Lab Report 7

To obtain B-H loop for single phase

transformers.

Submitted by Sudeep Agarwal

ENTRY NO. 2015CS50295
LAB PARTNERS
1. ARYAN DIGWAL
2. CHAITANYA PHULORIYA
3. ADITYA SHEKHAR
4. VINAY

EXPERIMENT 7
TITLE
To obtain B-H loop for single phase transformers

INTRODUCTION
A transformer can be defined as a static device which helps in the
transformation of electric power in one circuit to electric power of the same
frequency in another circuit. The voltage can be raised or lowered in a
circuit, but with a proportional increase or decrease in the current ratings.

A schematic diagram of a transformer

Source : Wikipedia

The hysteresis loss per cycle is equal to the area of the hysteresis loop of the
material used. This loop can be obtained easily on the oscilloscope.
The ratio of the voltages in the two transformers is directly proportional to
the ratio of the no. of loops in each coil, using the flux relation.

AIM

1. To study the single phase transformer and its B-H loop.

2. Also observe the various changes in the hysteresis loop and calculate
the losses using the area of the curve. Also to study the constructional
details of a single phase transformer and to display the B-H curve of
the core material.

EQUIPMENT RECQUIRED

Transformer under test Single phase two winding transformer with

tappings at 25%, 50% and 75% to be used as an isolated supply.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
A rheostat, with a current rating more than no load current of
transformer under test
Two voltmeters
Load to be used on secondary
A 0.5 or 1 watt resistor and a capacitor of order of 1uF.
Single phase auto-transformer

PROCEDURE

1. For doing the experiment in laboratory a 1:1 turn ratio transformer may
be used as the transformer under test without loss of generality since a 1:n
turn ratio, transformer can always be represented by a 1:1 ratio
transformer.
2. Connect the circuit as shown.

3. An isolating transformer is to be provided because one plate each of

the X and Y set of plates of CRO is grounded, otherwise the neutral of
the single phase supply will interfere with the X and Y connections. R
of the integrating circuit should be sufficiently large to restrict the
current and to provide a large time constant.
4. BH curve is now seen on the CRO. BH curve for various no load input
voltages (thus various flux densities) can be shown by changing the
taps.

OBSERVATIONS 1. Images of variation of voltages and current with time.

2. X-Y plot between voltage and current or B-H curve at different

voltages and resistances

PRE-EXPERIMENT QUIZ 1. A transformer is used in case of

a. DC only
b. AC only
c. Both AC and DC.
Ans. (b) AC only
2. Single-phase transformer has
a. Moving core
b. Stationary core
Ans. (b) Stationary Core
3. Transformer action requires a
a. Constant magnetic flux
b. Pulsating flux
c. Increasing magnetic flux
d. Rotating magnetic flux

Ans. (b) Pulsating flux

4. Magnetic flux in a transformer flows through
a. Copper conductors
b. Iron case
c. Iron core
Ans. (c) Iron core
5. Magnetic flux in a transformer flows due to
a. Rotation of flux carrying parts
b. Sinusoidal variation of current.
Ans. (b) Sinusoidal variation of current
6. Transformer action is due to
a. Mutual induction between the coils
b. Self-induction
Ans. (a) Mutual induction between the coils
7. Transformer core is laminated for
a. Case in construction
b. To provide cooling space
c. To decrease magnetic losses
d. To decrease eddy current losses
Ans. (d) to decrease eddy current losses
8. Core laminations are made of
a. Cost iron
b. Wrought iron
c. Silicon steel
d. Cast steel
e. Stainless steel
Ans. (c) Silicon steel
9. Laminations are insulated with
a. Cloth
b. Alkalite
c. Varnish
d. Paper

