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Lab 6
05/10/16
LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS
The purpose of this experiment is to explore the design of sine wave oscillators. A sine wave oscillator is
basically a rudimentary function generator. Thus, we will, in effect, be exploring the basic principles of the
design of function generators. Two different oscillator designs will be studied: the Wien bridge oscillator and
the Phase shift oscillator. Both of these designs rely on the principle of utilizing positive feedback to produce
unstable circuit behavior.
Positive feedback
Figure 1 shows the basic block diagram for a positive feedback configuration. The gain of the feedforward
network is A(s), and the gain of the feedback network is .
V (s)
S
A(s)
+
VF
Vo (s)
B(s)
A f (s)
VO (s)
A(s)
VS (s) 1 A(s)(s)
(1)
Notice that the denominator can become zero, which would cause the transfer function to be infinite. Thus
the system could have a non-zero output with zero input amplitude. In such a case, the system is said to be
unstable. This occurs when the loop gain, L(s), is:
6.1
ECE306
Lab 6
05/10/16
A f (s)
(2)
The A(s)(s) product plays a key role in oscillator design and is called the loop gain.
Since positive feedback causes instability, systems are usually designed to avoid positive feedback. But in
the case of an oscillator, unstable behavior is desired to generate the oscillation. Thus, some amount of
positive feedback is normally used in the design of oscillators. In fact, a sine wave oscillator can be
constructed by designing a circuit such that the loop gain is unity.
For oscillation to occur the loop gain must be exactly one. Remember that the loop gain is a function of
frequency; therefore both,
L(s) 1
(3)
are required for oscillation. Oscillation will occur at a frequency such that the above two conditions are met.
Both sine wave oscillators investigated in this experiment consist of two separable parts. The A(s) network will
be the amplifier part, and the (s) network will be the frequency determining part. It is not always possible to
do this, but for both oscillators in this experiment it is possible.
Va
C P
8 .2 n
C S
8 .2 n
Vo
10K
R 1
2 X.XK
U 1A
LF356
R S
10K
R P
10K
R2
and A(s) 180
R1
(4)
Since oscillation occurs when L = 1 from Eq. 2 and 3 above the magnitude and phase characteristics of (s)
must be equivalent to:
6.2
ECE306
Lab 6
(s)
05/10/16
R1
and (s) 180 N360
R2
(5)
R 6
47K
R 2
C 5
0 .1 u F
Cer.
7
U 1B
V+
nc
3K
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4
10nF
10nF
10nF
10nF
R 1
+15
100K
U 1A
LF 356
R 7
2 .0 K
R 3
3K
R 4
3K
R 5
3K
V-
C 6
0 .1 u F
Cer.
-1 5
Cer.
V1
-
3K
2
R 1
100K
U 1A
LF 356
R 7
2 .0 K
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4
10nF
10nF
10nF
10nF
+
V2
V2
R 3
3K
R 4
3K
R 5
3K
V1
R 1
3K
ECE306
Lab 6
05/10/16
Analysis of the Phase shift oscillator is similar to the analysis of the Wien bridge oscillator. The magnitude
and phase of the A network must be determined. Then the magnitude and phase of the network must be
selected so that the loop gain is exactly one.
2. Build the circuit shown in Figure 3. Use something close to 3K for the resistors R1, R3, R4 and R5 and
something close to 10nF for C1-C4. IMPORTANT Dont put in R6 yet!!! Use a variable resistor for R2. Adjust
R2 so that the circuit oscillates and V2 is sinusoidal. You may have to put in R6 to get enough gain to achieve
oscillation. Record the value of R2 + R6 and the frequency of oscillation. Capture V2. Measure the phase
shift at each node of the phase shift circuit.
3. Connect the function generator to the phase shift network as shown in Figure 5. Find the frequency for
which the phase shift of the phase shift network is 180 o.
6.4
ECE306
Lab 6
05/10/16
+15
+15
D 1
R P
10K
V-
C 4
0 .1 u
C P
8 .2 n
C S
-1 5
8 .2 n
R 1
10K
R S
V+
nc
3K
C 3
0 .1 u
7
U 1B
R 3
1N 4148
10K
LF 356
U 1A
6
R 4
1k
R 5
R 2
XX .X K
1k
Ohmega = 1/(RC)
D 2
Resistors in Ohms
Capacitors in Farads
1N 4148
R 6
3K
-1 5
Figure 6
[1]
6.5