566
292
340
40
40
42
m (kg/s)
96,36
110,44
13,67
96,36
124,11
124,11
124,11
h (kJ/kg)
3511
3610
3052
3098
2358
167,9
188,2
s (kJ/kg.K)
6,652
7,523
7,621
6,702
7,565
0,5723
0,5933
The energy provided by the fuel to the cycle can be defined by the Equation 1
(1)
W4 =
m& 4 ( T4 T3 ) c p
= 334.273,4 [kW ]
(2)
The mechanical energy generated by the gas turbine can be defined by the Equation 3.
(3)
The electrical energy generated by the gas turbine cycle can be defined by the Equation 4.
(4)
The mechanical energy generated by the steam turbine can be defined by the Equation 5.
W11,12 = [(m& 8 h8 ) + (m& 9 h9 ) + (m& 10 h10 ) (m& 11 h11 ) (m& 12 h12 ) [kW ]
8,9,10
(5)
The electrical energy generated by the steam turbine cycle can be defined by the Equation 6.
(6)
ele =
WGTC + WSTC
= 55,01% [kW ]
ECOMB
(7)
(8)
Equation 9 can determine the value of the molar mass of the natural gas to be considered in this study:
M = 16 a1 + 30 b1 + 44 c1 + 58 d1 + 72 e1 + 44 f1 + 28 g1
(9)
The values of the resulting products of combustion of 1 kg of natural gas can be calculated considering the
following emissions shown below in equations 10, 11 and 12 (Villela and Silveira 2007; Carvalho Jr and Lacava, 2003):
3.2.1 CO2 Emissions:
M CO2 =
( w1 44 1 )
[kgCO2 / kgGN ]
M
(10)
M NOX
2.270 22 ,4 10 3
[kgNOX / kgGN ]
=
M 10 3
(11)
M PM =
240 22 ,4 10 3
[kgPM / kgGN ]
M 10 3
(12)
(13)
The following Table 4 shows the estimated mass in tones of pollutant gases, which are issued annually by the
thermoelectric plant investigated in steady state.
Table 4 - Estimated mass of pollutant gases per year considering 7200h/year operation
Pollutant Emission
CO2
NOX
Particulate Matter
Mass (ton/year)
1.051.761,41
1.317,18
139,24
g =
( CO2 )e
= 0 ,06 [ kg / MJ ]
PCIGN
0 ,204 p
p + g
(14)
(15)
According Villela and Silveira (2007) natural gas has values for ecological efficiency between 91,6% and 95,4%
for systems with and without supplementary firing systems, respectively. In the case of diesel engines efficiencies are
between 89,4% and 94,1%.
4. REFERENCES
CARDU, M.; BAICA, M., 1999. Regarding a global methodology to estimative the energy-ecologic efficiency of
thermopowerplants. Energy Conversion and Management, v.40, p.71-87.
CARDU, M.; BAICA, M. A., 2001. A seismic vision regarding a methodology to estimative globally the energyecologic efficiency of thermopower plants, Energy Conversion and Management, v.42, p.1317-1325.
CARVALHO JR, J. A.; LACAVA, P. T., 2003. Emisses em Processos de Combusto., So Paulo Brasil: Editora
UNESP, USBN 85-7139-484-9, 135p.
EPA, 1998. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. AP-42: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. Volume I:
Stationary Point and Area Sources. Chapter 1: External Combustion Sources, 5th Edition, USEPA.
SILVEIRA, J. L.; TUNA, C. E., 2003. Thermoeconomic Analysis Method for Optimization of Combined Heat and
Power Systems. Part. I.., Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol.29, n.1, p.479-485.
SILVEIRA, J. L.,1998. Uma contribuio para a Modelagem termoeconmica: Otimizao da Operao e do projeto de
sistemas energticos. 58f. Free Job Teaching, Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguet, Universidade Estadual
Paulista, Guaratinguet.
SILVEIRA, J. L.; CARVALHO JR, J. A.; VILLELA, I. A. C.,2007. Combined cycle versus one thousand diesel
Power plants: pollutant emissions, ecological efficiency and economic analysis. Renewable & Sustainable Energy
Reviews, v.11, p524-535.
VILLELA, I. A. C., SILVEIRA, J. L., 2006. Determinao da eficincia ecolgica de plantas trmicas. In: ENCIT
2006 11th Brazilian Congress of Thermal Sciences and Engineering. Curitiba Brazil..
VILLELA, I. A. C., SILVEIRA, J. L., 2007. Ecological efficiency in thermoelectric power plants. Applied Thermal
Engineering, v. 27, p. 840-847.
5. RESPONSIBILITY NOTICE
The authors are the only responsible for the printed material included in this paper.