STEEL

LUDLUM

Carbon

COMPANY

and

Tool

Steels

^^TLU DLU

Established

HIGH

Alloy

M^"^

SPEED

STEEL

CONSISTENTLY

General

1854

UNIFORM

Offices

WATERVLIET,

and

W6rks
N.

Y.

byGoogk

General

WATERVLIET,

Branch

New

Offices

NEW

YORK

Offices:

York

York

New

Massachusetts

City
Boston

Pennsylvania

Philadelphia
Pittsburgh

Ohio

Cleveland
Cincinnati

"

Chicago

Illinois
Italy

Society,

I. A.

Digitized

F.

A.

Genoa

byGoogk

"

263320
FEB 21 1928

(.^^32/^

TIDH

INTRODUCTION

byGoogk

Digitized

1918

Copyright,
LUDLUM

Watervlibt,

CX)MPANY

STEEL
Nbw

York

Digitized

byGoogk

INTRODUCTION
The

Ludlum

Steel

Company

is

of the

one

high grade tool steel mills in America,

tool
brand
founded
in the year 1854.
Our Pompton
of the most
steel is probably one
high
widely known
from a
steels.
Our mill has grown
grade American
est
comparatively small crucible plant to one of the larghigh grade tool steel producing mills in the country.
make
We
nothing but high grade tool steel,therefore
oldest established

are
highly skilled in
rollingmill men
the expert handling of this special steel.
our

melters

and

The

crucible

process

is

one

of the

oldest

of making

methods

high grade steel. The product is

material
used, therefore even
raw

governed by the
though the highest form of skilled control be applied to
the melting and working of this steel,it is of no avail
if the

raw

material
That

contains
of the

"unlooked

purities
for" im-

why various melts

of crucible steel,made
from the same
high grade raw
material, differ very largelyin their work and efficiency.
Ludlum
Steel Company,
The
recognizing this very
serious defect in the highest grade crucible steel,started
to investigate methods
of melting wherein
full refining
be
could
accomplished, the crucible process
being
purely one of remelting.
The

is one

some

basic

and

reasons

acid

open

hearth

process

produces a steel which is partly refined,but does not

It is possible when
the same
high
go far enough.

Digitized

byGoogk

te STAB

IjI

"^udl^^

HEX)

1854

grade charge is used as in the crucible process, to

produce high grade steel in the open hearth furnace,
but thisprocess has many

variables and for that

reason,

instead of continuouslygettinga reliable high grade

product,many mysteriousthingshappen to open hearth

melts,which

undoubtedly due

are

The

to occluded gases.

cible
analysisof high grade crusteel can be duplicatedin the open hearth but the
different. Twenty years
qualityof steel is distinctly
being substituted as a very
ago, electricfurnaces were
of eradicatingthe dangerous gases
probable means

which

chemical

to be found in solution in steel. We

are

were

one

of the pioneersin this investigation

and we have mented
experiwith practically
t5T)eof electric
every known
furnace and have developeda specialform of electric
"

crucible furnace

"

wherein

to the crucible and

common

get all of the benefits

we

the full refining

possible

with the electricfurnace.

Our

customers

have

foxmd

that

our

steels

give better results in service,than any

other type of steel,whether it be crucible or electric.
The usual electricfurnace,of which there are perhaps
in operationin this coxmtry, has been
a few hxmdred
developed for quantityproduction.As these furnaces
produce a far purer grade of steel than the best open
for these furnaces are very
hearth, the opportunities
great where automobile and structural alloysteels are
are

purer

concerned.

and

These

with two

furnaces

are

therefore manufactured

ideas in view, quantityand quality.

6

byGoogk

Digitized

OONSISTENTr^y

UNIFORM

electric crucible furnace, which

Our
outcome

of

our

many

is the

of experience,
produces the

years

and has
highestgrade of carbon and alloytool steels,
been designed for quality,
which is the all important
uality
Individpointwhere highgrade tool steelisconcerned.
in the production of steel,was important in the
days of the crucible steel,and is just as importantnow
of meltinghave been developed.
when superiormethods
It is our opinion,and has been fullysubstantiated in
practice,that the furnaces used for melting tool steel
should be designedfor that purpose, and that purpose
alone.

tool steel,in the ingot form, can

be
mill if great care is not taken with
ruined in the rolling
Pure

reheatingand rollingmill temperatures, also in the

We believe that we are
quality of mechanical work.
the only steel mill in this country which has equipped
its reheatingfurnaces with pyrometer control. These
of checking up the
P5n:ometers give us ready means
knowledge of temperature, and
expert fumacemens'
have carefully
worked
out in our
the
we
la,boratory
correcttemperatures for reheatingsteel,the speed at
which this steel is to be heated, and the length of time
it has to be soaked at various temperatures. We have
the

also

the
investigated

of mechanical

work

of passes and the amount

in each pass, also the temperature
number

grade of steel shall pass through the

mill and a definite speed of cooling
lastrollin the rolling
for the bars. The finishing
temperatures and cooling
at which

every

byGoogk

Digitized

"^UOLU^"
-^uouj^

ESTABtilSHED

1854

carefullychecked and controlled

mer
by a specialform of opticalpyrometer." Our hamfore
shop is controlled in exactlythe same
way, therein a position
to justifiably
we
are
claim, that our
carbon and alloytool steels are melted under the best
conditions possibleand are mechanically worked and
of practical
and
heat treated under the finest methods
temperatures

are

**

scientific control.

byGoogk

Digitized

oonsistentijY

uniform

INFORMATION

CUSTOMERS'

Terms
The

terms

are

cash

net

wise
days, unless other^thirty

"

speciallyagreed.
Quotations

quotationsate for immediate acceptance

pricesare subject to change without notice.
All

and

Sales
Orders

and

contracts

of sale

are

accepted subject

other
to provisionthat strikes,fires,accidents and
of delay beyond our
causes
control, shall relieve us
from prompt fiilfillmentthereof.

Shipments
All deliveries are made F. O. B. cars at our works
unless otherwise speciallyarranged. Shipments by
only at customer's request and
express will be made
road
whenever the weight is less than the railor
expense,
will accept as freight.
Extras

charges will be made in accordance with the

classification in this catalogue. Boxing, casing and
at cost.
barrelling
Payments
Extra

"

Checks and drafts should be drawn to the order of

the Ludlum
Steel Company, and forwarded to Water-

vliet.New

York.

Warranty
We will replaceany steel which, if properly selected
and used, shall prove defective,
but we will not allow
claims for labor or damage.
9

byGoogk

Digitized

-^jolo^
"^^Dl^^"-

B3STABriISSX2I3

HOW

TO

ORDER

When

1854

STEEL

TOOL

ALLOY

AND

STEEL

lowing:
ordering tool steel always specifythe fol-

1. The

grade.

2. The

size and

3. The

carbon-temper or the purpose

shape.
for which

the

steel is to be i^ed.
4. Annealed

not.

or

It is particularlyimportant when
ordering tool
steel which is to be made
into costlytools and dies
that

the

above

In the event

for which

points should

be carefullyobserved.

of your specifying
the grade and purpose
the tool steel will be used and omitting

will furnish the same

we
specifythe carbon-teiiiper,
temper as the one last suppliedyou for the same
pose.
purIn the event of no priorpurchase having been
for this class of material,we will use oxir judgmade
ment
to

and

select the steel which

we

think is best suited

for the purpose.

If bars

are

to

be

machined,

order

at

least

i"

larger than the finished size.

ordering die bloclds,whether forged or

from the bar, give the following
information:
When

cut

10

byGoogk

Digitized

oonsistentijY

uniform

length,the width, and the depth or thickness,

allowing at least f all over each way for machining.
Tool steel bars run from 6' to 12' accordingto weight.
We reserve
the rightto make up a fullbar of two pieces
of unusual
Bars
tmless otherwise speciallyordered.
length suppliedto order at small extra charge.
The

"

11

-^uo^3"

SSTABXjISHSD

TOOL
Applying

to

of

Tool-Steel

All Dimensions

Steel
Intermediate

1854

Sizes Take

Except

High-Speed

Inclusive

the

Next

Round, Square, Octagon

f

CLASSIFICATION

STEEL
all Grades

Higher Extra
Hexagon

and

Base

to 2 Inches

Extra per lb.

Cents

Inches

2ito3
3ito4
4ito5
Site 6
6Jto7
7ito8
Site 9
9itol0

Extra

per lb.

Cents

Inches

1.0

Atoi

0.5

1.5

Atot

1.0

2.0

Aandli
i and A
A
A
i

2.0

2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0

3.0
5.0
10.0

18.0

5.0

Flat

to 2 inches thick

Inches

ix

ix
i
i X A
ix
i
i X Atoi
ix
Ato7
i x7ito8
i
Ax

to 2 inches wide

Base
Extra per lb.

Extra per lb.

Cents

Cents

Inches

1.5

20.0

Ax

15.0

to7
Ax2i
to8
Ax7i
ixAtoi
i X Atof
ilto2
ix
i x2i to 7
to8
i x7i
i tof
Ax
AxiltoS
t X A to 8

8.0
4.0

3.0
2.0
3.0
5.0

Ax

4.0

Ax
Ax

i
Atof

3.0
2.0

ttto2

12

byGoogk

Digitized

1.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.5
1.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
1.0

CONSISTENTLY

TJ

STEEL

CLASSIFICATION"

TOOL

Extra per lb.

Cents

Inches
to 8
Axi
J X Ato 8
Ax2ito8
f to 2 X 2i to 7
f toUx7ito8
x7ito8
Uto2
2ito3
x2ito5
2i to 3 x5ito8

Cow/mwerf
Extra

1.5

3ito4x3ito6
3i to4x6ito8
4ito5x4ito7.
4t to 5 X 7i to 8
5ito6x5ito8
6tto7x6ito7.
6tto8x7ito8

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.0

lb.

Cents

Inches

1.0

per

2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.5

1.5

Bevel
1 cent per pound advance over
Single Bevel
regular extfa size of the corresponding flat.
"

Double

Bevel

over
per pound advance
for size of the correspondingflat.

regularextra

Cutting

to

"

2 cents

Specified

Single

and

Multiple

the

the

Lengths

Cents per lb.

24 inches and

0. 5

over

1.0

18 to 23

" inches
12 to 17 }J inches
6 to 11 if inches
Less than 6 inches,specialprices.

1.5
,

2.0

Annealing
Cents per lb.

AnnealingCarbon

Tool-Steels
13

byGoogk

Digitized

"^^^I^^"
^^iolu^

SSSTABUISHBD

TUNGSTEN-STEEL
Applying

to

all Grades

of

1854

Tungsten-Steels, Including High-

Sizes

All Dimensions
Take

Round, Square
f

CLASSIFICATION

Speed Tool-Steel
Intermediate

Inclusive

the

Next

and

Octagon

Higher Extra

to 2 inches

Base
Extra per lb.
Cents

Inches

2ito2J

2.0

2tto3

2.5

3Jto3J

30
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0

31 to 4

4Jto4J
4f to5
5ito5"

Extra per lb.

Cents

Inches

5f to6
6f to6J

5.5
6.0
6.5
2.0
3.5
6.0
8.5

6tto7
i
Ato
t
Ato
T^ffto}}
ito A

Flat

f to 2 inches thick

f to 2 inches wide

Extra

Inches

ix
ix

A
i

}x
J X

Ax
i X
i x
i X
Ax
Ax
Ax
fx

lb.
Cents
40.0

30.0
20.0
14.0

to 2

14.0
8.0

tol

5.0
3.0
5.0
3.5
3 0
3.0

to 4
to f

tol

If to4i
Ato

Extra per lb.

Cents

per

i to3
A to i
1

Base

Inches

fx
J to U
t X If to 5
ito 1
Ax
U to 5}
Ax
J X
f to 1
J X IJ to 6
Ax
f to 1
It to 6
Ax
tto2x2ito4
f to2x4ito7
2i to3x2ito4
2tto3x4ito7

3.0
2.5
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.5
2.0
2.0
4.0
2.0
4.0

Cents per lb.

Annealing

Annealing Tungsten-Steels
Bevel

Same
classificationas
extra for shape.

Flat

plus 10 cents

per

14

byGoogk

Digitized

lb.

UNIFORM

OONSISTENTriY

CLASSIFICATION

XUNGSTEN-STEEL

Continued

"

Cutting

to

Specified

Single

and

Multiple

Lengths
Extra

per lb.

Cents
24
18
12
6

inches and over

to 23 " inches
to 17 }J inches
to 1 1 IIindies

1
2
3
4

Less than 6 inches,specialprices.

High-Speed

Steel

Classification

of

Forged

Discs.
Extra per lb.
Cents

Weighing above 25 lbs

Extra per lb.

Cents

Weighing
15
10

7i
5
3
2
1

to 25

lbs

to 15
to 10

lbs
lbs.

10
12
14
16
18
22
24

7ilbs....

to
to

lbs

5
3
2

to
to

Under

lbs
lbs

lb.,flat extra pnce of $1.00 each.

Annealing, 2 cents per lb. extra.
1

High-speed

Steel

Classification

op

Forged

Die

Blocks

Extra per lb.

Wei"^ing
Above
15
10

lbs

25

to 25

6
10
14
16
18
22
24

lbs..,

tol5
7i to 10
5 to 7i
3 to 5
2 to 3
1 to
2

Under

Cents

lbs
lbs

lbs
lbs

lbs
lbs

lb.,flatextra priceof $1.00 each.

Annealing,2

cents

per lb. extra.

15

"^^^I^^"
-"ooui^-

ESTABIjISHED

LUDLUM

of

in any

our

1854

DISCS

STEEL

TOOL

Furnished

standard

grades of

will meet the needs

carbon, alloyand high speed steels,
of the most
warehouse
exacting customer, and our
facilitiesmake
prompt shipment of stock sizes from
the nearest point possible.

Below

ard
will be found listsshowing the stand-

high speed tool

for determining
weights. To obtain the pound priceof any disc,add
the disc extra, for the given weight, to the base price
per poxmd of the steel desired.
extras, that apply to carbon and
steel discs,
and also a table of contents

In

should specify
ordering discs,customers
ances
overall,not finished dimensions, as we make no allowforfinishing.

Disc

Carbon

CLASSIFICATION
and

Alloy Steel

Extra

per

lb.

