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DISCLAIMER: Although most of the science activities presented here are regarded as low hazard, we disclaim all liability for any occurrence, including,
but not limited to, damage, injury or death which might arise as consequences
of the use of any experiment(s) listed or described here. Therefore, you assume
all the liability and use these science activities at your own risk!
Contents
Contents
iii
I Mechanics
Reaction Time
10
11
12
13
14
15
14 A Magical Coin
16
17
16 Key-bottle experiment
18
19
20
iii
iv
Contents
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
33
31 Paper Helicopter
34
35
33 Coupled Pendulum
36
37
35
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
Contents
47
48
45 Archimedes Principle
49
50
51
53
54
55
56
II Waves
57
60
61
62
57 Reflection of Sound
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
vi
Contents
IIIOptics
71
73
74
66 Scattering of Light
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
Contents
vii
97
88 Polarization of Light!
98
99
IVThermodynamics
100
101
103
104
93 Own Thermometer
106
107
108
110
111
98 Cloud in a Bottle!
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
V Electromagnetism
121
123
125
126
127
viii
Contents
128
129
130
132
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
142
143
144
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147
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149
150
152
153
154
Contents
ix
155
156
157
158
160
161
162
164
165
166
167
Part I
Mechanics
Demonstration 1
Measure Speed of the Ant
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The theme of this activity is motion and measurement of distance. The distance of a straight
line is usually measured with a scale. This activity train students on how to measure distance
of a curved line.
Watch an ant moving on the floor. Keep
marking ant position as it moves. Measure the
distance it travels and the time it takes to travel
this distance. Calculate the speed of the ant.
References
[1]
Demonstration 2
Reaction Time
jda
References
[1]
Source:
HTM
http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/demobook/CHAPTER1.
Demonstration 3
How Much is One Newton?
aaa
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Expm1.htm
[2]
Source: H.C. Verma, Foundation Science Physics for Class 9 (3rd ed.),
Page 72, Bharati Bhawan, 2006
Demonstration 4
Pull the Paper under the Tumbler
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Newtons three law of motion are taught in school from quite early times.
Though students know the statements of the three laws but when it comes
to application, quite often the laws are wrongly interpreted. The experiment described is quite common and is shown to dramatize the concept of
Newtons 1st law of motion or inertia. However, a detailed analysis reveals
greater insight into the laws.
Near the edge of a table, place a glass tumbler filled with water. Now hold the part of
the paper overhanging from the table using both
hands. Give a sharp jerk to the paper and pull it
quickly. What you find is that the paper comes
out from below the glass and the glass just stays on the table with no water spilling out. Try pulling the paper with different speeds and see what
happens.
The common explanation is that because of inertia, the glass remains
at its place and the paper comes. But is it the explanation? Where does
this inertia go, when the paper is pulled slowly? Does inertia depend
on velocity? It is friction, acceleration and distance moved under this
acceleration that have to be roped in for proper understanding.
Variants: A coin placed on the playing card kept above the glass. When
playing card is pushed, the coin fall into the glass. Another variant By Dr
Ajay Mahajan is Jiddi Sikka demo.
References
[1]
Source: http://utsahiphysicsteachers.com/resourcematerial/
experiments/Mechanics/Pullpaper.htm
[2]
Video:
http://youtu.be/CSfqk9BIb5k?list=
PLjVcSEe2pNnZiJpmGp9-iGmjkJzf4QGrX
Demonstration 5
Balancing the Nails
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Exp11.htm
[2]
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Demonstration 6
A drop of Water Makes Slides Stick Together
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We have read in books about cohesive and adhesive forces. When two
objects made of the same material are in contact with each other, the force
acting between the molecules of the surfaces in contact is called cohesive
force. However, when two objects of different materials remain in contact,
the force between molecules of the surfaces in contact is called adhesive
force. How strong are these forces? Sometimes they are so strong that
they may appear to challenge even persons of great physical strength. In
this experiment we shall use a drop of water to make two thin slides stick
to each other, and study these forces.
In biology labs or diagnostic shops meant
for blood test, thin rectangular glass plates are
used. These plates are called slides. Take two
such slides. Place a drop of water on any of the slides. Keep the second
slide on the first moving the slides over each other, spread the water drop
between them. Now by putting the slides with your hands try to separate
them out from each other. Remember you are not supposed to move the
slides against each other in a sliding manner. Are you able to pull the slides
apart? You will not be able to do it as both the slides very strongly stick
to each other.
Can we make a numerical example out of this? What is the typical
value of force given layer thickness, surface tension, area of slide etc?
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Exp14.htm
[2]
Video
http://youtu.be/GlKYCnwFOPM?list=
PLjVcSEe2pNnZiJpmGp9-iGmjkJzf4QGrX
Demonstration 7
Get Going Mug
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Demonstration 8
Action-Reaction forces in Newtons Third Law
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References
[1]
10
Source: H.C. Verma, Foundation Science Physics for Class 9 (3rd ed.),
Page 53, Bharati Bhawan, 2006
Demonstration 9
Check Newtons Law for interaction between two Ring Magnets
A common statement for Newtons 3rd law reads as for every action there
is always an equal and opposite reaction. The important part which is
generally missed out that it concerns the forces exerted by two bodies on
each other. This demo shows that forces exerted by two ring magnets are
equal and opposite.
Take a PVC stand and two ring magnets.
Weigh the two ring magnets, say A and B, and
the stand separately. Let the weights be W1 ,
W2 and W3 . Put the first ring magnet A in the
stand and place this stand on weighing machine
pan, display of the weighing machine will show
W3 + W1 . After this put the other magnet B in
the same stand in such a way that it will be in
the repulsive mode with magnet A. The magnet
B will be floating in the air having no vertical
contact force with anything. Still the dial reading will be W1 + W2 + W3 .
