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Atmospheric Engine
VALVE
Patm
Po
2
1
P
4
V
Historical IC Engines
FLYWHEEL
Process 3-4:
Process 4-5:
Process 5-1:
4
Po
5
V
Process 3-4:
Process 4-5:
Process 5-1:
Disengaged
output shaft
Engaged
output shaft
5
Stroke 2:
Stroke 3:
Stroke 4:
FUEL
Ignition
R
Fuel/Air
Mixture
Intake
Stroke
Compression
Stroke
Combustion
Products
Power
Stroke
Exhaust
Stroke
6
Top
Center
(TC)
crank angles
crank speed
s
1 rev
CA
rev 360 CA
time
Stroke
Bottom
Center
(BC)
TC
0o
Cylinder
wall
Piston
Crank shaft
q
270o
Clearance
volume
90o
180o
BC
Pressure
Spark
Exhaust valve
opens
Exhaust
valve
closes
Intake valve
closes
1 atm
Intake
valve
opens
TC
BC
Cylinder volume
10
BC
TC
Exhaust
Intake
Four-Stroke SI Engine
Pressure (bar)
100
Valve overlap
Exhaust gas
residual
10
Exhaust
Intake
Stroke 1:
Stroke 2:
Stroke 3:
Stroke 4:
A
Fuel Injector
I
R
Air
Intake
Stroke
Compression
Stroke
Combustion
Products
Power
Stroke
Exhaust
Stroke
11
Four-Stroke CI Engine
Cylinder
volume
Fuel mass
flow rate
Cylinder
pressure
Fuel mass
burn rate
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Engine Anatomy
Air cleaner
Carburetor
Camshaft
Rocker arm
Intake valve
Cam sprocket
Exhaust valve
Piston
Connecting rod
Timing belt
Timing belt
tensor
Crank sprocket
Crankshaft
Oil pickup
Oil pump
13
Camshaft
Spring
Spark
plug
Guide
Stem
Air manifold
Valve head
Valve seat
Piston
14
15
Stroke 2:
16
Exhaust
Port*
Transfer
Port*
Fuel-air-oil
mixture
Reed
valve
Expansion
Exhaust
Intake (Scavenging)
Crank
shaft
Fuel-air-oil
mixture
Compression
Ignition
17
Two-Stroke CI Engine
scavenging
110 CA
Ae
Ai
Pe
Pi
18
Cross
Loop
Uniflow
19
Power to weight ratio is higher than the four stroke engine since there
is one power stroke per crank shaft revolution.
No valves or camshaft, just ports
Most often used for low cost, small engine applications such as lawn
mowers, marine outboard engines, motorcycles.
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4-stroke
2-stroke
0 CA
(TC)
180 CA
360 CA
(TC)
540 CA
720 CA
(TC)
180 CA
Multi-cylinder Engines
Multi-cylinder engines spread out the displacement volume amongst
multiple smaller cylinders. Increased frequency of power strokes
produces smoother torque characteristics.
Most common cylinder arrangements are in-line 4 and V-6:
V-6 Engine
Inlet
runner
Air intake
manifold
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Fuel-Air Mixing
In spark ignition engines the air and fuel are usually mixed prior to entry
into the cylinder.
Initially a purely mechanical device known as a carburetor was used to
mix the fuel and the air
Most modern cars use electronic fuel-injection systems:
- 1980s single injector used to spray fuel continuously into the air manifold
- 1990s one injector per cylinder used to spray fuel intermittently into the
intake port
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Example:
Mitsubishi GDI engine achieves complete combustion with an air-fuel
ratio of 40:1 compared to 15:1 for conventional engines
26
The mixture at the spark plug is rich in fuel thus easy to ignite but
the amount of fuel injected results in an overall lean fuel-air mixture
Lowers heat transfer to the walls but increases thermal cyclic load on
the spark plug, and standard catalytic converter doesnt work
27