Cents

Weight
25

lbs

15

to 25

lbs

10

tol5

lbs

7JtolO

lbs

Above

to

7ilbs

to

lbs

to

lbs

11

to

lbs

12

Under
Above

lb.,specialprice. Annealing 1 cent per lb.

extras are for discs i' thick and over; thinner discs

specialprices.
16

byGoogk

at

-^^olu^
"^^OLU^""

ESTABILiISItEr)

1854

...

EXTRAS

RING

the
priceof ringsisbased on the fact that a ring carries the
outside
as a solid disc of the same
same
forging-extra
measurements, plus a charge for the steel represented
by the hole and a charge of three cents per pound for
the labor of making the hole.

The

simplerule for computing

following

Rule

Multiply weight of solid disc (page 17) by

of steel and divide product by weight of
base-price
ring. Add disc extra as per disc classificationfor the solid
disc and three cents per lb. for labor of making hole.
The sum
will be the selling-price
per pound of the ring.
Example

To
Carbon

Steel

find the

ring made of Ludlum

outside diameter, 1 inch

priceof

9i inches

thick, with 4i inch hole:

Base-priceof steelassumed at 16 cents
Weight of 9 i X 1 inch solid disc
Weight of 4 i X 1 inch disc (hole)

per

pound:
20 lbs.
4 lbs.
16 lbs.

Weight of ring
Applying the rule

20 cents per lb.

5 cents per lb.

3 cents per lb.

20 lb. disc. (p.16)

for making hole

Disc extra

Charge

?^^^
lb

for

28 cents per lb.

1 cent
per lb.

Price without annealing

Annealing,if specified
Net

29 cents

priceof annealed ring

per lb.

the base-priceof
The
difference between
of the annealed
the steel,16 cents, and the net selling-price
this
in
ring,29 cents, is the **ringextra"
case,
13 cents.
"

FORGED

steels.
which

we

li Y

"UNIFORM

DIE
can

steels and

BLOCKS

be furnished in any
of alloy
in a number

shall be glad to suggest the compositions

consider best suited for the use
intended;

of work

nature

and

We

Die Blocks

straightcarbon

oiir

LUDLUM
Ludlum

of

amount

out, quantity of output desired,

of labor expended in making the die,
turned

being important factors taken into consideration.

"Ludlimi

of

given

to

Quality" guarantees

the

lence
excel-

forged die blocks and every attention is

furnishingmaterial that will give superior

our

results.
extras
Forged die blocks take the following
and above the regularbase priceof the steel from
over
which they are made.
Carbon

and

Alloy

Steel
Extra

Weight
Above
15
10

25
to25
tol5

7itolO
5
3
2
1

to
to
to
to

lbs
lbs

2
3
5
7
8
9
11
12

lbs
lbs

7Jlbs
5
3
2

lb.
Cents

per

lbs
lbs
lbs

Under 1 lb.,flatextra price25c. each.

Annealing, Ic. per pound.

19

byGoogk

Digitized

Est'd

LUDLUM.

1854

byGoogk

Digitized

ALLOYS

THEIR

AND
UPON

EFFECT

STEEL

NICKEL

CHROMIUM

NICKEL

CHROMIUM

CHROME-VANADIUM

MANGANESE

TUNGSTEN

21

Digitized

byGoogk

E8td

"ludlupO

^"5^

byGoogk

oonsistentxjY

ALLOYS

uniform

THEIR

AND

EFFECT

UPON

STEEL
In view of the fact that

ing
alloysteels are combe well
into a great deal of prominence, it would
for the users
of these steels to fully appreciatethe
effects of the alloysupon
the various grades of steel.

We

have endeavored

alloys so
without

that

the

having

to

of written matter

the effect of these

to summarize

appreciate their effect,

wade through a considerable amount
and then, perhaps,not get the crux
users

can

of the situation.

NICKEL
Nickel
among

the

may

be considered

alloysnow

non-rare

the toughest
used in steel manufacture.
as

nickel was
added to give increased
Originally
that obtained with the
strength and toughness over
ordinary rolled structural steel and little attempt was
made
far as heat
to utilize its great possibilities
so
treatment

was

concerned.

difficultiesexperienced have

The

tendency towards

laminated

facture
during manuboth arisingfrom a

The
is a

care

is exercised

particularlyin the melting and

of these difficultiescan

rolling,
many

structure

and great liability

to seam,
non-homogeneous melt. When extra
in the manufacture,

been

be

overcome.

electric steel furnace, of modem

struction,
convery important step forward in the melt23

byGoogk

Digitized

"^up^^"
-^iDtu^

BSTABIilSHSD

1864

ing of nickel steel;neither the crucible process nor

basic or acid open hearth furnaces give such good results.
It is also necessary
that small ingots be made
undue piping.
so as to cut down
In

rolling,
great

care

be exercised

must

in

soaked
reheatingthe billet so that the steel is correctly
and the rolling
must
not be forced;too big reductions
per pass should not be indulged in as these set up a
tendency towards seams.

Nickel steel has remarkably good mechanical

when suitablyheat-treated,and it is prequalities
eminently
cult
hardening. It is not diffilow nickel steel,therefore it is in
to machine
of
great favor where easy machining propertiesare
importance.

adapted for

case

Nickel influences the strengthand ductility

of steel by being dissolved directlyin the iron or

ferrite;in

this

tungsten and
nickel up

respect differing from

vanadium.

The

addition

chromium,
of each

1%

an
approximate increase
5% will cause
of from 4,000 to 6,000 pounds per square inch in the
tensile strength and elastic limit over
the corresponding

carbon
The

to

steel and

without

any

decrease

in

tility.
duc-

static strength of nickel steel is affected,

stance,
degree,by the percentage of carbon; for insteel with .25% carbon and 3.5% nickel has a
tensile strength,in its normal state, equal to a straight
carbon steel of .5% with a proportionately
greater elasto

some

24

byGoogk

Digitized

8TA

BIjI

II

"^^UDLU^"
-^udlu^

KD

1854

steel then

being non-magnetic. The higher percentages,

that is 30% to 35% nickel,are used for valve
seats, valve heads, and valve stems, as the alloy is
free from
conductor of heat and is particularly
a poor
tendency towards corrosion or pittingfrom the
any
action of the waste

gases

of the internal combustion

engine.
To

obtain

the

full effect of nickel

as

an

alloy,it is essential that the correct percentage of

carbon be used.
High nickel and low carbon will not
be more
efficientthan lower nickel and higher carbon,
but the cost will be much
greater. Generallyspeaking,
heat-treated nickel alloysteels are about 2 to 3 times
This point
steel annealed.
stronger than the same
is very important as many
instances have arisen where
nickel steel is incorrectly
used, being employed when
in the annealed

or

normal

state.

26

uniform

oonsistentijY

CHROMIUM
Chromium

alloyedwith steel has the

function of opposing the disintegration
characteristic
and

reconstruction

when

of

Cementite.

This

strated
is demon-

by the changes in the critical ranges of this

alloysteel taking placeslowly;in other words, it has a
tendency to raise the Ac range (decalescentpoints)
mium
and lower the Ar range
(recalescentpoints). Chrosteels are therefore capable of great hardness,
due to the rapid coolingbeing able to retard the decomposi
of the Austenite.
The
also due

to the formation

and
the

great hardness

iron.

steel is

This

steels is

of chromium

mium
of double carbides of chro-

condition is not

slightlytempered

or

removed

drawn.

This

when

tional
addi-

hardness is also obtained without

brittleness such
of carbon.

as

would

causingundue
be obtained by any increase

degreeof hardness of the lower chrome

steels is dependent upon
the carbon content, as chromium
The

alone will not harden

The

iron.

toughness so noticeable in this steel is

the result of the fineness of structure; in this instance

the action is similar to that of nickel,and the tensile

strengthand elasticlimit is therefore increased without

loss of ductility.We
then have the desirable
any
steels
condition of tough hardness, making chrome
sistance
extremely valuable for all purposes requiring
great reto wear, and in higher chrome
contents resist27

byGoogk

Digitized

"^^UDLU^"
-^UDLU^

ESTASrilSHBI)

ance

corrosion.

to

All

chromium

1854

alloy steels offer

great resistance to corrosion and

erosion.

view

In

of this,it is surprisingthat chromium

steels are
more
largelyused for structural steel work and
all purposes

where

the steel has to withstand

action of air and

the

not

for
roding
cor-

liquids. Bridges,ships,steel

teriora
buildings,etc., would offer greater resistance to dethrough rust if the chromium
alloy steels
were
employed.

Prolonged heating and

have

high temperatures

effect upon
chromium
steels and in
this respect they differfrom nickel steels,
which are not
a

very

bad

affected by prolonged heating,but chromium

will stand higher temperatures than nickel

steels

so

when

the

steels

period is short.
Chromium

steels due

to

their admirable

property of increased hardness without the loss of

make very excellent chisels and impact tools
ductility,
of all types, although for die blocks they do not give
such

excellent results

as

can

be

obtained

from

other

alloycombinations.
For

hardballbearingsteels,where intense ness

with great toughness and ready recovery
from
as an
temporary deflection is required,chromium
alloy
offers the best solution.
Two
very

per cent

chromium

hard tough surface,are

due
steels,
largelyused for

to

their

armour

28

byGoogk

Digitized

ri

UNIFORM

cold rolls,crushers, drawing dies,

piercingprojectiles,
etc.

The
with
7 per

very

normal

low

cent., and

structure

of chromium

steels,

carbon, is roughly pearliticup

martensitic

from

to

20 per cent,
therefore the greatest applicationis in the pearlitic
zone

or

the lower

percentages.

29

8 to

-^^^IM^^
-"udlu^

SSTABrilSHIQD

NICKEL
A
nickel and

1854

CHROMIUM
combination

of the

the characteristics of

characteristics of

chromium,

as

cribed,
des-

should

obviouslyoffer a very excellent steel as

the nickel particularly
affects the ferriteof the steel
and

the

chromium

the

carbon.

strong ferritematrix
and a very hard tough Cementite.
The strength of
a
strictlypearliticsteel over a pure iron is due to
we

are

able to get

this combination

From

the pearlitic
being

very

layer arrangement

tite
of Cemen-

running parallelto that of a pure iron layer

in each individual grain. The ferrite,
the iron,is
i.e.,
increased in strengthby the resistance offered by the
Cementite
which is of the staple iron carbon combination
known
Fe,c. The
as
Cementite,
or carbide
although adding to the tensile strength,is very brittle
and the strength of the pearlite
of
is the combination
the ferriteand Cementite.

tite
of the Cemen-

In the event

chromium
of strictly
as in the case
being strengthened,
steels,an increased tensile strength is readily
obtained without loss of ductility,
and if the ferrite
is strengthenedthen the tensile strengthand ductility
of the metal is stillfurther improved.

of
alloy represents one
the best combinations available at the present time.
The
nickel intensifies the physicalcharacteristics of
Nickel

the chromium
on

the

and

chromium

the chromium

has

similar effect

nickel.
30

byGoogk

Digitized

uniform

oonsistentxjY

For

hardening,nickel chromium

case

steels

give very excellent results. The carbon is very

rapidly taken up in this combination, and for that
is rather preferable
to the straightnickel steel.
reason

seem

to

the

With

mutually intensifyingaction of

chromium, and nickel there is a most suitable ratio

for these two alloys,and it has been found that roughly

2i parts of nickel
the

best

1 part of chromium
gives
have the standard
Therefore, we

to

results.

types of 3.5% nickel

.6%

chromium

and

"

about

1.5% chromium, 1.5% nickel

the various intermediary types.
"

the whole story of

ratio,however, does not mean
nickel chromium
combinations, and many
surprising
results have been obtained with these alloyswhen other
This

percentage combinations

have

31

been

employed.

-^u^u^

BSTABIilSMSD

CHROME

has been

vanadium

over

be

and above

as

an

stated and

cerning
published con-

alloywith chromium
from

derived

chrome

vanadium

has

very

marked

alloy steels rich in chromium, carbon

itselfwhen

in carbon, is not

carbon

and

those obtainable from chromium

Vanadium
Vanadium

1864

VANADIUM

Much

benefits to

so

combined

with

or

the
steel

nickel.

effect upon
manganese.

low

steel,very

noticeably beneficial

as

the

same

but if a small
higher in manganese,
has
quantity of chrome is added, then the vanadium
a
dynamic effect. Therefore, it would
very marked
that vanadium
has the effect of intensifying
the
seem
steel

action of chromium

and

or

manganese

that vanadium

is intensifiedby the action of chromium

Vanadium

has

or

manganese.

peculiar property of
also the carbon forming
readilycombining with ferrite,
carbides

and

is to be

the

found

in solid solution in the

ferrite. The

steels is
ductilityof carbon vanadium
therefore increased,likewise the ductilityof chrome
vanadium

steels.
The

the

fulleffect of vanadium

temperatures,

to

which

the

is not feltimless

steel is heated

considerably;therefore,it is
of soakingtakes place
necessary. that a certain amount
so as to get the necessary
equalization.This is true of
is one.
all cementitic compounds, of which vanadium
hardening, are

raised

for

32

byGoogk

Digitized

-^uotu^

SSTABXiISHED

1854

MANGANESE
Manganese adds considerablyto the tensile
strength of steel but is dependent on the carbon
High carbon materiallyadds to the brittlesteels
manganese
ness, whereas low carbon pearlitic
are
very tough and ductile and are not at all brittle,
is correct.
providingthe heat-treating

content.

to high
Manganese steel is very susceptible
temperatures and prolongedheating.

steel is
pearlitic
manganese
is entirelydependent
efficientsteel but its efficiency
Low

very

carbon

the temperature to which it is heated for

hardening or the temperature used for annealing.
in the
carbon
Low
steel made
pearliticmanganese
on

electric furnace
same

chemical

hearth

or

seems

to

be

more

efficientthan

the

analysissteel made

crucible process.

No

by either the open

reason
has, as yet, been

lieved
assigned for this peculiarphenomenon, but it is bethat the removal of the harmful gases, particularly
and nitrogen,are responsible.
oxygen

Manganese when added to steel has the

effect of lowering the critical range; 1% manganese
will lower the upper criticalpoint 60 degreesF. The
action of manganese
is very similar to that of nickel
in this respect, only twice as powerful;as an instance,

1% nickel would have the effect of loweringthe upper

criticalrange from 25 degreesto 30 degreesF.
34

byGoogk

Digitized

UNIFORM

ti Y

steel,
pearliticmanganese
heat-treated,will give dynamic strengthwhich cannot
be equalledby low-pricedand necessarily
low content
nickel steels. In many
instances it is preferable
to use
rather than low content
high grade manganese
steel,
Low

carbon

nickel steel.