Although the magnet B is floating in air i.e., it is not on weighing pan and
is stationary in air (i.e. net vertical force acting on B is zero), but the scale
reading has increased by W2 . That means B is pushing A downwards by
the force W2 . Now, B is not falling so some force acts on it upwards to
hold it there. This force is from magnet A only. So, magnet A is pushing
B by a force W2 upwards. Thus the two forces exerted by the two magnets
on each other are equal and opposite.
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Expm2.htm
[2]
Video:
http://youtu.be/gQvflRy43Pk?list=
PLjVcSEe2pNnZiJpmGp9-iGmjkJzf4QGrX
11
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Demonstration 10
Resonance and Sound Waves
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References
[1]
12
Source:
http://www.tarangscientificinstruments.com/
products-mechanics.html
Demonstration 11
The Physics of Lever and Mechanical Advantage
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References
[1]
Source:
http://www.
tarangscientificinstruments.com/
products-mechanics.html
13
Demonstration 12
Weightlessness with slinky
lda
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Expm3.htm
[2]
14
Demonstration 13
Which thread breaks first?
15
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Demonstration 14
A Magical Coin
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16
Demonstration 15
Lift a Weight by Moving another Weight in a Circle
Pass a thread through the both side open plastic body of a used pen. Tie two unequal masses
m and M on the two sides of the string. Hold
the plastic body in vertical position in your hand
with the heavier mass M hanging and the lighter
mass m resting at the top of the plastic body.
Give motion to the masses by rotating your
hand little bit so that the upper mass is set in nearly circular motion.
As soon as it acquires sufficient speed it will pull the hanging body up. If
you speed up the rotating body the heavier hanging mass can move right
up to the plastic body.
You can adjust the speed of the rotating body by manipulating the force
provided by your hand. By properly adjusting this force, you can keep the
hanging body fixed at a desired height.
You can discuss this phenomenon of the hanging mass going up in a
number of ways. The tension in the string, which provides the centripetal
force, should be mv 2 /r. But this tension should also be M g, the weight of
the hanging body if it keeps in equilibrium. Thus mv 2 /r = M g. Now when
you increase the speed of the rotating mass m by adjusting the force from
your hand, the tension mv 2 /r is increased and hence the mass M moves
up with acceleration.
You can also show conservation of angular momentum, L = mw2 r, by
demonstrating increase of when r is reduced (by pulling the thread).
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Expm5.htm
17
nba
Demonstration 16
Key-bottle experiment
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18
Demonstration 17
Spring Potential Energy
References
[1]
Source: H.C. Verma, Foundation Science Physics for Class 9 (3rd ed.),
Page 110, Bharati Bhawan, 2006
19
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Demonstration 18
Calibrating a Non-Linear Spring
lea
20
Demonstration 19
Linear Momentum of the Ball
References
[1]
Source: H.C. Verma, Foundation Science Physics for Class 9 (3rd ed.),
Page 47, Bharati Bhawan, 2006
21
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Demonstration 20
Why Does it Goes Up?
mba
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Expm4.htm
[2]
Arvind Gupta
EXOs38T-HV4
22
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
Demonstration 21
Counter-intutive Centre of Mass with Bottle
tca
References
[1]
http://youtu.be/
23
Demonstration 22
Balancing the Scale on Fingers
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References
[1]
24
Source: https://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/scenario/demos.htm
Demonstration 23
To find Centre of Mass of a Rectangular Shape
Objective: To find the Center of Mass (C.M.) of the given rectangular plate.
Apparatus: Clamp with nail fixed, Plumb Line, 30 cm Plastic Scale, Rectangular Plate
Instructions: You are given a rectangular cardboard plate and are supposed
to find out its Center of Mass. You can think of your method with the given
apparatus, but one way is to hang the board from the fixed nail and with the
help of the plumb line you can locate vertical lines through the holes. If you
decide for that, mark two or three points on the surface, along the plumb
line for each hole. Dont draw lines till you finish with all the holes.Only at
the end, put the plate on the table and draw all the lines using scale and
pencil. Write your name and roll number on the sheet before submitting
to the evaluators.
25
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Demonstration 24
To Find the Coefficient of Restitution
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26
Demonstration 25
It is not Easy to Do Simple Movements!
nda
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/
betyoucant.pdf
27
Demonstration 26
Win a 100 Rs Note
oda
References
[1]
28
Source:
http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/
betyoucant.pdf
Demonstration 27
Self Balancing Toy
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29
Demonstration 28
Rolling and Kinetic Friction
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30
Demonstration 29
Gyroscope from cycle wheel
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31
32
causes the angular momentum L to follow the torque and the wheel starts
prcessing about the rope.
Reversing the direction of angular momentum L causes the wheel to
prcess in an opposite sense.
Variant: This demo can be done with Toy Gyroscope on page 35.
Demonstration 30
To study the theorem of perpendicular axes in Moment of Inertia
33
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Demonstration 31
Paper Helicopter
cca
References
[1]
34
Web
Source:
Create-a-Paper-Helicopter
http://www.wikihow.com/
Demonstration 32
Gyroscope Using Toy Motor
35
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Demonstration 33
Coupled Pendulum
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36
Demonstration 34
SHM Phase and Phase Difference
37
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38
line experiences a force which directs it towards its mean position and the
magnitude of the force is proportional to the displacement from the mean
position. It can be represented by a sine or cosine function. The argument
of the sine or cosine function is called the phase of the particle executing
SHM. Phase tells about the state of the particle at any instant.
In the above case the SHM of the pendulums which are released from
their extreme position can be represented by the equations X1 = A1 cos(1 t+
) and X2 = A2 cos(2 t + ), where A1 and A2 are the amplitudes, and
are the initial phases, 1 and 2 are the angular frequencies and the
arguments (1 t + ), (2 t + ) are the phases of the two pendulums at any
instant.