Ans. (c) Varnish

10. For lesser core losses stampings used should be
a. Thick
b. Thin
Ans. (b) Thin
11. Air gap in the transformer core
a. Increase the reluctance
b. Decrease the reluctance
Ans. (a) Increase the reluctance
12. In oil filled transformer oil is provided for
a. Cooling
b. Insulation
c. Lubrication
d. Preventing accumulation of dust
Ans. (a) Cooling
13. Transformer windings are coupled
a. Electrically
b. Magnetically
c. Mechanically
Ans. (b) Magnetically
14. In a transformer the windings to which power is applied is called
a. Compensatory winding
b. Secondary winding
c. Primary winding
d. Tertiary winding
Ans. (c) Primary windings
15. The winding from which power is taken out is referred to as the
a. Secondary
b. Primary
c. Tertiary
d. Compensatory

Ans. (a) Secondary

16. If, solid instead of laminated core is used
a. Eddy current losses will increase
b. Hysteresis losses will increase
c. Copper losses will decrease
Ans. (a) Eddy current losses will increase
17. Air core transformer has
a. More magnetic losses
b. Less magnetic losses than a magnetic core transformer
Ans. (b) Less magnetic losses than a magnetic core transformer
18. An iron core transformer can be used at
a. Power line frequencies
b. Audio frequencies(<20-2o,oooHz)
c. Ultrasonic frequencies(20,000-100,000Hz)
d. Radio frequencies
Ans. (b) Audio frequencies(<20-2o,oooHz)
19. The insulation on the core stamping is provided
a. On both sides
b. On one side
Ans. (a) On both side
20. Short circuit test can be performed by shorting the secondary with the
a. Voltmeter
b. Ammeter
Ans. (b) Ammeter
21. The primary input power to a transformer is always
a. Less than
b. More than
c. Equal to
Output power
Ans. (b) More than

POST EXPERIMENT QUIZ -

1 Two single phase transformers have been used in the test, one isolated
and one under the test.
2 Air cooling has been used in the transformers
4 The windings were done on a thick square iron core primary and
secondary each on one side.
5 Centre tapping
6 Isolation Transformer: Transformers with primary (input) and secondary
(output) windings separated from each other are known as isolation
transformers. Under this construction, the input power and the output
power are electrically separated by an dielectric insulation barrier.
Autotransformer: In an autotransformer, the primary and secondary share a
common winding. The secondary voltage always has a common terminal
with the primary. Step up or down of the voltage is achieved by a tap from
the winding measuring from the common end.
7 Transformer under test is a single phase transformer; the transformer in
radio receiver is an audio transformer to help isolate potential interference
and send one signal through multiple electrical circuits; Power transformer
is a category of transformers auto and toroidal etc. are the sub categories of
power transformers.
Basic use is to change the voltage; Distribution transformer is used to step
up the decreased voltage in power lines for the final use by customers.
8 r of the three is cast steel <silicon steel<ferrite ore so the B will be max in
the ferrite and lowest in the cast steel so the hysteresis losses and so the
area of the curve will be smallest for the ferrite and highest for the ferrite
ore.
9 No load current is very small not zero and its order is A
10 maximum efficiency of the transformer occurs at a load factor () at
which the iron losses is equal to copper losses.
11 Iron losses depend upon flux so during operation of a transformer. The
working flux remains constant as the flux produced on the secondary side is
counter balanced by an equivalent flux increment on the primary side and
hence a change in current doesn't alter the working flux.
12 Because unlike motors and engines there are no mechanical losses.

13 By using a voltage regulator at the terminal voltage to keep it fixed to

that specified value.
14. Since the transformer power loss depends on the iron losses and
through currents and not on the power factor the rating is done in KVA (kilo
volt ampere).
15. Since inductance (no. of turns)2 the inductance will be n2 times the
primary coil leakage inductance and the resistance length of wire so it will
be n times the resistance of the primary coil.
16 Lets say there be Ns turns in primary and Np turns in secondary, then
the E1 and E2 be the induced emf . Since the flux change is same then on
dividing we get
17 We can compare the phases of the two induced voltages by connecting
the same load across the transformer and see in the YT mode by connecting
one channel to each transformer.
18 Yes by connecting two or more transformers in series
19 The lamp will not light up or will be very very dim because under no load
conditions the primary current is negligible or quite small
20 By connecting appropriate load on the secondary coil we can increase the
primary current. By drawing more current from the secondary we can
increase the primary current value.