High
steels

manganese

used

are

for

steels or Austenite nese

mangawhere
variety of purposes

great resistance to abrasion is required,the percentage

of manganese

being from 11

to 14 per cent, and carbon

valueless
1 to 1.50 per cent.
This steel is practically
unless heat-treated;that is,heated to about yellow red

and

quenched in ice

Austenite

very

The

is then

structure

the air cooled structure of this steel is

and

Therefore, this steel has

Martensite.
and

water.

rapidlycooled

to obtain

be

to

heated

the ductile Austenite

structure.

Manganese between
brittle material when

very

2 and

7 per

the carbon

is about

higher,therefore quitevalueless.

cent

or

cent

manganese

steel low in carbon

Below

is very

is

cent

1 per
2 per

ductile and

tough steel.
The

known

as

high

content

the "Hadfield manganese

steels

manganese

are

steels,"having been
additions

developed by Sir Robert

Hadfield.

of chrome

increase the elasticlimit of

up

low carbon

to 1 per

cent

pearlitic
manganese

Small

steels without

the steel in its resistance to shock, but

decrease

the

ing
affect-

materially

percentage of elongation.
35

byGoogk

Digitized

-^UDLU^
'^^LU^"

E"TABriI"ITKI"

Vanadium

added

low

1854

carbon

pearlitic
steel has a very marked
effect,increasing
manganese
the
greatlythe d3mamic strengthand changing slightly
of this steel to heat treatments, giving
susceptibility
a
greater margin for the hardening temperature.
Manganese steel with added vanadium is most efficient
when

heat-treated.

36

to

uniform

consistentijY

TUNGSTEN
Tungsten,
known

and

used

for

as

an

alloy in steel,has been

long time.

celebrated

The

and

being a form of tungsten alloy

come
steel. Ttmgsten and its effects,
however, did not bemented
generallyrealized until Robert Mushet experisteel and
Mushet
and developed his famous
the many
improvements made since that date go to

ancient Damascus

prove

how

steel

effects of tungsten

Ttmgsten
to

himself understood

little Mushet
as

acts

on

alloy.
steel in

similar

manner

carbon, that is it increases its hardness, but is much

less effective than carbon

can

an

the peculiar

in this respect.

If the percentage

is high, the steel

of tungsten and manganese
be hardened
by coolingin the air. This effect is

directlyopposite to that of carbon.

that Mushet

It

was

used in his well known

this

bination
com-

steel.

principaluse of tungsten is in high

speed tool steel but here a high percentage of manganese
is distinctly
detrimental,making the steel liable to fire
crack, very brittle and weak in the body, less easily
forged and annealed.
Manganese should be kept low
used instead.
and a high percentage of chromium
The

The

when
tungsten-chromium steels,

retain their hardness

even

when

heated

to

ened,
harda

dark

cherry red by the friction of the cutting or the heat

arisingfrom the chips. This characteristic led to the
37

byGoogk

Digitized

-^^mM^^
'^idlu^

BSTABZilSSSSD

1854

being appliedto this class of steel,

crease
and it is this property that is responsiblefor the inof cuttingspeeds in the tungsten chrome alloy,
that is high speed steel.
"red hardness"

term

Timgsten when added to steel up to 6%

does not have the property of red hardness any more
than carbon
tool steel,providing the manganese
or
chromium
is low. Tungsten has a rapidly increasing
cutting efficiency
up to 13%, thereafter fallinguntil
efficient imtil 18% or more
14%, then increasingly
is used.

If chromium
then

very

is alloyed with tungsten,

definite red hard effect is noticed with a

great increase of cutting efficiency.The

red

maximum

hard

cutting efficiencyof the tungsten chrome

steel seems
to be a definitechemical analysis,
ratio,but
there are various mechanical and other reasons
why
this ratio is not used for high speed steel,
mium
as high chrosteel is very easilyspoiledby the high
content
heats

necessary

in its heat-treatment.

Very littleis known

of tungsten, although a vast

of the actual function

of experimental
It is possiblethat when
work
has been done.
the
effect of tungsten with iron carbon
alloys is better

known,

amount

greater improvement

can

be

expected from

these steels. Tungsten has been tried and is stillused

for mgjcing punches,
steel manufacturers
by some
and other impact tools. It has also been used
chisels,
for springsand has given very good results although
38

byGoogk

Digitized

other less
and

in

Zi Y

UNIFORM

expensivealloysgive equally good results,

instances,better.

some

is largely used for permanent

In this its action is not well imderstood.

Tungsten

magnets.
In

fact, the

why

reason

magnet

is not

evolved

but

steel becomes

permanent
Theories have been

at all imderstood.

questioning.The
principaleffect of tungsten, as conceded by leading
authorities,is that it distinctlyretards separationof
the iron carbon
pheric
solution,removing down to atmostemperature the lowest recalescent point.
all are

open

to serious

peculiarproperty of timgsten when used

in the iron carbon alloysis that when a temperature of
1750T
is not exceeded, it does not interfere with the
carbide change, thereby affectingthe temperatures
of the recalescent points,whereas when the hardening
able
temperature is raised above 1850"F., a most remarkeffect is conveyed upon the falling
transformation
down
to
points,preventingtheir formation entirely,
about the atmospheric temperature.
A

The

loweringof the carbide change, which

is produced by heatingtimgsten steels to over
1850"F.,
of the red hard propertiesof
and is the real cause
is not imderstood and there is no direct
these allojrs,
evidence to show what actuallyhappens at these high
temperatures.
There
the

is every

tungstideFe,W

reason

to believe that when

is present, it

graduallygoes into

39

byGoogk

Digitized

"^^pLU^"
"^dlu^

S3STABIjISHS3I"

solution

as

the amount

1854

the temperature is raised above 1550 "F.,

of compoimd present being higheras the

completelyin solution,
the temperature of the carbide change (recalescent
point)is lowered on cooling. It is quite an open question,
however, whether this lowering is entirelydue
tungsten is increased:

to the FeaW

in solution

change also
At
be

may

When

or

whether

temperature above

chemical

reactions

disappearanceof the
1300"F.

temperature

point at

ical
other chem-

occurs.

between

tungsten carbide,which give a

in the

some

lower

1850"F., there
the

iron

and

compound resulting
ing
criticalpoint at the fall-

and

new

the

appearance

of

other
an-

temperature.

combinations, in which there should

free tungstideof iron, give the same
lowering
Other

be

no

of the carbide change after heating to high temperatures;

therefore the subjectis still surrounded with a
fair amount

of

uncertainty.

40

EstM

^LUDLUM"^

1854

byGoogk

uniform

oonsistentijY

CARBON
Its

ALLOY

AND

STEEL

Treatment

mystery has been created by those

Much

initiated in
partially
and

Heat

and

Composition

TOOL

the

heat treatment

As

art
a

of tool steel hardening

of fact, there

matter

are

mysteriesas far as the well known phenomenon of

This change
hardening and tempering is concerned.
in steel follows certain predetermined courses, and
providing the fundamental laws governing this process
and
are
observed, no difficultieswill be experienced,
the entire operationis one of great simplicity
although
vation.
of care and obsercallingfor a considerable amoimt
no

The

alloy,known

as

natural state of iron with carbon

carbon

is the annealed state.

play
can

very

as

an

steel,is the normal state, that

The two factors,heat and time,

important parts with

the result that steel

different stages from the hardened

be foimd in many
state to the ftdlyannealed state.
Carbon

ture above

formation

steel,when

heated

its criticalrange, takes

and

endeavors

to

assume

on

to

tempercertain crystal
a

definite

another

crystalformation on cooling. This ultimate or final

the soft stage, and
as
crystalformation is known
providing sufficienttime be given for the crystalsto
annealed.
as
themselves, the steel is known
arrange
In the event of this natural arrangement
of the crystals
43

byGoogk

Digitized

"^^UpLU^"
-^uoui^

ESTABrilSHED

185*

"

being prevented by any cause, we have the various

ened
intermediarystages, such as unannealed steel,hardsteel and tempered steel.
From

the

it is obvious

above

that

it is

essential first to put the steel in its natural or normal

This is done by heating the steel slowly and
state.

uniformly to a temperature just above its critical

point,called the decale scent point, and allowing the
The
steel to cool very slowly from this temperature.
decalescent point (decalescentor Ac on the risingtemperature
and recalescent or Ar on the falling
ture)
temperais caused by the rearrangement of the crystal
formation of the steel. The uniform heating, which
has taken place up to this point,is suddenly halted,
the steel being entirelyunaffected by external temperatures
When
new

the

formation, the

crystals have

temperature

taken

continues

their

on

to

rise.

phenomenon, of which there are several scientific

theories,is present in all steels,very marked in high
in low carbon steel,
carbon steel and less perceptible
occurringat a temperature variable with the chemical
content of the steel. To harden the steel,
so that it is
in its hardest and toughest state, the crystalformation
This

of the steel should

be fixed

of crystalshas taken

as

soon

place.

immediately quenching the steel

In

the

event

of

the

this ment
rearrangeThis is best done by
as

at this

temperature.

temperature

of the

being raised above the decalescent point, the

in their new
formation start to enlarge,and
crjrstals

steel

44

byGoogk

Digitized

OONSISTENTXiY

UNIFORM

if the tool is chilled

then

fixed at the higher temperature,

the steel will have a largergrain and be correspondingly
or

weak; this is known

among
being "overheated;" if the temperature

steel

as

men

is stillhigher,

then "burnt."
The

by
and

then
and

"overheated"

steel

can

be

reclaimed

being heated
allowed

to

reheated

again to the correct temperature

cool slowly from this critical point;
the decalescent point
to just above

quenched in

refined and

almost

the

usual

way.

The

steel is

now

good as before. In the event

of the steel being "burnt," then it is impossiblefor
this steel,
to redeem
subsequent heat treatment
any
and it should be immediately scrapped. The critical
temperature or decalescent point (Ac 2.3) has certain
magnetic characteristics. That is,when raised to this
temperature through the process of the rearrangement
of the crystals,the steel is not affected by magnetism
and is known
though
as
non-magnetic. This point,ala
parallelwith the hardening temperature
useful
has nothing to do with it, but serves
a
very
in enabling the tool steel hardener to determine
purpose
the
correct
hardening temperature for any
given carbon tool steel (not alloy tool steel),when
lacking the necessary
equipment for easily locating
the decalescent point.
as

All tool steels should

determine
can

be

the

very

be

tested

so

as

to

hardening temperature. This

easily accomplished, either by taking
correct

45

"^^UpLU^"
"^udlu^

X3STABZiISII"2X"

note

of the lowest temperature

1854

the steel is

at which

a piece of the tool steel

non-magnetic, or by taking
and nickingthe bar in a number
of places,say 7 nicks
about 1' apart, and raisingthe temperature at one
end of the bar until the steel is a lightyellow heat,
the other end being a black heat, noting the temperature

of the 7 sections between

the whole

Then

the nicks.

chill

in water, preferablyat 65"F.

The

bar

each of the sections broken

blow of the hammer.

different grain. The

be

should

off at

Each
end

carefullydried and
the nicks by a sharp

section at the nick has

of the bar which

had

been

bright open grain.

This grain will graduallyget finer and less fieryuntil
the grain appears
to be very fine and of a velvety
The next immediate
nature.
section beyond this will
have the same
fine velvety nature on the outside but
the center will appear
The temperature at
coarse.
this point is too low and the one section higher where
the grain is fine and velvetythroughout is the correct
hardening temperature.
overheated

will have

Many
at

an

is incorrect,as

very

coarse

tool hardeners

that to make
to harden

are

imder

the

pressio
im-

steel very

hard it is necessary
increasingly
high temperature. This

the

increased

hardness

conveyed

to

by quenching at excessive temperatures is

the steel is actuallysofter)
cases
very small (insome
to
and the strength of the steel which is necessary
the

steel

46

byGoogk

Digitized

UNIFORM

OONSISTENTXiY

maintain

the

strength resistance to
compression, etc., diminishes at a very quick rate.
cutting edge

The correct

or

hardening temperature for

tool steels is the lowest temperature at which

bon
car-

the

steel will harden.

All tool steels should
to remove

be

tempered slightly

the strains,and to impart to the steel great

toughness.

47

Estd

"LUDLUM"^

^"54

byGoogk

Estd

^LUDLUM"

1854

Digitized

byGoogk

UNIFORM

CONSISTENTXiY

MOHAWK

EXTRA

High Speed Steel

"

Mohawk

"

velopme
representsthe latest dein electro-metallurgy;
consistentlyimiform and is designed to withstand the most exacting
of high duty machine
demands
tools and will stand
very high speeds and heavy cuts and low speeds and
ened
heavy cuts. It is quite imexcelled for turning toughalloyedsteels,and will work at a red heat for a
long period without the edge failing.It is particularly
adapted for taps and dies, twist drills,milling
be readily forged and is
can
cutters, and reamers;
Eictra

free from
particularly
when
being hardened.
and is

an

excellent
"

Mohawk

"

tendency to check and

It will carry

very

crack

keen edge,

steel."
finishing
Extra

"

be readilyannealed,
when
being machined

can

therefore it is very economical

to shapes. This steel is remarkable

for its densityand

homogeneity. Where the equipment of the machine

powerfulto use the fullcutting
shop is not sufficiently
Extra," it is stillpre-eminently
capacityof Mohawk
of the very long periods this
economical on accoimt
be run
without having to be resharpened.
steel can
"

51

byGoogk

Digitized

ESTA

til

^^DLU^""
^idlu^.

HED

MOHAWK

1854

EXTRA

High Speed Steel

Brand
Price per
Base

No.

820

pound

sizes:

Extra for sizes,annealing,etc.,see pages

Our

"Mohawk

Extra"

14-15.

opment
represents the highestdevel-

in high speed steel and is used in very large

quantities.It is capable of withstanding the highest

cutting load that

high-duty machine

can

be

greater feeds and

higher speed than

tool.

developed

on

It will stand
any

the

modern

deeper cuts,
other high

speed steel made.

it for lathe, shapers,planers,boring

recommend

We

mill tools,millingcutters, form

tools,dies,reamers,

duty cuttingor

cutters, finishing

for all purposes

where
heavy
nished
finishingis required. It can be fur-

in annealed

and

and

unannealed

bars, blocks, and

dies.
HEAT

See pages

TREATMENT:

52

119-122.