Since the frequency of the pendulum is dependent on its length, when
the length of the threads is kept same 1 = 2 . Now if the balls are released
together from
1. Same extreme, initial phases = = 0 and phase difference = 0
2. Opposite extremes, = 0 and = and phase difference = = .
Also the amplitudes A1 = A2 .
When the length of the threads is different 1 6= 2 . Now if the balls
are released together initial phases = = 0 but the phase difference is
(1 t 2 t) which changes with time and oscillates between the value 0 and
causing beats.
Demonstration 35
Resonance in pendulum by hand
39
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Demonstration 36
To Study Torsional Oscillation of a Rectangular Body
oea
H.
40
Demonstration 37
Why Balloons come Closer?
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41
Demonstration 38
Why the fluid does not comes out?
kda
References
[1]
42
Source:
http://www.physicscentral.com/experiment/
physicsathome/free-fall.cfm
Demonstration 39
Suspending a Cup by a Balloon
rda
References
[1]
Source: https://www.physics.umn.edu/outreach/pforce/circus/
airpressure.html
43
Demonstration 40
Keep the Paper Dry in Water
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Stuff a large handkerchief or some crumplednewspaper into an empty glass or jar. Make
surethe handkerchief wont fall out when you
turn theglass upside down.Then, fill a pot with
water. Holding the glass sothat its mouth is
down, put the glass deep into thepot of water
and hold it there. After a minute ortwo, pull the glass out of the water and
remove thehandkerchief.
Water cannot fill the glass because the glass is already filled with air.
The empty glass is full of air. So, air takes up space. Air is a gas. It has
no size or shape of its own butwill fill every space it can.
References
[1]
44
Demonstration 41
Push Water in a pair of Connected Syringes
This simple experiment is often taken as an example of Pascals law of transmission of Pressure
or a demonstration of F = P A. However this
popular belief does not pass the test of deeper
analysis. Equipments needed are two syringes
of different sizes connected by a small flexible
plastic tube. Some water is filled in one of the
syringes. The procedure is,
1. Suppose you have water in the bigger syringe and the piston of the
smaller syringe is staying against the end. Hold the bigger syringe
between the two fingers and a thumb. The thumb is on the circular
base of the piston while the fingers are on the two extrusions of the
barrel.
2. Push on the base by the thumb so that water goes from the bigger
syringe to smaller one. Feel the amount of force.
3. Now water is in the smaller syringe. Holding the this syringe as usual
between two fingers and one thumb, push the water back to bigger
syringe. Feel the force you have to apply.
4. Compare, in which case you had a apply a larger force.
As you are comparing forces in two different experiments (Step 2 and 3
above), you should not use Pascals law which talks about increase in pressure everywhere in the liquid, but at the same instant. For the same reason
you cannot equate pressure in two cases and make force proportional to the
area of the base. Then what is it?
References
[1]
45
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Demonstration 42
Blow Air in a Long Air Bag
uda
46
Demonstration 43
To find the atmospheric pressure using a syringe and weights
47
sea
Demonstration 44
To measure the viscosity of water
vea
48
Demonstration 45
Archimedes Principle
References
[1]
Source: H.C. Verma, Foundation Science Physics for Class 9 (3rd ed.),
Page 58, Bharati Bhawan, 2006
49
fba
Demonstration 46
Effect of Soap on Surface Tension
lca
Take a bowl of water. Spray talcum powder on it. The powder is uniformly
distributed. Why? Now, slowly drop a drop of soap solution in it. What
happens? Shown by Patil Ji in Kolkata SRP.
50
Demonstration 47
Rise of Paper (Welcome) due to surface tension
51
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Demonstration 48
Pressure in Two Balloons connected by transparent pipe
rca
References
[1] http://youtu.be/RCiHE3JO6aQ?list=
PLjVcSEe2pNnZiJpmGp9-iGmjkJzf4QGrX
52
Demonstration 49
The Fun of Three Bottles
References
[1]
53
bda
Demonstration 50
Rising of water due to centrifugal force!
cda
Joga Chandrasekhar!
54
Demonstration 51
To study the extension-load characteristics of bicycle valve tube
55
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Demonstration 52
To study torsional oscillations of a wire
bfa
56
Part II
Waves
57
Demonstration 53
Vibrations, Rerefaction and Compression in a Long Spring!
ada
59
Demonstration 54
Visualize Wave Motion
yda
References
[1]
60
Demonstration 55
Compression and Rarefaction in Longitudinal Waves
zda
This experiment uses a slinky to show compression and rarefaction in a longitudinal wave.
References
[1]
Arvind
Gupta
Youtube
Video
http://www.
tarangscientificinstruments.com/manuals/Slinky-Spring.pdf
61
Demonstration 56
Sound is Produced by Vibrations
hba
References
[1]
62
Source: H.C. Verma, Foundation Science Physics for Class 9 (3rd ed.),
Page 111, Bharati Bhawan, 2006
Demonstration 57
Reflection of Sound
References
[1]
Source: H.C. Verma, Foundation Science Physics for Class 9 (3rd ed.),
Page 121, Bharati Bhawan, 2006
63
iba
Demonstration 58
Visualize your Sound!
nca
This was shown in NWUPT14. Take a pipe of approx 4 inch dia and
6 inch length. Tie a rubber sheet (balloon) on one side. Fix a small plane
mirror/reflector on the sheet. Incident a laser on reflector and produce
sound of different letter from other side of the pipe. The light is reflected
and produce different pattern for different letters.
64
Demonstration 59
The Phenomenon of Beats!