REAL LIFE APPLICATION The most important uses and application of Transformer are:
It can rise or lower the level of level of Voltage or Current (when voltage
increases, current decreases and vice versa because P =V x I, and Power is
same) in an AC Circuit.
It can increase or decrease the value of capacitor, an inductor or
resistance in an AC circuit. It can thus act as an impedance transferring
device.
It can be used to prevent DC from passing from one circuit to the other.
It can isolate two circuits electrically.

DISCUSSION
We study the variation of B-H curve while changing the voltages and
resistances. B-H curve is just the XY plot of voltage v/s current since B s
proportional to the voltage and H is proportional to the current.
The area enclosed by the B-H curve is proportional to the energy loss as the
ferromagnetic material is magnetised with varying polarity by connection to
an alternating (AC) power supply. This energy loss is undesirable and
causes unwanted heating of the material. In general, harder ferromagnetic
materials have higher hysteresis losses, since more energy is required to
realign the magnetic domains. Steel, to which a small proportion of silicon
has been added, is commonly used for applications such as transformer
cores and motor rotors, due to its lower hysteresis loss. For smaller
applications, such as inductor cores, passive filters, miniature transformers
and antennas, then ferrite (a ceramic-like combination of metallic oxides
including ferric oxide) is a popular choice.
We see that when we increase resistance or the voltage the area of the curve
increases then it attains a saturation. The area of the curve increases
because the hysteresis loss increases. The area is a measure of hysteresis
loss.
Domains are very small regions in the material structure, where all the
dipoles are paralleled to same direction. In other words, the domains are like
small permanent magnets situated randomly in the structure of substance.
These domains are arranged inside the material structure in such a random
manner, that net resultant magnetic field of the said material is zero.
Whenever external magnetic field or emf is applied to that substance, these
randomly directed domains get arranged themselves in parallel to the axis of
applied emf. After removing this external emf, maximum numbers of
domains again come to random positions, but some of them still remain in
their changed position. Because of these unchanged domains, the substance
becomes slightly magnetized permanently. This magnetism is called
Spontaneous Magnetism". To neutralize this magnetism, some opposite
Emf is required to be applied. The electro motive force or emf applied in the
transformer core is alternating. For every cycle due to this domain reversal,
there will be extra work done. For this reason, there will be a consumption
of electrical energy which is known as Hysteresis loss of transformer.
We notice two different things related to the B-H curve.
Firstly, notice that here is an upper/lower limit to the magnetic flux density
which may be achieved,

which occurs at positive or negative saturation, respectively. This is related

to the crystalline structure of the iron, where each crystal has its own
initially random magnetic orientation. Increasing the magnetic field
strength in either direction causes more and more magnetic 'domains' to
align with the external magnetic field, but once almost all of the domains
have aligned themselves, then little further increase in magnetic flux density
is possible. The ferromagnetic material is said to be saturated.
A second key observation is that the curve demonstrates magnetic
hysteresis or 'lag' as the sample is alternatively magnetised in the positive
and negative directions. On reducing H to zero, some residual magnetism
remains. In order to fully demagnetise the specimen, it is necessary to apply
a negative magnetic field strength. Making H increasingly negative leads to
negative saturation.
When we increase the resistance or voltage the hysteresis loss increases and
so the area also increase. Then after some time the area stops increasing
and the saturation occurs. (which is explained above)

ERROR ANALYSIS
The energy in a transformer is transferred through the magnetic linkage
between the secondary and the primary coil, thus there are high chances of
loss due to magnetic flux leakage. Also, eddy currents, losses due to
resistances add up.
The BNC cables used to connect the CRO have a rod and a cylindrical
covering, thus potentially a cylindrical capacitor and the cable has some
resistance, thus the BNC cable is potentially a RC circuit and thus acts as a
filter which adds some undesired error.
The hysteresis loss is due to the domains. This energy is used up in aligning
domains.
Alignment of domains is not linear. There are also other molecular forces
acting between the domains therefore hysteresis loss cant be predicted
exactly. Only approx. value can be calculated.

SOURCES

Wikipedia
Lab Manual
Textbook