OONSISTBNTtiY

UNIFORM

MOHAWK
High

Speed Steel

Brand

No.

800

Price per pound

sizes:

Base
Extra
"

for

sizes,annealing,etc., see

Mohawk

"

pages

14-15.

of high speed steel has been

developed
is particularly

in extremely heavy cuttingand

useful where machine tools are not of the most

for

use

modem

steel is renowned
for its high
design. Our "Mohawk"
degree of excellency,purity, and uniformity. We
this steel for all high speed cutstronglyrecommend
ting
tools,insert saw teeth,wood working tools,special
dies,hot work, and all steel and cast iron turning and
machining generally.
HEAT

TREATMENT:

See pages

53

119-122.

"^^D^^"
-^iolo".

ERTABrjISHEr"

MOHAWK

1854

EXTRA

HIGH

SPEED

Tool-Holder

Brand

No.

STEEL
Bit
830

well-known "Mohawk
Extra" High Speed Steel,cut to standard tool-holder
ened,
lengthswith 30-degreeangleends. Each pieceis hardThese tools are made

out of our

ready to be ground and put to work. This steel

will givethe same
excellent satisfactionand will perform
Extra."
the same
heavy duty work as our **Mohawk
Furnished
from stock in 5-pound, 10-pound, and
largerboxes; one size or assorted sizes in a box.
Prices on application.
Standard

} inch
ft
I

square,

"

"

"

"3

"

"5

to

Ship

2} inches long
2i
"

in 12-inch lengths,for tool-holders,

of treated squares and flats up to
largeassortment
We

Lengths, Ready

also carry

1 square

inch in section.

Price per pound

Directions
Do

for

Treated

Bars

not heat to cut, but nick the bar on

allfour sides

emery-wheel; then break cold to desired

length and grind to shape on a dry wheel.

upon

an

54

byGoogk

Digitized

LUDLUM

CARBON

POMPTON

TOOL

STEELS

SPECIAL

POMPTON

EXTRA

POMPTON

ELBA

F.

55

SPECIAL

Est'd

"LUDLUPi"

1"54

byGoogk

"^uol^""

X^STABXjISSSD

1854

ing
produced in the meltshop can have its value reduced in the rollingmill,
very specialattention has to be paid to the heating
and rolling
temperatures.

melter and,

as

high grade

steel

equipped with pyrometer

rolling
control, enabling us to regulate our
mill temperattu'eswithin a few degrees;great attention
being paid to the finishingtemperature at the last
The same
applieswhen the
pass in the rollingmilL
steel is hammered.
Our high grade carbon steels are
and
worked
during the process
carefullywatched
All

our

furnaces

of their manufacture

and

are

represent the

very

finest

straightcarbon steels that have yet been produced.

58

UNIFORM

OONSISTBNTtiY

CARBON

AND

ALLOY

TEMPER

TOOL

STEEL,

SPONDING
CORRE-

NUMBERS,
USES

AND

HEATS

HARDENING
TEMPERS
EXTRA
For

3x

HARD

corrugatingand

roll

for graver

tools and

chill roll turning tools;

all purposes

where

extreme

ness
hard-

fine cutting edge is required.

and
To

Forge" Heat

To

Harden

Heat

to

brightcherry red 1425"-1475"F.

slowly and

uniformly to a cherry
red, approximately 1375''-1425"F.,quench in oil or
water at 65"F.; draw to requirements.
"

HARD

For

lathe, planer and slotter tools generally,brass

working tools,drawing dies,razors and tools requiring
great hardness and fine edge.
To

Forge" Heat

To

Harden

to

brightcherry red, 1450"-1500"F.

slowlyand uniformly to fullcherry

red, approximately 1385"-1435"F.; quench in oil or
water at 65"F.; draw to requirements.
EXTRA

"

TOUGH

Heat

AND

HARD

33

small taps, trimming and cutting dies,threading

dies, circular cutters, forming and boring tools;

For

59

"^^^"^^""
-^idui^

BSTABXjISHKD

also for twist drills,

screw

dies,ball

1854

races,

mers,
ham-

peen

plugs,drawing dies,mandrels, and

granitepoints,
edge tools generally,razors, and all purposes where a
keen tough edge is required.
To
To

Forge" Heat
Harden

to

brightred, 1500"-1550^F.

Heat
slowly and
uniformly to a
brightcherryred, approximately1400"-1450"F.;quench
in oil or water

STAR"

"

draw
65**^.;

at

EXTRA

to

requirements.

TOUGH

For

millingcutters,taps, trimming dies,saw, swages,

circular cutters, reamers,
mill tools, wood-working
tools,form and thread tools,and for all purposes where
a very
tough and hard edge is required. Welds with
care.

To
To

Forger- Heat
Harden"

to

Heat

brightred, 1500"-1550"F.
to

bright cherry red, approximately

1420"-1470"F; quench in either oil

65

"F.;draw

TOUGH

to

water

or

at

requirements.

and trimming dies,drop

For punches, largecut!ting
small shear knives,
dies; for cold work, mining drills,
hand chisels,and all purposes
where great toughness

with hardness is

reqtiired.Welds with

care.
.

GO

byGoogk

Digitized

oonsistentijY

uniform

to Forge" flea/

to

brightred, 1500^-1550"F.

slowly and uniformly to a bright

cherry red, approximately 1450"-1500"F.;quench in oil
water
at 65 "F.; draw to requirements.
or
To

Harden

CHISEL

Heat

"

44

STEEL

largeshear knives, punches, chisels,hammers,

sledges,cold sets, track chisels,drop forging dies,
For

hammer

dies, boiler makers*

impact tools

where
To

Forge" H^fl/

To

Harden

are

required.

to salmon

all purposes
Welds
with care.

tools, and

red, 1600"-1650"F.

full brightcherry red, approximately 1450"-1525''F.;

quench in oil or water at
65 "F.; draw to requirements.
WELDING

Heat

"

to

STEEL

DIE

drop forging,bolt and rivet headers, hot drop

forgingdies, ring dies, steel-faced dies, and for all
where an
extremely tough and hard steel
purposes
is required. Welds easily.
For

to

To

Forge" Heat

To

Harden

to salmon

Heat

red about

1600"-1700"F.

bright cherry red, approxim

1475"-1550"F.;quench in water or oil;draw
requirements.
"

to very

61

"^^^^^"
^^lOLU^

X]STABXjISSBr"

Carbon

Tool

Brand

Base
Extra

1854

SPECIAL

POMPTON

Price per

No.

Steel
250

pound

sizes:
for sizes,annealing,etc.,

Supplied in all tempers,

see

pages

see

pages

12-13.

59-61.

bon
Special"is the finest qualitystraightcarand will give great
tool steel that can be made
severe
satisfaction,meeting the most
requirements
for cutting and impact tools such as dies, punches,
free
dies, chisels,etc. It is particularly
taps, screw
twist on hardening.
from any tendency to warp
or
this steel where
We
quality is
strongly recommend
of prime importance.

"Pompton

62

UNIFOKM

CONSISTENTriY

POMPTON

EXTRA

Carbon

Tool

Brand
Price

per

No.

Steel
240

pound

sizes:

Base

for sizes,annealing,etc., see pages

Suppliedin all tempers, see pages 59-61.

12-13.

Extra

"Pompton Extra" is of similar analysisto our finest

finements
grade,Pompton Special,but a littleless high in reWe

this steel for lathe and

recommend

tools,shear blades, and all

planer tool dies, finishing
where qualityis of first importance. This
purposes
steel will harden to a good depth and is particularly
bee firom any tendency to warp
twist.
or
POMPTON
Carbon

Tool

Brand
Price per

No.

Steel
230

pound

Base sizes:
Extra

for sizes,annealing,etc., see

Suppliedin all tempers,

see

pages

12-13.

pages

59-61.

"Pompton" tool steel is excellent for all purposes

where straightcarbon steels are used. For the price,
this steel can
not be equalled and although a little
better grades, will give excellent
less pure than our
results for all purposes where cuttingtools or impact
tools
and

are

used.

It will be found

to be

very

reliable

safe steel to handle.

63

byGoogk

Digitized

Li IS

"2 STAB

-^iolu^
"^^OLU^"

USD

1854

ELBA
Carbon
Brand

Tool
No.

Steel
220

Price per pound

Base

sizes:
Extra for sizes,annealing,etc.,see

Suppliedin all tempers,

"Elba"

see

pages

tool steel,although

pages

12-13.

59-61.

comparativelylow

pricedsteel,will give excellent satisfaction and in some

instances is as economical as a highergrade of steel,
the chemical analysisbeing very similar to our high
grades but not so super-refined.

SPECIAL

F.

Carbon
Brand

Tool
No.

Steel

210

Price per pound

sizes:

Base

for sizes,annealing,etc., see pages

Suppliedin all tempers, see pages 59-61.

Extra

12-13.

Special"tool steel is our lowest pricedstraight

tool steel and of remarkable
carbon
purity. We
this steel for all purposes where our highest
recommend
grade steel is used,but where such high refinements
"F

are

not

so

necessary.
64

Estd

""LUDLUM"-

"854

byGoogk

Digitized

UNIFORM

OONSISTBNTtiY

LUDLUM

ALLOY

TOOL

STEELS

day requirement for tool steels

crease
has necessitated the addition of various alloysto inThe

modern

the lifeand effectiveness of tool steel. We

found

that with the electric crucible furnace it is possible

to

with alloysof chrome,

get greater efficiency

vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum,

than

can

result of

be obtained
our

better

cobalt,nickel,etc.,

from

the crucible process.

experiments has shown

numerous

alloyed tool steels for

much

have

classes of work

some

results than

The

that

will give
tool steel.

straightcarbon
These steels generallyrequirespecialheat treatment
and should be very carefully
Advice should
handled.
be given to the hardeners to carefullyfollow the heat
treatinginstructions suppliedwith each bar of alloyed
tool steel.
of alloyedsteels,practice
steels are prone to many

In the manufacture

has shown
faults but
reduce

we

that these

have, after much

these to

minimum

and

research,been able
we

have

no

to

hesitation

in saying that the alloyed tool steels manufactured

by us are purer and are higher in refinements than
any

other

alloysteel of similar analysis.

67

"^^^^"
-"udlij"-

ESTABIjISHED

1854

PEQUOT
Alloy Tool
Brand

Price per

Steel

No.

300

pound

sizes:

Base
Extra

for sizes,annealing,etc., see

Suppliedin all tempers,

see

pages

pages

12-13.

59-61.

brand has greater depth of hardness

"Pequot"
than straightcarbon steel and will last longer in service
than our high grade straight carbon tool steel.
excessive jar is felt on the
For impact work, where
cuttingedge of the tool,Pequot brand is pre-eminently
suitable.
To

Harden

"

Heat

extremely slow

to

about

50 "F.

higher than temperature givenfor carbon steel similar

temper number.
Note:

The

fulleffect of this alloy tool steel is not brought out

unless the steel is very slowly heated

temperature at least 10 to 30 min.

68

and

held at the quenching

oonsistentijY

uniform

ALBANY

Alloy Tool
Brand

Steel

No.

400

Price per pound

sizes:

Base

Extra

for sizes,annealing,etc., see

Supplied in all tempers,

Chrome

and

pages

59-61.

used as an
when
alloy in
greater lifeto cutting edges and

vanadium

tool steel,imparts

the tools will stand

"Albany

see

up

vibratory stress.
careful investigation

longer imder

"

is the result of very

in the art of alloyingthese elements

that here

we

12-13.

pages

have

is superiorto any

produced

an

and

we

believe

alloyed tool steel that

other similar type steel.

This steel is made

high refinement
as our
Pompton Specialand represents an extremely
it for expensive
stronglyrecommend
pure steel. We
dies, punches, cutters, and all purtaps and screw
poses
where a lastingand very hard cutting edge is
under

the

same

desired.
To
than

Harden

"

Heat

slowly about

very

temperature givenfor carbon

B^F.

steel similar

higher
temper

number.
Note:

The

full effect of this alloy tool steel is not brought out

unless the steel is very

slowly heated.

69

"^^^LU^"
-^JDUU^

ESTABIjISHED

1854

ONEIDA
Steel

Alloy Tool
Brand

710

No.

Non-Shrinking
Price per

Steel

pound

Base

sizes:
Extra for sizes,annealing,etc., see
"

Oneida

"

is the result of

our

pages

12-13.

extensive experience

production of a reliable non-shrinking, oil

hardening steel that is free from a tendency to check
Our "Oneida"
on
hardening,and yet will not move.
with the most delicate shapes will,when
brand, even
hardened, be entirelyfree from any tendency to warp,
We strongly recommend
in any way.
crack, or move
this steel for taps, dies, plug and ring gauges, press
where
keen edge is
a
tools,hobs, and all purposes
required.
in

the

HEAT

TREATMENT

To

Forge Heat slowly and uniformly to 1450"F.

and forge carefully.Do not harden at forging heat.
To

"

Harden

slowly and uniformly to

1400"-1450''F. Quench in oil only and draw to a very
lightstraw if necessary.
"

Heat

very

70

OONSISTENTUY

UNIFORM

MOHICAN
Alloy Tool
Brand

per

Base

sizes:

Hard

and

pound

for sizes,annealing, etc.,see

Extra
"

330

No.

Special Tough
Price

Steel

''

Mohican

has

been

pages

manufactured

12-13.
to

meet

the

for a very high grade, pure, hardened

demand
steel
for taps and dies. This steel is a very tough and hard
steel and will carry an
ening
extremely keen edge, hardwith

minimum

quite

amount

of movement.

though
Al-

non-shrinbingas our Oneida

brand, the steel will be found to give wonderful satisfaction.
As a steel for taps and dies,chasers,milling
cutters, press tools,master taps, it is quite unexcelled.
not

HEAT

TREATMENT

To
Do

so

Heat

Forge

"

not harden

To

Harden

1475"F.

at
"

slowly and

uniformly

to

16(X)"F.

forgingheat.

Heat

slowly and

Quench in oil

or

water

71

uniformly at 1450"at 65"F.; draw to requirement

-^^DLU^
"^^DL^^"

BSTABIjISHSn

1854

IROQUOIS
Label

Gold

Finishing Steel

Brand

Price per

No.