65
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Demonstration 60
The Optics of Waves on Water Surface
ica
References
[1]
66
HC Verma Video:
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=
454642061280499&set=vb.100002041261681&type=3&theater
Demonstration 61
Interference with thread!
sca
67
Demonstration 62
Diffraction of light from a thin wire!
hda
References
[1]
68
Source: http://www.optics.rochester.
edu/workgroups/berger/EDay/
EDay2008_Diffraction.pdf
Demonstration 63
Interference in Ripple Tank!
gda
JCR!
69
Part III
Optics
71
Demonstration 64
Multiple Images with Plane Mirrors
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Exp15.htm
73
uba
Demonstration 65
Scattering of Lights of Different Colours
oaa
74
Demonstration 66
Scattering of Light
naa
References
[1]
75
Demonstration 67
Dispersion of Light by a Prism
maa
76
Demonstration 68
Tracing the Ray of Light through a Prism?
77
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Demonstration 69
Advantage of having Two Eyes?
kaa
References
[1]
78
Demonstration 70
Image formed by a Convex Lens
References
[1]
79
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Demonstration 71
Reflection from Curved Surface
baa
References
[1]
80
Source: H.C. Verma, Foundation Science Physics for Class 10, Page 3,
Bharati Bhawan
Demonstration 72
Focal Length of a Concave Mirror
References
[1]
Source: H.C. Verma, Foundation Science Physics for Class 10, Page 5,
Bharati Bhawan
81
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Demonstration 73
Nature of the Image formed by a Concave Mirror
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References
[1]
82
Demonstration 74
Rising of the Coin due to Refraction
References
[1]
83
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Demonstration 75
Refraction through a Glass Slab
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References
[1]
84
Demonstration 76
Trace the Path of a Ray through Glass Slab
References
[1]
85
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Demonstration 77
Refraction Through a Glass of Water
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References
[1]
86
Demonstration 78
Measuring the Focal Length of a Convex Lens
Take a convex lens. You can also use a magnifying glass. Face the lens towards the sun. Take
a small block of wood and place it close to the
lens such that the lens is between the sun and
the block. Slowly move the lens away from the
block. At one stage, a very small, bright image
will be formed on the block. The distance between the lens and the block
in this position is the focal length of the convex lens.
This method does not work for concave lenses. A concave lens forms a
virtual image which cannot be captured on a screen such as your wooden
block. Other methods are used to find its focal length.
References
[1]
87
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Demonstration 79
Total Internal Reflection in a Dettol Bottle
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When light goes from a denser medium to a
rarer medium, and the angle of incidence is
larger than a critical value, called critical angle, whole of the light will get reflected at the
surface. If the angle of incidence is smaller than
the critical angle, part of the light is reflected
and part of it is refracted. In this inexpensive
demo we show the light paths as the medium changes and hence all phenomena on refraction can be visually seen. It is very simple and has been
widely appreciated wherever we have shown it.
Take a dettol bottle and fill water in it up to say three fourths of its
height. Put some common salt in it. Tighten the cap. Put on a laser torch
and send light from outside into the water obliquely. The front end of the
torch should be in contact with the thinner side of the bottle at a height
covered by water, and the incline of the torch should be adjusted by tilting
the torch with your hand. Adjust the orientation so that the light goes
parallel to the flat faces of the bottle, but at an angle to the surface of the
water. You should be able to see the path of the laser beam in the water.
If it is not clearly visible, invert the bottle for a second. This will bring the
salt sitting at the bottom in the whole water and make the path visible.
Slowly change the orientation of the laser torch and you very clearly see
the total internal reflection. If you make the torch closer to vertical, thus
decreasing the angle of incidence, the reflected beam will loose its intensity.
A spot will form on the opposite wall of the bottle above the water surface.
This tells that a part of the beam is getting transmitted. Now you put
smoke of an incense stick into the bottle. It will collect above the water
surface. Now when you send laser beam and if it gets transmitted to air side
the transmitted beam will also be clearly seen, though it will be hazy. So
for angles less than the critical angle you see both reflected and transmitted
beams, and for angles larger than the critical angle, only reflected beam is
observed.
Dettol bottle suites this demo because the walls are flat. This demo
can be extended to informal lab, by encouraging students to adjust the
torch for grazing angle refraction and measuring the inclination angle from
vertical which is also the normal to the surface. This angle is the critical
angle.
88
References
89
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Exp1.htm
Demonstration 80
Focal Length of a Parabolic Reflector!
zca
90
Demonstration 81
Laws of Reflection of Light!
91
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Demonstration 82
To Deduce Refractive Index of a Glass Slab
iea
92
Demonstration 83
To Visualize a Light Ray
93
jea
Demonstration 84
To Find Focal Length of a Concave Lens
nea
If this light goes through the concave lens it will diverge, if you place
the screen at two different distances from the lens and measure a linear
dimension such as height or diameter or something else, you can get similar
triangle properties.
r2
IP + PB
IB
=
=
r1
IA
IP + PA
r2 , r1 , PA and PB should be measured in the experiment. From this you
can calculate IP which is the focal length. Do it as accurately as you can.
94
Demonstration 85
To Find Refractive Index of a Liquid
Objective:To find the refractive index of water and saturated salt solution.
Apparatus: The hollow prism, A glass tumbler, Chalk piece, Laser torch,
Clamp in which laser can be fixed horizontally, Measuring steel tape, Salt,
spoon and beaker, sin and tan table
Instructions: Glass tumbler is to be used as a stand for placing the prism
and the wall as the screen. Clamp the laser at an appropriate height so that
the beam can go through the prism placed on inverted glass tumbler. Make
arrangement so that the laser, without the prism, falls perpendicularly on
the wall. Prism may be placed about 1.5 m away from the wall.
With the laser switch pressed, and putting the hollow prism on the tumbler,
mark the spot on the wall. Put water in the prism so that the laser beam
goes through water. The spot will shift. Rotate the tumbler about its
axis to get the position of minimum deviation. Measure different distances
and calculate the angle of minimum deviation. From this calculate the
refractive index of water.