540

pound

sizes:
Extra for sizes,
annealing,etc.,see
Base

"

pages

14-15.

"

specialalloy steel designed for all

where a very hard, keen edge is required.
purposes
tool this steel gives remarkable
For use as a finishing
results. We
reconunend
it for turning chilled rolls,
corrugatingchilled rolls,
specialcircular forming tools,
Iroquois is

excellent for gun barrel drillsand reamers,

for automatic
engraving tools,and highly recommended
also very

machine
HEAT
To
Allow

To

forming tools.

TREATMENT

Forge
to

Heat

slowly and uniformly

cool slowlyafter
forging.
"

Harden

Heat

to

lASO^'F.

slowly and uniformly to 1375"15(X)"F.;do not soak, quench in oil or water at 65"F,
Draw
to dark straw or requirements.
Note: We

"

recommend

pack

or

lead pot

72

hardening.

'^^D^^

tJSTAlirilSHED

1854

OSWEGO
Chisel

Special Alloy Pneumatic

Brand

Price per
Base
Extra

No.

Steel

420

pound:

sizes:
for sizes,annealing, etc., see

pages

12-13.

Specialvanadium
alloytool steel designed for pneumatic
rivet sets, hand chisels,and for all purchisels,
poses
where the tool has to stand a great rapidityof
blows.
This steel has a very hard and durable cutting
edge, speciallyadapted for chiselinghard and tough
materials. It is particularly
free from any tendency
to crack in the shank.

HEAT
To
Do

TREATMENT
Heat

Forge
"

slowly and

uniformly

to

16(X)"F.

not harden at forgingheat.

To

Harden

"

Heat

slowly and

uniformly to 1450"-

15(X)"F. and quench in oil or water at 65 "F. Draw to requirement

For pneumatic chisels or rivet sets,heat the
shank slowlyand

uniformlyto 1450"-1500"F.

and

quench

in oil. Draw

or

until it just

shows

or

allow

the temper to 1(XX)"F.

red in the dark, quench in oil

in the air.

74

to cool

OONSISTENTUY

UNIFORM

OTSEGO
Rivet

Special Pneumatic
Brand

Set

Steel

430

No.

Price per pound

Base sizes:
Extra for sizes,
annealing,etc.,see

pages

12-13.
tests and

This specialvanadium
alloysteel is the result of many
of the finest steels that have
and is one
investigations

yet been
properly heat treated,

When
developed for this exactingpurpose.
it has no tendency to crack under the head, which is

faults of rivet set steel.

principal
Our "Otsego" brand will stand

resistingthe

tendency

simple to heat

treat

and

HEAT

to the hot

will be found

in every way.
We
recommend
for pneumatic chisels or slow

of the

remarkably well in the

up

to soften due

one

to be

cup,

rivet. It is very
very

reliable steel

it for all vibratory work

but

not

compression bull dies.

TREATMENT

Yojige^Heat slowly and uniformly to leOOMGSO'^F.; aUowto

slowlycool afterforging.
To

To

Harden

slowly and uniformly all over to

and hold at this temperature for about ten minutes. Chill
1525'*-1575''F.
the cup or workingface of the rivet set by holdingit under a cold water
faucetuntil the working face is cold. This should be done speedily
so that the temperature in the body of the tool does not materially
fall.
The steel should then be chilled out in oil. The body of the tool should
then be heated up to about 70(fF,, keeping the working face of the
tool not hotter than purple,accordingto the purpose for which the tool
is to be used,then cool in oil,
"

Heai

the rivet set

75

^^^1^^"'
^^DLU^

SHBI"

ESTABIjI

OTSEGO
Bull

Die

1854

SPECIAL
Steel
Brand

for Hot
No.

Rivet

Work

910

Price per pound

Base
Extra

sizes:
for sizes,annealing,etc., see

pages

12-13.

brand for slow compression

"Otsego Special''
rivetingand hot die work is the result of an unusual
of alloysand has phenomenal qualities.
combination
For bull dies,where a slow compression is used on hot
rivets,this steel gives remarkable satisfaction. We
supply this steel in heat treated lengthsand it should not
be subjectedto any further heat treatment whatsoever.
with
The steel will be jFound soft enough to machine
It is so extraordinarily
care.
tough and unaffected
by the influence of heat from hot rivets that the dies
when once
made are extremely durable and will last
times longerthan those made from other brands
many
Our

of steel manufactured
In the event

paiod,

the

cup

for bull dies.

wearing after a long

be redressed by being turned;

of the bull die

can

the tool should not under any circimistances be annealed

heat treated when
or
being redressed.
Our

"Otsego Special" steel represents the same

remarkable development over
ordinary bull die steel
carbon steel. This special
as high speed steel does,over
heat treated alloysteel is sold in all round sizes from
li" to 5" in diameter
76

byGoogk

Digitized

oonsistentijY

uniform

SENECA

Price per
Base

and

Die

Brand

No.

500

Steel

pound

sizes:

Extra
**

Alloy Punch

for sizes,annealing,etc., see

Seneca

''

is

pages

14-15.

tungsten alloy steel and

gives very

good results for punches, dies and all purposes where

a very
tough, durable edge is required. This steel has
a

very

close dense

structure

steels for this class of work.

and

will outlast similar

It hardens

to

great

depth, carries a very hard, keen, cuttingedge and has

great anti-fatigue
properties.
HEAT

TREATMENT

To

Forge Heat slowly and uniformly

nOO^F; allow to very slowly cool off.
To

"

Harden

Heat

1600"-

uniformly to 1500"1600"F.
at this temperature sufficiently
Hold
long
enough to soak the heat rightthrough the tool. Quench
in oil or water at 65"F.
Draw
to requirements.
"

slowly and

to

77

^^iDui^
^^Sdlu^"'

BSTAHIjISB[X3I"

1854

HURON
and

Special Alloy Punch

Brand
Price per

No.

Our

Steel

650

pound

for sizes,
etc,
annealing,

Extra

Die

brand

"Huron"

in the development of

see

is the result of
an

14-15.

pages

our

extensive experiments

alloysteel which will give superiorresults

for blanking silicon transformer

sheets and

armature

discs. This

brand of steel in practicehas lasted two or three times longerthan

and we recommend
our
any other steel developed for this purpose
"

"

punches, and dies,for thin sheets and heavy

material also for extrusion,drawing, threading,forming, thread
rollingand mint dies,taps, reamers, plug and ring gauges.
Huron

brand

"Huron"

is

for

free from
is particularly
twist in hardening. This steel willharden

oil hardeningsteel and

an

tendency to warp or
iscon^stto a great depth and the lifeof the die after each grinding
entlyuniform.

any

HEAT

TREATMENT

Forge" Heat slowlyand uniformlyto ITSO^^-ISOO^F. Allow

forging.
slowlycool after
To

to

slowly and uniformly to 165(fF., hold at this

temperature accordingto the size of the tool and then cool extremely
slowly.
To

Anneal

To

Harden"

"

Heat

temperaturefor ten minutes

Quench in oil,draw
Note: We

uniformlyto 165(fF.,hold at this

to the size of the tool.
longeraccording

flipo^slowly and

to

recommend

or

requirements.
pack

or

lead pot

78

hardening.

CO

ri Y

UNIFORM

POMPTON

Eta-awingEMe Steel
Brand

No.

260

Price per pound

Base

sizes:
for sizes,annealing,etc., see

Extra

pages

12-13.

have developed a specialsteel for use in drawing

dies and plugs,where
unusual propertiesare
many
will shrink after each rehardrequired. Pompton
We

"

"

that

ening

so

allow

the

the

worn

be

to

same

hole will close sufficiently

to
reground and yet retain the

originalsize.
This specialsteel is free from any tendency to crack
or
check, and will carry a very hard surface which
penetrates to a good depth.
For drawing die steel,which is required to shrink,
this steel is quite without an equal. It is very simple
to heat treat, no
specialinstructions having to be
observed.
HEAT

TREATMENT

To

"

1550"F.
To

Heat

Forge
Allow

Harden

1500"F.

"

to

slowly and uniformly to 1500"slowly cool afterforging.

Heat

slowly and uniformly

Quench in water at 65"F.

Draw

to 1450"-

to
slightly

relieve strain if necessary.

18

Note: For drawing dies, only the hole should be quenched, this
done best over a stream of water under pressure.
79

byGoogk

Digitized

"^^UDI^^""
^^"otM^

KSTABIjISHBI"

1854

HUDSON
Die

Alloy Drawing
Brand

No.

Steel

520

Price per pound

Base

sizes:

Extra for sizes,annealing,etc., see

"

14-15.

pages

"

ing
specialalloysteel developedfor drawdies. This steel will keep its shape on hardening

and

Hudson

will outlast other similar steels. Our

brand

"

Hudson

"

is not difficultto machine

and is simple to heat

surface can
be obtained

intenselyhard
mend
coupled with great toughness. We stronglyrecomthis brand where long lengths of wire have to
be drawn with minimum
variation. Excellent plugs,
treat.

gauges,

HEAT

An

mint

dies, etc.

TREATMENT

slowly and uniformly to 1400"1500 "F.

Hold at this temperature to insure complete
saturation in the steel and quench in oil or water at
65 "F.
Draw
to relievestrains.
very slightly
To

Harden

"

Heai

Note: For drawing dies,only the hole should be

done best over a stream of water under pressure.
Notei

We

recommend

pack

or

80

lead pot

quenched,this is

hardening.

"^^^I^^""
-"udlu^

X3STAHIjISII"3D

1854

SIOUX
Steel

special Razor
Brand
Price per
Base

No.

270

pound

sizes:
for sizes,annealing,etc., see

Extra

"Sioux"

pages

12-13.

high grade steel of great

purityand homogeneity,being free from any hard spots
This steel will forge very
or
changes in structure.
readily and when hardened is intensely hard, very
tough, and carries an extremely fine,smooth, sharp
edge of great durability.
is

very

TREATMENT

HEAT
To

Heat

Forge

"

ISOO^F.
To

brand

Allow

Harden

"

to

slowly and uniformly to 1450"cool slowly afterforging.

Heat

slowly and

quench in oil
requirements.
1450"F.

and

or

82

water

uniformly to 1375"at 65"F.

Draw

to

UNIFORM

CONSISTENTLY

SIWASH

Special Roll
Brand

No.

Steel
920

Price per pound

Base sizes:
Extra

for sizes,annealing,etc.,

see

pages

12-13.

homogeneous close grained alloy

steel,designed to be free from microscopicpin holes,
and capable
very hard and tough yet easilymachined
for highly
of taking a very high finish,recommended
**

Siwash

"

very

polished jewelers'rolls and

cold

metal

rolls for all

purposes.

HEAT

Supplied on request.

TREATMENT:

83

"Audlu^
"^^UDLU^""

E3STABZiISS"2I"

1854

SALISH
Carbon

Twist

Brand
Price

Per

Base

sizes:

Extra
"

Drill Steel

No.

280

Pound

for sizes,annealing,etc., see

''

pages

12-13.

developed speciallyfor twist

drills. It is a very tough and hard steel of the highest
grade and extremely homogeneous, free from any
tendency to crack in hardening, carries a keen edge,
of the drill will not readilydeteriorate
and the comers
in

Salish

has

been

use.

Suppliedin
HEAT
To

cold drawn

bars

or

coils.

TREATMENT
Harden

uniformly to 1400"1450"F.
Hold
at this temperature according to the
Draw
to requiresize,quench in oil or water at 65"F.
"

Heat

slowly and

ments.

84

CONSIST

ENTtiY

UNIFORM

ARAPAHO

Special Alloy Twist

Brand
Price per

Base
Extra

No.

Drill

Steel

470

potind

sizes:
for sizes,annealing,etc.,

see

pages

12-13.

have developed a very high grade of alloy steel

for all purfor twist drills and recommend
"Arapaho
poses
We

"

tough, durable, twist drill is required.

This steel will carry a very hard, keen edge and is free
from any tendency to split. It is safe in hardening,
where

no

specialinstructions being necessary.

HEAT

TREATMENT

Harden

uniformly to 1450''l^fXfF.
Maintain
at this
temperature sufficiently
long to allow the steel to become thoroughlysaturated.
Draw
to requirements.
Quench in oil or water at 65"F.
To

"

Heat

slowly and

85

"^^UDLU^"
-^udlu^

ESTABrjISHBD

1854

CHEYENNE

Special Non-Corrosive
Brand

No.

Steel

630

Price per pound

Base
Extra

sizes:
for sizes,annealing,etc.,see

14-15.

pages

conducting a series of experiments to develop a

steel which
would be suitable for hot die work, we
found that by the inclusion of certain alloys,
we
were
able to produce a steel which would not corrode under
acid or atmosphericconditions. This steel is remarkably
tough and holds a very good cutting edge. It
is hard enough to machine
chilled rolls,although for
In

it is not

this purpose

recommended.

developed this steel for use in cutlery,

solving the trouble of keeping steel knives clean.
of our
A knife blade made
specialnon-corrosive steel
We

have

will not

stain

or

tarnish when

used

for fruit or

gar,
vine-

non-rustingknife, which carries a sharp

itself. This new
nonedge, will certainlyrecommend
corrosive steel should be used for all knife blades,
scissors,forks,skate blades, steel rules, golf clubs,
dental tools,surgicalinstruments, saddlery,and for
all purposes
where the steel is not subjectedto intense
heat but is requiredto be continuously
bright.
etc.

To

keep the steel in

it is only necessary

to wash

high state of polish,

it with soap and water.

86

byGoogk

Digitized

BALL

BEARING

SPECIAL

IN

STEEL

BALL

BEARING

USE

STEELS

PIEGAN

TETON

SPECIAL

BALL

BEARING

STEEL

NAVAHO

KUTANI

87

EXTRA

Est'd

lUDLUM^

1854

Digitized

byGoogk

STA

XjI

"^^^LU^""
"^udlu^

HED

excessive loads to

which

stressed

1854

ball is subjected are

surface of the ball, due to
the

spread evenly over the

slightaxial misalignment, whereas
line of highlystressed contact.
one
The

surface of

the

race

has

but

roller bearing is

that in a ballbearingbut the

the same
as
practically
bearing pressure per unit of surface is not quite so
high duty material is
high, nevertheless the same
essential. We
have
developed a specialanalysisof
chrome

these

and
enormous

chrome

vanadium

stresses.

90

steels to take

care

of

Jli Y

UNIFORM

PIEGAN

Special Ball Bearing Steel

Brand
Price

No.

600

pound

per

sizes:

Base

for sizes,annealing,etc.,

Extra

see

pages

12-13.

This

high grade ball bearing steel is very low in

impuritiesand capableof being hardened rightthrough;
the micro-structure
tremely
being exthroughout the mass
consistent.
is quite free from any
Piegan
of the objectionablehard microscopic points which
"

"

are

present in chrome

so

of

local tion
segregachrome-carbide; therefore, this steel has no

tendency
brand

HEAT
To

"

and

ball

steel in cold

treated

to

spall (shelloff). We

to

for

steels due

drawn

rollers. We
bars

and

recommend
can

coils.

this

supply this
Speciallyheat

annealed.
TREATMENT

Harden

Heat

uniformly to 1450"1500"F., holdingat this temperature sufficiently

long to
allow the steel to thoroughlysaturate.
Quench in oil or
Draw
water at 65"F.
to requirements.
"

slowly and

91

"^^^LU^"
-^olu^

ESTABLISHED

1854

TETON

Special Ball Bearing Steel

Brand
Price per
Base

613

pound

sizes:

Extra
"

No.

for sizes,annealing,etc., see

Teton

"

pages

12-13.

for
has been designedespecially

races

and

higher percentage of chrome than our regular

ball steel,it will harden rightthrough and has a very
hard surface free from microscopic defects and will
not spallin use.
We supply this steel in heat-treatedannealed bars, insuringuniformityof product.
has

HEAT

TREATMENT

uniformly to 1450**1500"F., holding at this temperature sufficiently

long
to insure the complete saturation oj the steel
Quench
in oil or water at 65"F.
Draw
to requirements.
To

Harden

"

Heat

slowly and

92

UNIFORM

CONSISTENTLY

SPECIAL

BALL
Our

BEARING

chrome

STEEL,

vanadium

ball

EXTRA

bearing steels

of extraordinarypurity and represent the best ball

bearing steel of the straighthardening type that it is
are

possibleto produce.
These

steels will last longer in service than

our
specialqualitybrand, and the priceis but slightly
We
higher, due to the added cost of vanadium.
of high duty ball
stronglyadvocate the manufacture
and roller bearingsout of this very excellent material.

Large quantitiesof this analysishave been

used in the best ball bearings,and have been found
under
tests, both in government
plants and in the
manufacturers,
plants of very high class automobile
to far excel any
type of ball bearing steel. It is possible
with
even
large balls, to harden them
right

through,and

the

same

present at the center

consistent

of the

ball

micro-structure
as

at

the

is

outside.

places,resultingin spalling,
in all chrome
which are so common
steels,are entirely
This is accomplished by our
removed.
specialprocess
for completely mixing the alloys in the molten
The

microscopicalhard

steel and

the full saturation of the chrome

diiun carbides during heat

and

vana-

treatment.

subject this steel to a very special

form of heat-treatment-annealing,
similar to our special
The steel when
qualitybut with higher refinements.
is readily machinable
annealed
and does not have
tendency to warp, twist or crack in hardening.
any
We

93

'^up^^"
-"udlu^

SHED

XjI

STAB

1854

NAVAHO
Ball

Bearing Steel Extra

Brand

450

No.

Price per pound

sizes:

Base
Extra
"

for sizes,annealing,etc., see

Navaho

"

is

very

pure,

pages

12-13.

high grade, vanadium

alloysteel and gives greater service than any

other form of ball bearingsteel. This steel is extremely
homogeneous, the structure
being very small and
dense, with a complete absence of segregationor hard
propertiesand for ball
spots. It has high anti-fatigue
and roller bearings is quite unequaled. We
strongly
chrome

recommend

for balls and

this brand

supplied in cold drawn

bars

and

rollers.

Can

be

coils,heat-treated-

annealed.
HEAT
To

TREATMENT
Harden

"

Heat

slowly and

uniformly to

1450**-

ISCWF.; allow the steel to remain at this temperature

long to insure complete saturation in the
sufficiently
Draw
steel. Quench in oil or water at 65"F.
to requirements.

94

CONSISTENTLY

UNIFORM

KUTANI
Ball

Bearing
Brand

Price per

No.

Extra

460

pound

sizes:

Base
Extra
"

Steel

for sizes,annealing,etc., see

"

Kutani

pages

12-13.

is of the

highestgrade, free from occluded

is very uniform
gases and impurities. The structure
and extremely small, and of great homogeneity. This
steel will harden to a great depth and has a very hard
tough surface. It has high anti-fatigueproperties
and will give longer service than any other class of
steel for this purpose.
Kutani
is designed especially
for ball races
and is suppliedin heat-treated"

annealed

Harden

ISCWF.
to

bars.

TREATMENT

HEAT

To

"

and

insure

in oil or

"

Heat

slowly and

hold at this

uniformlyto 1450''temperature sufficiently

long

complete saturation
water

at 65"F,

Draw

95

in
to

the steel.

Quench

requirements.

Es.d

"LUDLUM"

""4

Digitized

byGoogk

Est'd

-O-UDLUM^

"5-*

byGoogk

Digitized

PERMANENT

Many
for the

Xi

UNIFORM

MAGNET

STEEL

experiments have been conducted

of ascertainingthe best chemical

purpose

composition steel for permanent magnets and

will give the best result as a
of the many
alloys,

which
nent
perma-

magnet.
The essential characteristics demanded

permanent

magnet
and

any

magnetic strength and

that the steel should

tendency to
that

are

warp

or

check

of

manency,
per-

also be free from

It would

in hardening.

these

apparently simple requirements

could be easilyobtained, but this is not so, and much
is
gropingin the dark has taken place,as the reason
known
not definitely
why some
types of steel more
than
others, have the property of becoming permanent
Many theories have been evolved
magnets.
the question.
to answer
appear

Tungsten, as an alloyin steel for permanent

magnets, was pre-eminent for a long time. The most
tangibletheory advanced as to why tungsten has this
very valuable property is very complex.
The

chief desirable points and

parts of the theory

1.

It must

2.

It must

have

essential

are.

large hysteresiscoefficient to
give the necessary retentivity.
a

be glasshard.
99

byGoogk

Digitized

"^^UpLU^"
-^UDUJ^

KSTABIjISSIBD

3.

It must

4.

The

have

very

1854

small micro-structure.

micro-structure of the steel must consist of

two
salient points: the grain of the steel
be very

must

with
The

5.

6.

very

hard and each grainsurrounded

thin envelopeof ferrite.

be very stapleand
affected by slighttemperatxire changes.

micro-structure

not

must

When

hardened, and if the steel is under great

remain in
internal strains,
the strains must
the

7.

The

for all time.

mass

steel should

be

capable of being readily

machined.
8.

The

steel must

The

be absolutelyhomogeneous.

steel which

gives the strongest

strength and
steel. This

the greatest permanency

steel when hardened
has

netic
mag-

is sten
tungvery fine

grain,is glasshard, and surrounding each grain is a

of these envelopes has the
ferrite envelope. Each
characteristics of
found

ther
closed electric circuit. It is fur-

that the

strength and

permanency

of

varies with the size of the grain,the amount

of the ferrite envelope and the hardness of the steel.

magnet

Generally speaking,the strongest and most permanent

where the grain structure is the
magnet is the one
smallest, the steel the hardest, and which has the
greatest quantity of
uninterrupted free ferrite

envelopes.
100

byGoogk

Digitized

uniform

oonsistentijY

The
with the carbon

tungsten in the steel readilycombines

and

not, in the hardened

forms

double

carbides,but does

state, prevent the formation

of

the ferrite envelopes or envelopesof Iron Tungstide.

Chromium
also has similar characteristics,
and when

priceof metallic tungsten was so greatlyincreased,

the very old idea of using chromitim
resorted to
was
substitute for tungsten. Permanent
as
a
magnets
with chromium
made
an
as
alloy are very efficient
and can
be made
as
strong magnetically but not so
the tungsten alloy steels. Hence
the
as
permanent
the

reason

for their earlier abandonment.

The

ing
peculiarpart about this interestsituation is that the hitherto generallyaccepted
to
theory no longerholds true, and the free ferritehitherconsidered absolutely essential is not apparently
present in the chrome alloy steel. It is necessary to
here

say

most

that the micro-structure

of chromium

steel

is so
at

extremely small that the microscopical

equipment,
the present time available for metallographists,
does

not enable the micro-structure

of hardened

chromium

alloysteels to be fullyresolved. Under these circtimit is stillpossiblethat the theory held for
stances
applicable to
tungsten alloy and apparently not
chromitim
scopical
alloy,would stillbe correct if the microequipment and the etchingmediums
were
in a state of greater development.

101

"^^Ml^^""Auoui^

iSTABIjISHBD

1864

ATSINA

Tungsten
Brand
Price per
Base

pound

for sizes,annealing,etc., see

have, after many

We
of

560

No.

sizes:

Extra

"

Steel

Magnet

and

14-15.

experiments,evolved a brand
Steel
which has higher coercive
"

Tungsten Magnet
values

pages

greater permanency

than

any

other

"

type of permanent

carries a
steel. "Atsina
magnet
correct
percentage of alloys,is of great purity and
cised
extremely homogeneous. Great care has been exer-

in its manufacture
the

desired micro-structure.

without

HEAT

so

any

tendency

TREATMENT:

to

as

to

This

completely insure
steel will harden

check, crack

or

warp.

Suppliedon request.

102

oonsistentijY

uniform

YUMA
Chrome

Magnet

Brand
Price per

No.

Steel
620

pound

Base sizes:
for sizes,annealing,etc., see

Extra

Our

12-13.

pages

"Chrome

oped
Magnet Steel" which has been develfor use as a permanent magnet will show cally
practiafter the firstageingperiod.
no loss in permanency

"Yuma"

has

greater coercive

force and

than any other type of chrome magnet

harden very readily and is free from
to

crack, check,

HEAT

or

TREATMENT:

permanence

steel. It will
any

tendency

warp.

Supplied on request.

103

Est'd

":LUDLUM:"

1854

byGoogk

EstM

"1UDLUM:"

1854

byGoogk

oonsistentijY

uniform

FORGING,

TEMPERING

AND

Alloy Tool Steels

three important points to observe

Carbon

There

making
1.

are
a

The

HARDENING

ANNEALING,
and

in

successful tool:
correct

selection of the grade and

carbon

of the tool steel.

2.

Careful and correct forging.

3r

Correct hardening and

tempering.

FORGING

Forging should

be

conducted

with

the

greatest
The blacksmith should, if his equipment will
care.
allow, choose an oil or gas fired muffle furnace as
cause
the heating agent in preference to a forge fire beof the

when

ever,
of the temperature control. Howthe forge fire will give very
excellent results
is taken.
It is essential that a
care
proper
ease

clean firebe used with plenty of fuel between the steel

to be heated and the blast nozzle,to protect the comers
of the piece from the injuriouseffects of the air blast
the heated metal.
Slow heating is very important
on
be faster than can
the heating should never
tmiformly driven through the piece, otherwise
and

be
the

edges and surface of the steel will be overheated.

The
higher the carbon of the steel,the greater the
ing,
to be exercised so as to avoid overheating,burncare
or

decarbonization.
107

byGoogk

Digitized

"^^^LU^"
"^^dco^

ESTABIjISHED

blacksmith

The
back

on

must

never

18B4fc

"

heat the tool

essary
the shank any further than is absolutelynecof the forging. This is particto take care
ularly

air hardening or alloyed steels

important when
are

used.

piecehas reached a uniform

forgingheat, it should be immediately withdrawn
from the fire. Soaking, or allowing the steel to remain
the fire after it has been imiformly heated
m
through is extremely injurious. In fact,no practice
will more
quickly make the steel "dry" and brittle.
Vigorouslyhammer the steel at the high heat and with
but more
constant
gentle strokes as the heat falls.
As

soon

as

the

steel should

The

be

hammered

imtil the

just shows red in the dark.

The steel will then have the finestgrainpossible.Care
tool is black red, that is

should

be taken

not

the steel below

to hammer

temperature. After forging,the tool should

to cool to black

heat

and

be

this
lowed
al-

then be reheated

to

about 1350" to 1400"F., that is a cherry red heat, and

be allowed to cool in a warm
place. This will remove
all forgingstrains and

refine the

grain.