Make saturated salt solution and find its refractive index.
Write all the approximations that you have made and the estimate the
errors that could result from the approximations.
95
pea
Demonstration 86
To study the variation of image position for object at infinity with
incident angle
uea
96
Demonstration 87
Where did the Coin come from?
References
[1]
UPT http://goo.gl/ENEyFb
97
fda
Demonstration 88
Polarization of Light!
ida
JCR!
98
Demonstration 89
Variation of refractive index with wavelength
A+
Make arrangement so that the laser, without the prism, falls perpendicularly on the wall. Prism may be placed about 1.5 m away from the wall.
With the laser switch pressed by the clamp, and putting the hollow
prism on the tumbler, mark the spot on the wall. Put water in the prism
so that the laser beam goes through water. The spot will shift.
Rotate the tumbler about its axis to get the position of minimum deviation. Measure different distances and calculate the angle of minimum
deviation. From this, calculate the refractive index of water.
Repeat the same with green laser. Using wavelengths 525 nm and
672 nm get 0 and A.
Acknowledgement: Developed at Shiksha Sopan
99
yea
Demonstration 90
Variation of Intensity with Distance!
oca
100
Part IV
Thermodynamics
101
Demonstration 91
Burning Candle in Limited Air
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Exph5.htm
103
qba
Demonstration 92
Why Does Water not Fall?
sba
To show that air exerts pressure, science textbooks at lower classes describe an activity where
a drinking glass is filled to the brim with water,
is covered by a cardboard and then inverted.
The demo consists of seeing that the cardboard
does not fall. The explanation is that air exerts
force on the cardboard from below and this force
is more than that exerted on the cardboard by
the water. So the card is pushed up and does
not fall. The present demo is a slight modification in this famous activity
wherein the water is not filled up to the brim and then it becomes a demo
for Boyles law.
Take a drinking glass and fill it up to about half with water. Put a
plane cover on the glass. You can use a cardboard, or a plastic cover or
any other plane cover. Hold the cover by pressing from top with one hand
and invert the glass. Gently remove the hand from the cover. The cover
does not fall and holds the water in the glass.
The upper portion of the glass contains air and hence presses the water
down. The force on the cover due to water is A(P1 + hg); where A is the
area in the upper portion of the glass, h is the height of the water column
and is the density of water. From the bottom the force is P0 A; where P0
is the atmospheric pressure. The fact that the card does not fall tells that
P1 < P0 . How did P1 become smaller than P0 ? When you covered the
glass, the air trapped was at the atmospheric pressure P0 . It is the same
air that is now in the upper portion (provided you have not allowed air to
leak out or leak in during inverting the glass) the volume of air should be
the equal to (volume of glass)- (volume of water). If both remain the same,
the volume of water should remain the same. The temperature is anyway
the same. So from P V = nRT , the pressure should remain the same, that
is P0 .
But it does not remain P0 . It becomes less than P0 . In fact the cover
goes slightly down when the glass is inverted. If it is a cardboard cover, it
may buldge at the centre. If it is plastic cover, it goes slightly down and
there is a water slice between the glass and the cover. This you can verify
by slightly tapping the cover horizontally. You will find that the cover
moves quite smoothly. This shows that it is not rubbing the glass surface.
Here surface tension also has to play a role.
As the cover goes slightly down, the volume of air in the upper portion
increases. This decreases in pressure according to the Boyles law and the
water column stays in equilibrium.
104
References
105
Sometimes few drops of water may go out while inverting. If air has
not gotten into the glass in this period, the volume of air will increase and
hence the pressure will decrease. Sometimes few bubbles of air also gets
in. This happens when somewhat larger mass of water comes out during
inversion. In such a case right amount of air will go in which can maintain
the cardboard in equilibrium.
Variant: Do the same with holes in the card. Water does not come out
through the holes.
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Exp6.htm
[2]
Video:
http://youtu.be/rkfIarmyzmY?list=
PLjVcSEe2pNnZiJpmGp9-iGmjkJzf4QGrX
Demonstration 93
Own Thermometer
pca
106
Demonstration 94
Saturated Salt Solution
107
kea
Demonstration 95
Why does Water rise in Burning Candle Experiment?
rba
References
109
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Exph2.htm
Demonstration 96
Boyles law using a syringe and weights
cfa
110
Demonstration 97
Boil Water with Hands!
The objective is to realize that boiling point decreases with decreasing pressure above the liquid surface. Equipment needed are a heater, a
conical flask with tightly fitting stopper.
Boiling point of a liquid depends on the pressure above its surface. Lower the pressure, lower
is the boiling point. Thus you can boil water at
a temperature much below the normal boiling
point if the pressure above its surface is reduced.
In this demo we do precisely this. The demo is
very interesting and catches attention of everyone around.
Take some water in a conical flask (say half the volume). The flask
should be of good quality. I have done the experiment with Borosil flasks.
Put the flask on a heater. Let it boil for about 5 minutes. Put off the
heater. Now carefully hold the flask from its neck by using a handkerchief
and put stopper in it as early as possible.
The water stops boiling because it is no more on heater. Put some
cold water on the flask, especially on the empty portion. The water starts
boiling in the flask. Wait for about a minute and the boiling stops. Again
put cold water on the flask. The water in the flask again starts boiling.
You can repeat this several times.
Why does water boil when cold water is poured on the flask? When
initially you boiled the water on the heater, there was no stopper. Vapour
generated during boiling replaced air and there was largely only the vapour
above the water in the flask. At this stage you fitted the stopper tightly
which closed any possibility of air entering the flask.