ANNEALING
Carbon

tool steel that has been

the hammer

or

readilymachined
is annealed

or

well worked

under

in the rolls is generallytoo hard to be

without first being normalized, that

softened. When
machining the steel

into intricateshapes for tools

or

dies,the steel must

108

byGoogk

Digitized

uniform

oonsistentijY

first be annealed
the

and

this is easilyaccomplishedby
comparativelysimple operation of slowly and

uniformlyheating the steel to about

The

tool must, under

no

soak at this maximum

1360*" to 1400*'F.

circumstances,be allowed
remain

temperature, but

to
at

this temperature just as long as is necessary for the

steel to be uniformly heated
through. The tool
be
should be allowed to cool very slowly. This can
is
by leavingthe tool in the furnace while same
from the fire
coolingor else the tool can be removed
and buried in lime, powdered mica, dry ashes, etc.
cold wiU be quite soft and readily
The tool when
done

machinable.

taken

In heating the tool, great care should be

that it does not come
in contact with the air

blast and

is not

oxidizingor
has

annealed

subjected to draughts or to unduly

carbonizing flames. If the tool to be
been

without

furnace
should

show

the

heated

in

an

open

fire or

being packed, the tool

black

scale which

was

on

muffle

cooling
the

on

tool

face
previousto being reheated for annealing. If this suris disturbed at all it is due to the fire being dirty
or the result of too high a temperature.

to make

use

surround

etc., so

It is always advisable in annealing steel

of a closed box, a pipe or a muffle,and to

the
as

steel with

powdered mica, ashes, lime,

to prevent direct contact

with the flame

of the air. When

this preferablemethod
annealingis adopted and the tool allowed to remain
access

or

of
in

109

byGoogk

Digitized

"^UD^^"
-^UDLU^

BSTABriISSX2r"

1854

the packed muffle until cold, the steel

is comparativelyfree from scale.

on

being

"

moved
re-

possibl
annealingsteel it is generallyquite imto prevent slightsurface decarbonization,and
This
much
to as
amount
as
yV*"to y.
In

this may

partialsurface decarbonization is often difficult to

trace by rough and ready methods, the tool will harden
as far as a test by fileis concerned, yet
satisfactorily
the surface of the steel has decarbonized
of .10 to .20 carbon

to the extent

will result in the failure of

which

the tool.
Provision should
for at least

always be made to allow

the working surface of the

i*"reduction on
steel after annealing. This is to insure the full temper
of the steel being present at the cutting edge of the
tool. Failure to observe this simple precaution of
the removal
of the skin, will often result in loss not
only due to a slight decarbonization but from an
excessive decarbonization causing soft spots on hardening.
HARDENING

It is only possibleto give general instructions for

hardening, as every temper of carbon steel will require
ferent
slightly different hardening temperatures and difwill be required according to the
treatments
dening
results desired. The
advice herein given for harthe general pointsin hardening of tempers
covers
of carbon tool steel and they only need be varied
The operationis extremely
to suit the individual case.
no

byGoogk

Digitized

uniform

oonsistentijY

simple but requires a great deal of care and close

attention.
be carefullywatched
Every detail must
and noted, otherwise the entire cost of a very valuable
die can be irretrievably
lost,due to some
faultyoperation
in either the heating or quenching. The details
when carefullynoted arid observed render the operation
of hardening comparativelysimple.
The
normalized

to

hardened

tool to be
remove

should

first be

working strains due

any

to

etc., and to release any strains

machining operations,
that may
perhaps be left in the steel from forgingor
faultyannealing. The tool should be slowly warmed
through, then slowly heated to a dull red 1375"ISOO^'F.,and allowed to cool in dry lime. The tool
when cold,or slightly
should be slowly reheated,
warm,
care
having been taken to see that the tool is turned a
of times to insure

number
can

or

be done
gas

heat effect. This

that there is plenty of fuel between

to be heated

and

the blast nozzle.

that the blast should

turned

uniform

lead pot, salt bath, or in

fired muflfle. If a forge fire is used, care

be taken

best in

be very

an

oil

must

the tool

It is also essential

gentle and

the tool be

that the heat will be

conveyed
the steel in a uniform
across
manner.
Immediately
the tool has been uniformly heated through, from a
dull to a full cherry red, varying with the temper,
that is from 1375*^ to ISOO^'F.,it should be quickly
withdrawn
from the fire and chilled in the cooling
mediiun.
The tool should be agitated,as this will
over

and

over

so

111

"^^^I^^""^DLU^

BSTABX"ISHSI"

prevent any
the steel

more

1854

hardening line occurring and

uniformly.

will cool

preferably
good
clean water at about 65*^F. If a tough center tool is
required,water 80*^F. will be found most satisfactory,
The

brine

or

quenching medium

acid solution

is

be used if extreme

can

is required.It is generallybetter to

use

ness
hard-

higher

temper and quench in cold water rather than endeavor

hardness with a lower temper steel.
to get extreme
For slender and irregularshapes it is preferable
to
quench in oil at about 70*^ to 85"F. The oils most
suitable for this purpose

are

New

fish oil.

Lard

oil,75%

as

in the order named:

plus 25% paraffin.

Boiled linseed oil,
linseed oil.
Raw
Extra bleached fish oil.
Cotton

seed oil.

Tempering oil" 60% cotton-seed,

40% mineral.
Mineral oil.
Either
purposes

of the

first three

are

excellent oils for all

of quenching.
Under

circxmistances may
the steel be
quenched from a falling
temperature. The temperature
for
must
always be risingor stationary.The reason
no

this is that the grainof the steelon quenching is always

the gram
of its highesttemperature, therefore if the
112

byGoogk

Digitized

ESS

TABU

to the

soft state.

slightlycoarser
the

-^udlu^
"^^LU^"

I SHED

The

1854

exterior of the steel will be of

grain, but

not

sufficient to overheat

important detail is a simple operation

and knowledge of
to the experienced hardener
it represents the difference between an inexperienced
and experienced hardener.
steel.

This

TEMPERING

cutting,punching or having
to withstand heavy stresses should be tempered either
slightlyor almost to the annealed stage. If the tool
served
is slightlytempered very littledifference will be obin the hardness, as far as cuttingis concerned,
but a very great difference will be noticed in the strength
All tools to be used for

of

the

steel.

Many tools which are quitefree from warpafter

age or shrinkingafter being hardened, will move
for this is the faultymethods
tempering. The reason
of tempering and great care should be observed during
be done
this simple operation. Tempering should
slowlyand the surface of the steel should not be quickly
heated, which so often happens.
In

tempering the hardener generallyraises

the temperature
assiunes

straw

to

of the tool until the surface of

predetermined color, such

blue.

This

tint

or

as

same

light
is really

very

tarnish,which

oxide of iron, is formed on the surface of the steel

by the heat of the surface and there is a distinct lag be114

byGoogk

Digitized

TTNirORM

OONSISTENTIiY

tween

the actual temperature of

In fact,a pieceof steel can be

the surface color and

the surface of the tool.

heated until the surface of the tool will appear a dark

yellow. The tool can be kept at the same temperature
for 15 minutes

and

the steel will then have

surface

tint of dark

blue, although the temperature has not

changed

all.

at

Noting the temperature of the steel by

tints is a rough and ready method
and often quite
suitable,but where costly tools and intricate shapes
is not
are
concerned, this rough and ready method
and should not be employed.
satisfactory
It is obvious that if a hot

plateor flame be

appliedto the surface of the tool,the exterior of the

tool will quicklytake on the temperature of the flame
hot plate,yet the center of the tool will be quite
or
This causes
cooL
surface expansion, which
severe
add to the internal strains of the
must
necessarily
steel and often

cause

The
tools to be

the steel to crack.

best method

tempered

in

known

is to immerse

cold oil bath

raise the temperature of the oil to

degree,allowing the tools to remain
to

60

minutes

according

being tempered and

cool down

with

to

the

their sizes.

the oil. This

and

the

slowly

certain definite

in the oil for 10

number
Then

of articles
let the tools

tempering operationis
very simple and is extremely inexpensiveand should
be adopted for all high grade tools.
115

Est'd

XUDLUM

1854

Digitized

byGoogk

SPEED

HIGH

TOOL

INSTRUCTIONS

STEEL

FOR

FORGING

ANNEALING

HARDENING

TEMPERING

CUTTERS

MILLING
SHAPE

AND

LATHE

TOOLS

PLANER

117

AND

TOOLS

Est'd

LUDLUM.

1854

Digitized

byGoogk

TTNirORM

OONSISTENTIiY

INSTRUCTIONS

WORKING

FOR

HIGH

SPEED

STEEL

piece from an annealed bar,

off with a hack
milling cutter or circular
saw,
Cut clear through the bar; do not nick or break.
cut a piece from an unannealed
bar, cut rightoff

Cutting- Off.
cut
saw.

To

with

an

To

"

abrasive

cut

do

saw;

not

nick

break.

or

If of

cut off hot with a chisel by first

large cross-section,
slowly and uniformly heating the bar, at the point
to be cut, to a good lemon
heat, 1800"-1850"F. and
Allow
cut rightoff while hot; do not nick or break.
the tool length and bar to cool before reheating for
forging.

LATHE
To

AND

PLANER

TOOLS

the steel to remove

Forge Gently warm
any
desirable in the winter, then heat
chill,is particularly
slowly and carefullyto a scalingheat, that is a lemon
heat (1800"-2000"F.),and forge uniformly. Reheat
the tool for further forgingdirectlythe steel begins
"

to stiffen under

the hammer.

forge the steel when

dark lemon
often

to an

the

orange

Under

no

circumstances

temperature falls below

color about

1700"F.

Reheat

is necessary
to finish forging the tool to
shape. Allow the tool to cool after forgingby burying
the tool in dry ashes or lime. Do not placeon the

as

damp

as

ground

or

The

preferablyin

in

draught of air.

heating for forging should be done

pipe or muffle furnace but if this is
119

"^up^^"
"^udlu^

BSTABIilSHISD

1854

good clean fire with plenty of

fuel between the blast pipe and the tool, Never allow
the tool to soak after the desired forgingheat has been

not

convenient

reached.

Do

use

not

heat the tool further back

than

is

shape the tool,but give the tool sufficient

heat.
See that the back of the tool is flatlydressed
of the tool.
to provideproper support under the nose
to

necessary

Slowly reheat the cutting edge of

Hardening.
the tool to a cherry red, 1400"F., then force the blast
to raise the temperature quicklyto a full white
so
as
heat, 2200"-2250"F., that is,until the tool starts to
sweat at the cutting face. Cool the point of the tool
in a dry air blast or preferably
in oil,further cool in
oil keepingthe tool moving until the tool has become
"

black hot.
To

remove

tool to fi-om 500"

hardening strains reheat

to llOO^F

Cool in oil

or

the

phere.
atmos-

adds to the ness

toughtherefore to its life.

This second heat treatment

of the tool and

all scale. Use

Grinding. Grind tools to remove
a
quick cutting,dry, abrasive wheel. If using a
Do not
wet wheel, be sure
to use
plenty of water.
under any circumstances force the tool against the
wheel so as to draw the color,as this is likelyto set
"

up checks

on

the surface of the tool to itsdetriment

120

STAB

IjI

S"2X"

-^ud^^

1854

Keep the tool in this furnace only as long

as

is

essary
nec-

for the tool to attain the full temperature of

Then
and
this furnace.
quench in
quickly remove
oil

or

in

dry air blast.

Remove

before the

tool

is

entirelycold and draw the temper in an oil bath

by raisingthe temperature of the oil to from 500"
perature,
to 750"F. and allow this tool to remain, at this temin the bath for at least 30 minutes, insuring
uniformity of temper; then cool in the bath,
atmosphere or oil.
If

be
two

sired
dehigher drawing temperatures are
than
those possiblewith
oil,a salt bath can
used.
A very excellent bath is made
by mixing
parts by weight of crude potassium nitrate and

three

parts crude

at about

450"F. and

nitrate.

sodium
can

be used

up

These
to

will melt

1000"F.

fore
Be-

heating the steel in the salt bath, slowly preheat,

preferablyin oil. Reheating the hardened high
will materiallyincrease the
speed steel to 1000"F.
life of lathe tools, but milUng and
form
cutters,
taps, dies, etc., should not be reheated higher than
hardness is required,
500" to 650"F., unless extreme
when
lOOO^-llOO^F., will give the hardest edge.

122

byGoogk

Digitized

Note:
between

heat

The

above

colors

only approximately
,

and

is

CENT.

SCALE

COLOR

graphic suggestionof the relation

temperatures.

correct.

FAHR.

Such

scheme

can

be

UNIFORM

OONSISTENTXiY

HEAT

In

COLORS

Diffused

Moderate

Daylight, with

mate
Approxi-

Temperatures
Color

Scale

Names.

White.

Light YeUow
Lemon

Orange
Salmon

BrightRed
Bright Cherry Red

Cherry or Full Red

Medium
Cherry
Dark Cherry
Blood Red
Faint Red

The

above

between

is

heat

illustration can
For

graphic suggestion of

colors

pages

temperatures.

Such

an

only be approximatelycorrect.

comparison

Scales,see

and

relation

the

ot

130 and

Fahrenheit
131.

125

and

Centigrade

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126

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SPEED

HIGH
WEIGHT

OF

STEEL
WEIGHT

ROUNDS

133

OF

SQUARES

w
w

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p.

o
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O

o
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135

by^^OOgk

Digitized

"^^UDI^^""
^AiiDUJ^

KSTABIjISHICr)

1854

OF

WEIGHTS
OCTAGON

ROUND

HEXAGON

SQUARE
Carbon

Bar

Steel

Round

Size

i...,
A
i

042
094
167

T^j

261
376
511

i
A

668
845

1.043

H
i
H

1.262
1.502

Per

Foot

Square

Octagon Hexagon

053
120
213

04...
10...
18...

.05
.10
.18

332
.478
651

28...
40...
54...

.41
.56

850
1.076
1.328

1.10...

.74
.93
1.15

1.763

1.607
1.913
2.245

1.33...
1.58...
1.86...

1.40
1.66
1.94

2.044
2.347
2.670

2.603
2.989
3.400

216...
2.48...
2.82...

2.25
2.59
2.94

li
li..
H

3.379
4.173

4.303
5.312
6.428

3.56...
4.40...
5.29...

li
li
IJ...

6.008
7.051
8.178

7.650
8.978
10.41

6.34...
7.44...
8.64...

J
ij.
1

5.049...,.

70...
89...

.29
,

3.73
4.60
5.54
6.63
7.78
9.02

2i

9.388
10.68
12.06

11.95
13.60
15.35

9.90...
11.26...
12.71...

.10.36
.11.78
13.30

2i
21
2}

13.52
15.07
16.69

17.22
19.18

14.26...
15.88...

21.25

17:60...

.14.91
.16.62
.18.41

U
2

Note:

Note:

For
See

weight of high speed steel add

page

13%.

139.
136

byGoogk

Digitized

^^idlm^
"^^^^"

E3STABIjISH"2r"

WEIGHT

OF

1854

STEEL

BARS
For hot-worked

steel of .50 per cent carbon:

One

cubic inch

One

cubic foot

weighs 0.2833 pounds.

weighs 489.54 pounds.

Specificgravity 7.854.
For

Mohawk

The

table of

high speed steel"add 13

per cent.

weights for hot- worked straightcarbon bar steel on

pages 134-135 are calculated from the unit,1 cubic inch=0.2833 pound
A convenient unit
or its equivalent 1 cubic foot==489.54 pounds.
much
used in practiseis 1 cubic inch
0.3 pound, which gives
=

weightsabout

6 per cent

heavier than

those in the tables.