The water has cooled down a little by this time and there is no question
of boiling. Even at the boiling temperature it boils only when heat is
supplied to it which is used in conversion of water to vapour. You poured
cold water at this stage. The vapour condensed to water as a result of
cooling due to cold water. This greatly reduced the pressure inside the
flask. At such a low pressure, the boiling point of water is quite low and the
existing temperature of water is much larger than this new boiling point.
Thus water starts boiling and coverts to vapour. The pressure inside again
increases due to this vapour. Correspondingly the boiling point increases
and the water stops boiling at a certain stage. Then you put cold water
again. The same process repeats and water boils.
Please take care of accidents. The heater must be a good quality and
you should check that there is no current in the body when the heater is put
Corrections/Suggestions to: jsinghdrdo@gmail.com
111
vda
112
References
on. Handling hot water should be done with extreme care. Hold the flask
from the neck only using sufficiently thick layer of cloth (handkerchief).
While putting the stopper, the flask should rest on a firm surface. Though
you put cold water several times, the lower portion of the flask remains
hot. Dont try to hold it from there without checking.
Once the demo is over you may like to open the stopper. This seems
to be the most difficult task. Since the pressure inside remains much lower
than the atmospheric pressure, it does not come out easily. Heat the flask
a little and then take it out if it does not come with mechanical effort.
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Exp4.htm
Demonstration 98
Cloud in a Bottle!
References
[1]
Related
Source:
http://www.physics.org/interact/
physics-to-go/cloud-in-a-bottle/
113
xda
Demonstration 99
Measure dew point in your room
efa
Introduction: In the winter nights and early morning the grass feels wet
when we touch it. As the temperatures dip at this time, the amount of
water vapour present in the air saturates the air and further cooling results
in some of the water vapour to condense as a liquid to form the Dew.
The temperature at which the water vapour is just able to saturate the air
is called the dew point.
Once the dew point is known the relative humidity can also be easily
calculated by the relation:
Relative humidity = Saturation vapour pressure at dew point/ Saturation vapour pressure at the room temperature.
(Here saturation vapour pressure is the pressure exerted by the vapour
when the air is saturated by the vapour. Saturation vapour pressure has
been measured for various temperatures and tables are available which can
give us its value at the required temperature.)
What do you need: Two new steel glasses, cold water bottle, thermometer
What to do: Put the two glasses side by side.
1. Take out a cold water bottle from the refrigerator. See that water
has condensed on the surface of the bottle after you take it out of the
refrigerator.
2. Now fill one fourth of one glass with normal tap water and put a
thermometer in the glass.
3. Gradually pour some cold water in the glass and stir. See if there is
a difference in the shine of the surfaces of the two glasses.
4. If yes, note the temperature of water in the thermometer.
5. If not, pour some more cold water till you start noticing a difference
in the shine of the surface of the glasses. Note the temperature of the
water.
6. This is the Dew point of your room.
Why does it happen: Steel is a good conductor of heat. So the temperature
of the water inside the glass and the outer surface of the thin steel glass up
to the height of water quickly become same. The air in contact with the
surface cools down as it also attains the temperature of the surface. When
the temperature falls just below the dew point, vapour starts condensing
and small droplets of water collect on the glass surface making it look a
little foggy. So a careful comparison of the shininess of the two glasses, one
with the cold water and the other empty, gives a fair measure of the dew
point.
114
Demonstration 100
Coffee cup calorimetry
115
ffa
Demonstration 101
See Convection Current in Air
pba
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Exph5.htm
[2]
Video:
http://youtu.be/5ntWE73Dcuc?list=
PLjVcSEe2pNnZiJpmGp9-iGmjkJzf4QGrX
116
Demonstration 102
Conduction of Heat
Take a rod or flat strip of a metal, say of aluminium or iron. Fix a few small nails on the
strip with the help of wax. These pieces shall
be at nearly equal distances. Clamp the rod to
a stand. If you do not find a stand, you can put
one end of the rod in between bricks. Now, heat
the other end of the rod and observe.
What happens to the nails? Do these begin to fall? Which nail fall
first? Do you think that heat is transferred from the end nearest to the
flame to the other end?
References
[1]
Video:
http://youtu.be/7Wv40DH7nQ0?list=
PLjVcSEe2pNnZiJpmGp9-iGmjkJzf4QGrX
117
bca
Demonstration 103
Solar Heating
bba
References
[1]
118
Demonstration 104
Boiling Water in Paper Cup
wda
References
[1]
119
Part V
Electromagnetism
121
Demonstration 105
The Rotating Straw
vba
As we know, by rubbing or induction electric
charge can be produced. By combing your hair
you must have tried to attract small pieces of
paper. You must also be knowing that charges
are of two types - positive charge and negative
charge. Like charges repel while unlike charges
attract each other. We shall see this with the
help of an interesting experiment.
Take a plastic bottle whose cap is plane.
Take two drinking straws and by holding them
from one end rub them well two or three times with the help of a handkerchief. Now, place one of the straws on the top of the bottle cap in such a
manner that it remains parallel to the ground and its middle portion sits
on the top of the cap. Now take the other straw, holding it from one end
bring it near the first straw. As soon as the second straw is brought near
the straw resting on the bottle, the latter moves away from the former by
rotating on its resting point. If we keep moving the hand held straw in a
circular manner towards the straw on the bottle cap, the latter also continuously keeps getting away. While doing so it also rotates presenting a
very interesting view of repulsion. Now, instead of the second straw bring
the handkerchief which was used for rubbing the straws, towards the first
straw. The first straw now starts getting attracted towards the handkerchief. Moving the handkerchief away from the straw in a circular manner,
the straw also keeps moving towards the handkerchief while making a circular rotation.
When both the straws are rubbed with a handkerchief, the same kind
of charge is developed in them while the opposite charge is produced in the
handkerchief. In the first case, as both the straws hold the same kind of
charge they repel each other and so the straw resting on the bottle moves
away from the hand held straw. In the second case as the charge on the
handkerchief has a sign opposite to that on the straw, the handkerchief
and the straw attract each other, therefore, the straw on the bottle moves
towards the handkerchief.
The place where the straw rests on the bottle the friction between the
cap and the straw should be least there, so that the straw is free to rotate
on the cap.
Corrections/Suggestions to: jsinghdrdo@gmail.com
123
124
References
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Exp7.htm
[2]
Video:
http://youtu.be/BC-FR3lO6UY?list=
PLjVcSEe2pNnZiJpmGp9-iGmjkJzf4QGrX
Demonstration 106
Bending of Water Stream due to Electrostatic Charges
aea
This is an excellent demonstration for electrostatic charges. Make a small hole at the bottom
of a water bottle. Make sure that a clear stream
of water comes out when bottle is filled with
water. The hole should not be too small or too
big. Rub a plastic scale with cloth and bring
it close to the stream (near the top portion).
You will observe that stream bends towards the
scale. This demo shows the concept on induced
charges (water is a polar molecule) and electrostatic attraction.
References
[1]
125
Demonstration 107
Electrostatics of Hanging Balloons
cea
126
Demonstration 108
Which Direction is Electric Field?
fca
This experiment is based on this video of Dr. HC Verma: https://www.
facebook.com/photo.php?v=454642061280499&set=vb.100002041261681&type=
3&theater
References
[1]
HC Verma Video:
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=
454642061280499&set=vb.100002041261681&type=3&theater
127
Demonstration 109
Direction of electric field
lfa
128
Demonstration 110
Electric potential in a capacitor
129
tea
Demonstration 111
Playing with capacitors made from kitchen Utensils
gfa
131
7. Measure the capacitance(call it C2 )
8. Connect the wires of glass 1 and 3 and measure the capacitance between this common terminal and glass 2(call it C3 )
See that the capacitance C2 is almost half the capacitance C1 and the
capacitance C3 is almost double the capacitance C1 . All the capacitances
measured are in picofarads.
Why does it happen: In the arrangement made with the thalies, the steel
thalis are the two conductors and placing carom board coins creates an air
gap which acts as the dielectric. Hence the arrangement acts as a capacitor.
Putting paper in the air gap increases the capacitance as the dielectric
constant of paper is bigger than air. Capacitance C of the capacitor is
given by the expression
C = K0 A/d
Where 0 is the permittivity of free space, A is the area of the conductors,
d is the distance between the two plates and K is the dielectric constant of
the dielectric between the conductors. For air K = 1 and for paper K > 1.
In the arrangement made with steel glasses, the steel glasses are the
two conductors and the polythene acts as a dielectric. Hence it becomes
a capacitor. The capacitance C2 is almost half of C1 as the arrangement
makes it a series combination of two almost identical capacitors. The capacitance C3 is double of C1 as the arrangement this time makes it a parallel
combination of two capacitors.
The equivalent capacitance Ceq of N identical capacitors each of capacitance C is given by, Ceq = N C in series combination and Ceq = C/N in
parallel combination.
Demonstration 112
Charging and discharging capacitors
hfa
133
decreases. In one time constant the glow decreases significantly. This time
can be roughly estimated by us and it gives a fair idea of the time constant.
When two capacitors are put in series, capacitance decreases so the time
constant decreases. When two capacitors are put in parallel, capacitance
increases so the time constant increases.
Demonstration 113
Verification of Ohms Law
paa
References
[1]
134
Demonstration 114
Series Connection of Resistors
References
[1]
135
qaa
Demonstration 115
Parallel Connection of Resistors
raa
References
[1]
136
Demonstration 116
Wheatstone bridge using electric bulbs!
uca
References
[1]
Video:
http://youtu.be/dQmC2PF9KhE?list=
PLjVcSEe2pNnZiJpmGp9-iGmjkJzf4QGrX
137
Demonstration 117
Measure the Resistance of an Electric Bulb
dea
Demonstration 118
Magnetic Line of Forces
Fix a white sheet of paper on a horizontal surface and keep a strong bar magnet on it. Place
a small magnetic compass at various points near
the magnet, and note the direction in which its
needle comes to rest at these points. Figure
shows these directions at points such as A, B, C, D, E and F. The direction of the needle at a point gives the direction of the magnetic field at
that point.
Place the compass close to the north pole of the magnet. Once the
needle comes to rest, look from above, and with a pencil, mark the position
of the north pole of the needle on the sheet (i.e., mark the point closest to
the north pole). Now, shift the compass ahead in such a way that after the
needle comes to rest, its south pole is at the point marked for the previous
position of the north pole. Mark the position of the north pole of the needle
at the new location. Keep moving the compass ahead in this way till you
reach the south pole of the magnet. Then join all the points marked on
the paper with a smooth curve.
Repeat the whole process to get some more curved lines. Each time
start from a new position near the north pole of the magnet. If you draw
tangent at any point on these lines, the magnetic field at that point will be
along the tangent.
A line such that the tangent at any point on it gives direction of the
magnetic field at that point is called magnetic field line or magnetic line
of force. Figure shows some magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet. An
arrow showing the direction of the field at a point has been drawn on each
field lines. Remember that the field lines are imaginary. They just help us
visualize magnetic field.
You can see magnetic field lines with the help of iron fillings too. Place
a glass or clear plastic sheet over a bar magnet. Sprinkle some iron fillings
over the sheet, and gently tap the sheet. The iron fillings will arrange
themselves to show the magnetic field lines.
References
[1]
139
saa
Demonstration 119
Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Field
eea
141
to the magnetic field. They experience a force which causes them to move
in a circular path. This tendency of the ions to move in a circular path
causes the whole water mass to rotate with it.
Magnitude of the magnetic Lorentz force F on charged particles moving
perpendicular to the magnetic field is given by F = qvB, where q, v and
B are the magnitudes of charge, velocity and magnetic field respectively.
This force provides the centripetal force to make the charged particle move
in circular path.
Demonstration 120
Magnetic Effect of Current
taa
References
[1]
142
Demonstration 121
Magnetic Field due to a Straight Conductor
References
[1]
143
uaa
Demonstration 122
Making of an Electromagnet
vaa
References
[1]
144
Demonstration 123
Magical Swing
References
[1]
145
waa
Demonstration 124
Attraction and Repulsion between Current Carrying Conductors!
vca
Two parallel wire carrying current in same direction attracts each other and in opposite direction repels each other. Make two coils (radius 2 cm, number of turns 100). Hang these
with plane of coils parallel to each other. Connect both to a battery/power supply. See attraction/repulsion between them by changing direction of current.
146
Demonstration 125
Current detector
147
mfa
Demonstration 126
Poles of a Ring Magnet
yba
148
Demonstration 127
Magnetic Shielding
bea
149
Demonstration 128
Magnetic field lines for a given magnet
zea
150
Demonstration 129
Force law between two magnets as a function of their separation
151
afa
Demonstration 130
Effect of Temperature on Magnetic Materials
dda
A Magnet. Heater Coil. Attraction. Pass current through heater coil. The temperature of
heater coil increases and it looses its ferromagnetic properties. At this time, the magnet falls
down.
ViBha, Hyderabad developed this set up to
operate at 6 12 V. Made stand using a 4 in by
6 in piece of plywood. A 30 cm scale was fixed
on one end to hold thread attached to the magnet. A 15 cm scale was cut into two pieces and
these pieces are attached on the side of stand.
This become holder for heating element. The
heating element is a 3 cm piece of 1000 watt heater coil. Other things can
be fine tuned.
Hazard: Do not touch heating element when connected to power
source. It becomes red hot and may harm you.
Note: Dr Ajay Mahajan demonstration. Place a needle (paper clip)
close to the magnet with a little horizontal separation between them. Heat
the needle. The needle fall after when it become hot.
152
Demonstration 131
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction
References
[1]
153
xaa
Demonstration 132
Inducing Current without a Magnet
yaa
References
[1]
154
Demonstration 133
Make a Galvanoscope
An ammeter is used to measure an electric current. You can make a galvanoscope to detect currents and also to compare two currents.
Take a magnetic compass and wind about 40
turns of enamelled copper wire around it. Use
tape to keep the turns in place, keeping the ends
of the wire free. The galvanoscope is ready. To
test it, connect the free ends of the wire to the
two terminals of a cell. You will see that the
needle gets deflected. The deflection of the needle tells you that a current is passing through the wire. Test an old cell
and a new cell, and note the deflections of the needle in each case. You
will see that the deflection is more with the new cell and less with the old
cell.
References
[1]
155
zaa
Demonstration 134
Generating Energy with a Turbine
aba
References
[1]
156
Demonstration 135
Three Pole Magnet
157
eca
Demonstration 136
Put Me Off!
jca
References
159
References
[1]
HC Verma Video:
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=
442174952527210&set=vb.100002041261681&type=3&theater
Demonstration 137
The Mother Coil!
xca
References
[1]
160
Demonstration 138
Force due to eddy currents
161
dfa
Demonstration 139
A Magnet Falling Through Conducting Tube
wba
References
163
References
[1]
Source:
http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/activity_based_
science/Exp5.htm
Demonstration 140
How to slow a Rotating Conducting Disk?
xba
References
[1]
Source: http://utsahiphysicsteachers.com/resourcematerial/
experiments/Electromagnetism/Slowing%20Al%20disk.htm
[2]
164
Demonstration 141
Naughty Coil!
I saw this at SGM Kanpur. This can be used to demonstrate electromagnetic induction. This is also an interesting puzzle. Make two coils. These
coils are exactly same except that flux through one of the coil is zero (by
giving equal number of turn clock wise and anticlockwise). Connect these
coils in series and connect a galvanometer/galvanoscope. Moving a magnet
inside one of the coil shows deflection in galvanometer (electromagnetic
induction) but there is no deflection when magnet is moved in second coil.
This is a good puzzle.
165
wca
Demonstration 142
Visualize Alternating Current
qca
Shown by Amit Bajpayi in Kolkata SRP. Function generator with low frequency say 1 Hz. Connect galvanometer. The needle alternates.
166
Demonstration 143
To Study Effect of Core on RL Circuit
qea
167
168
About IATP
The Indian Association of Physics Teachers (IAPT) was established in the
year 1984 by the great visionary, (Late) Dr. D. P. Khandelwal, with active
support from some Physics teachers, with the aim of upgrading the quality
of Physics teaching and Physics teachers at all levels. It has now grown
into a major organisation with about 5000 life members spread over 1500
organisations throughout the country. All IAPT work is voluntary, no
remunaration is paid to its members for any IAPT activity. Visit www.
iapt.org.in for more details.
About Anveshika
Anveshika is an IAPT initiative to create centers across India where student and teachers can learn experiment-based physics and try out their
own ideas. Anveshika centres are established at different places within
the country under National Anveshika Network of India (NANI) initiative.
Anveshika is essentially an open ended laboratory where uncommon experiments are set up without constraints of any board syllabus or examination.
New experiments are continuously evolved as and when any idea strikes the
students or the teachers.
Sending Feedback/Suggestions/Correction
Dear readers/authors, we need your support for completeness and correctness of this book. You may send the suggestions/correction to Jitender Singh, via Email: jsinghdrdo@gmail.com or by post: ViBhaIAPT-Anveshika, H.No. 116, Nakshatra Colony, Balapur, PO Keshavgiri,
Hyderabad-500005. This book is in evolutionary phase. We are planning
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