Since

bar-steel is usuallyfurnished

slightlyfull to size,weights calculated

this approximate basis yieldfairlyclose working results for all
on
except very large sizes.
STRIPS
Cold-rolled and
or

AND

WIRE

weighs slightlyless than hot-rolled

steel: 1 cubic inch weighs 0.28313 pound.
Specific

hammered

drawn

steel

gravity7.848.
To

figureapproximately the

weight

of

Cold-Rolled

Steel

or

Flat Wires:

Divide

the

of an
thickness,in thousandths
inch, by 300; the
quotient will be the weight per foot of a strip 1 inch wide. Or
divide by 25; the quotientwill be the weight of one square foot.
Examples

Thickness

of

Thickness

of

stripin thousandths, 120

divided by 300=0.4
pound per foot for a 1-inch strip;
divided by 25=4.8
pounds for 1 square foot.

stripin thousandths, 18
divided by 300=.06
pound per foot for a

divided by 25=.72

pound

for 1 square
138

one

foot.

inch

strip;

OONSISTENTXiY

UNIFORM

OCTAGON

HEXAGON

AND
CARBON

BARS

weight per foot of Octagon Steel is found by

Bar of
multiplyingthe weight per foot of a Round
the same
size by 1.0547.
(See pages 136-137.)
The

The

weight per foot of Hexagon Steel is found by

Bar of
multiplyingthe weight per foot of a Roimd
the same
size by 1.1026.
(See pages 136-137.)
Oval

Half-Round,

Half-Oval

and

cubic foot weighing 48954

One

Pounds
per Foot

Oval

Half Round,
Inch

Inch

1
.

xi

li.
li.

.lixi

li.
U.

.lixj
Uxl

.lixA.

"

2
.

2x1
.

pounds

Half-Oval

Pounds
per Foot

Inch

.186
.253
331

Steel

Bar

IxA.

.093
.127
.166

...617
...744
.1.013

fxA.

.269
.372
.607

.1.323
.1.624
.2.067

14 X}..

...662

lixA.
UxA.

...812
.1.034

Uxf
l}x,V

1.488
2.026
2.645

.2.976
.4.069
.5.299

ixA.
ixA.

xi

139

byGoogk

Digitized

WIRE
Sizes

in Decimal

GAUGES
Parts

of

Incli

an

140

byGoogk

Digitized

G AUG

WIRE
Sizes

in Decimal

For fractionsof

one

ES-Continued
Parts

of

an

Inch

inch in decimal equivalents,

see page
141

145.

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142

byGoogk

Digitized

UNIFORM

CONSISTBNTIL.Y

1 gram
1 meter
1 millimeter
1 metric ton
(
1000 kilograms }
1.016 metric ton I
1016 kilograms )

Unit

1
1

1000
lUUU

15.432 grains
39.371 inches or 3.28083 feet
0.03937 inch, or -^ in. approx.

J 2204.6 pounds
1 .9842

"

1 ton

ton

Millimeters

sq. millimeter
"

Kilograms

to

to Pounds

Kilograms

0-70308
^q g^g

pounds

pounds.

Pounds

to inches

_/

of 2240

of 2240

sq. centimeter

IKq nerqn
in
lbs.
per sq. m.

or

Inches to
Millimeters

kilogram per
kilogram per

FACTORS

CONVERSION

METRIC

lbs. per sq. in.

1422.32 lbs. per sq. in.

14.2234

kilograms per sq. mi.

yiograms per sq. cm.

143

byGoogk

Digitized

"^UOLU^"

BSTABIjISSSD

FRACTIONS
IN

OF

ONE

EQUIVALENT
OF

AN

1854

MILLIMETER
DECIMALS
INCH

144

byGoogk

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as

there

the decimal

INTO

a
as

and

numerator,

place

ciphersannexed

many

and

point in tiie ntunerator

fraction thus formed

1854

places in the numerator;

decimal

are

as

1 with

the denominator

as

FRACTION

COMMON

the decimal

down

A DECIMAL

CONVERT
A

reduce

erase

the

to its lowest terms:

0.125

"^^

1000"

0.3333

CONVERT

TO

to the numerator

as

many

LOOOO

-5-

approx.

FRACTION

by the denominator, adding

ciphersprefixed
by a decimal
of decimal
to give the number

point as are necessary

places desired in the result:
i

DECIMAL

the numerator

COMMON

A
INTO

Divide

^^

0.333

plus

146

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147

byGoogk

Digitized

"^^UOLU^""
-^uoLUto-

BSTABIjISSBD

USEFUL
find the

To

area

1854

INFORMATION
of

circle,
multiplythe

square

of

by .7854,

the diameter
find the

To

area

of

an

octagon, multiplythe square

of the diameter of the inscribed circleby .828

To

find the

area

find the

area

find the

area

of

of

of

hexagon, multiplythe
of the diameter of the inscribed circleby .866.

square

triangle,
multiplythe base by
one-half the perpendicular
height.
To

trapezoid,add the two parallel

sides togetherand multiplythe stun by half the perpendicul
To

distance between
find the

To
area

of

To

area

them.

of the section of

flat bar,

or

the

rectangle,
multiplythe width by the thickness.

find the

multiplythe

inches in any bar,

of its section in inches by its length

number

area

of cubic

in inches.
The

weight of
490

The

The

cubic foot of steel is

mately
approxi-

cubic inch of steel is

mately
approxi-

pounds.

weight of
.285

one

one

pound.

gravity of steel is approximately7.85,

specific

while that of grey

cast-iron averages

7.22,and white

iron 7.65.
148

byGoogk

Digitized

UNIFORM

OONSISTBNTriY

of cubic inches in any bar, to

Having the number
find its weight in carbon steel,multiplyby .2833 if
exact weight is desired;or multiplyby .3 if a practical
For the weight of wrought iron,
weight is wanted.
multiply the cubic inches by .28. For the weight of
cast iron, multiply the cubic inches by .26.
Steels of

the

high speed types

are

much

heavier

than

ordinary tool steel. Thus while the specific

gravityof ordinary tool steel is 7.85,that of high speed
steels varies from 8.45 to 8.75, depending upon
the
present. In
estimatingweights of high speed bars, therefore,one
percentage
must

from

of chromitun

and

increase the weights

12 to

14 per

In

cent.

high speed steel

as

as

tool steel.

149

13

txmgsten

given in this book by

general,one may consider
per

cent

heavier than

E8t*d

lUDLUM.

1854

Digitized

byGoogk

INDEX
Page

"Albany", Moy Tool Steel, Brand No. 400

Alloy Drawing Die Steel,"Hudson"
Chisel Steel,"Oswego"
Alloy Pneumatic

No.
69
80
74

Alloy Punch

and

Die Steel,"Huron".

78

Alloy Punch

and

Die

Steel,"Seneca"

77

Alloy Steel Discs

Alloy Tool

16

Steel,Carbon

and;

see
Treatment, (Instructions

Its
page

composition and

43

90)

Alloy Tool Steels

Alloy Tool

59

Steels,Forging etc

Alloys and their effect

107

Steel

upon

23

Alloy Steels
"Apache", Special Tong Bit Steel,Brand No. 850
"Arapaho", Moy Twist Drill Steel,Brand No. 470

Annealing, Carbon

and

Steel,Brand

"Atsina", Tungsten Magnet

Bearing Steel in use

Ball Bearing Steel."Piegan"
Ball

BaU

Bearing Steel,"Teton"

Bearing Steel Extra

Ball Bearing Steel Extra, "Navaho"
Ball Bearing Steel Extra, "Kutani"
Bars, Octagon and Hexagon
Bars, Weight of Steel
Boxing
Bull Die Steel, "Otsego Special"
Brand No. 210, 'F. Special'
'

No.

220, "Elba"

Brand

No.

Brand
Brand

No.

560

108
81
85
102

89
91
92

Ball

"and

Heat

'

93
94
95
139
138
9
76
64
64

230, 'Pompton'

'

63

No.

240. "Pompton

Extra"

63

No.

250, "Pompton

62

Brand

Special"
No. 260, "Pompton"
Drawing Die

Brand

No.

270, "Sioux"

82

Brand

No.

280, "Salish"

84

Brand

No.

300, "Pequot"

68

79

-^^"LU^"
^^wolu^

EJSTABIjISHEU

1854

Page

No.

Brand

No. 330. "Mohican"

71

Brand

No. 400, "Albany"

69

420, "Oswego"
Brand No. 430, "Otsego"
Brand No. 450, "Navabo"
Brand No. 460, "Kutani"

74

95

Brand

No. 470,

85

Brand

No.

Brand

No.

75
94

"Arapaho"

500, "Seneca"
Brand No. 520. "Hudson"

77
80
72

Brand

No. 540, "Iroquois"

Brand

No.

550, "IroquoisSpecial"

Brand

No.

Brand

No.

Brand

No.

Brand

No.

Brand

No.

Brand

No.

Brand

No.

560, "Atsina"
600, "Piegan"
610, "Teton"
620, "Yuma"
630, "Cheyenne"
650, "Huron"
710, "Oneida"

Brand

No. 800, "Mohawk"

Brand
Brand

No. 820, "Mohawk

No. 830, "Mohawk

Brand

No.

850, "Apache"

Brand

No.

870. "Mohawk"

Brand

No. 910, "Otsego

No. 920, "Siwash"

Brand

Brinell Hardness

Carbon

73
102
91
92
103
86
78
70
53
52

Extra"
Extra"

Tool Holder

54

Bits

81
Extrusion

81

Die Steel

76

Special"

83
147

Numerals

16

and

AlloySteel,Disc Extras
Carbon and Alloy Steel,Disc weights
Carbon and AlloySteel,Ring Extras
Carbon
Carbon

Carbon

18

and Alloy Tool Steels,

Forging etc
and Alloy Tool Steel,Its Composition and

Treatment

Carbon

17

see
(Instructions

page

and

90)

Alloy Tool Steel,Temper numbers

Bar Steel,weight per foot
152

107
Heat43
59
136

-^uolu^
"^uow^"

BSTABIjISHSD

1854

Page
"F.

Special",Tool Steel,Brand No. 210

FinishingSteel,Gold Label, "Iroquois"
FinishingSteel,Gold Label,"IroquoisSpecial"
Forged Die Blocks
Forged High Speed Steel Die Blocks
Forging. Annealing, Hardening and Tempering, (Instructions)

No.
64
72
73
19
15

107

Gauges, Wire (comparisons)

Gold Label,FinishingSteel."Iroquois"
Gold Label,FinishingSteel "IroquoisSpecial"

140

Hardening,Carbon and Alloy Steels

Hardening Heats, Carbon and Alloy Tool Steels

110

Hardness

147

72
73

43

Brinell Numerals

125
Colors,Table
Heat Treatment, Carbon and Alloy Tool Steels,
(Instructions
43
see page 90)
51
High Speed Steel
14
High Speed Steel,Classificationof Extras
17
High Speed Steel Discs
17
High Speed Steel Discs,weight of
15
High Speed Steel Forged Die Blocks
120
High Speed Steel,Heat Treatment
119
High Speed Steel,Instructions for working
53
High Speed Steel,"Mohawk"
Extra"
52
High Speed Steel,"Mohawk
Extra".
54
High Speed Steel,Tool Holder Bits,"Mohawk
High Speed Steel,Weights, Rounds, Squares, Flats per inch
Heat

.....

and

per

foot

132-133

Hot

Rivet,Bull Die Steel "Otsego Special"

Hot Rivet,Rivet Set Steel,"Otsego"
How
to order Tool Steel and Alloy Steel
"Hudson", Drawing Die Steel,Brand No. 520
"Huron", Punch and Die Steel,Brand No. 650
154

76
75

10
80
78

OONSISTENTlLiY

UNIFORM

Page

Information,Customer's
Instructions for Forging,Hardening, Annealing and Tempering

No.
9

107

Instructions for ordering

Instructions for

10

working High Speed Steel

119

Introduction

Brand No. 540

"Iroquois",FinishingSteel,
"IroquoisSpecial"FinishingSteel,Brand No. 550

72

"Kutani", Ball BearingSteel Extra, Brand No. 460

95

Ludlum

73

Steel

Magnet Steel,Permanent
Magnet Steel,Chrome, "Yuma"
Magnet Steel,Tungsten,"Atsina"
Manganese, its Effect
Metric

Conversion

"Mohawk
"Mohawk

Brand
"Mohawk"

103
102
34

Factors

Millimeters Conversion

"Mohawk",

99

143

Table

142

High Speed Steel,Brand No. 800

Extra", High Speed Steel,Brand No. 820
Extra", High Speed Steel Tool Holder
No.

53
52

Bits,

830

Extrusion

54
Die Steel

81

"Mohican", Alloy Tool Steel,Brand No. 330

71

"Navaho", Ball Bearing Steel Extra, Brand No. 450

Nickel,its Effect
Nickel Chromium, its Effect
Non-Corrosive Steel,"Cheyenne"
Non-ShrinkingSteel,Alloy Tool Steel,"Oneida"

94

Octagon and Hexagon Bars

'Oneida",Alloy Tool Steel,Non-Shrinking,Brand

23
30
86
70
139

No

710.

Ordering

70
9

"Oswego", SpecialAlloy Pneumatic

420

Chisel Steel. Brand

No.
74

155

""uolu^
"^^UOLU^"

BSTABXjISHI^D

1854

Page

'Otsego" SpecialPneumatic Rivet Set Steel,Brand No. 430.

Bull Die Steel for Hot Work, Brand No. 910
'OtsegoSpecial",

Magnet Steel

Permanent

Prices,Ring Extras

Steel,Alloy,"Seneca"
and Die Steel,SpecialAlloy,"Huron"
and

Die

74
75
79
63
63
62

77
78

9
82

Ring Extras
Rivet Set Steel,Special
Pneumatic, "Otsego"
Roll Steel

91

112

Steel,"Sioux"

"

68

18

Quenching, Best Mediums

Quotations
Razor

76

99

"Pequot", Alloy Tool Steel,Brand No. 300

"Piegan",SpecialBall Bearing Steel,Brand No. 600
Pneumatic Chisel Steel,SpecialAlloy,"Oswego"
Pneumatic Rivet Set Steel,"Otsego"
"Tompton", Drawing Die Steel,Brand No. 260
"Pompton" Tool Steel,Brand No. 230
"Pompton Extra", Tool Steel,Brand No. 240
"Pompton Special",Tool Steel,Brand No. 250

Punch

75

Payments

Punch

No.

18
75
83

Siwasb"

Sales

"Salish",Carbon Twist Drill Steel,Brand No. 280

Salt Bath Tempering
"Seneca",Alloy Punch and Die Steel,Brand No. 500
"Sioux", Razor Steel,Brand No. 270
"Siwash", SpecialRoll Steel,Brand No. 920
Table, Brinell Hardness
"

122
77
9

Shipments

Table, Decimal

84

Table,
Table, Disc Weights

"

*'

83
147

Numerals

Equivalentsof Fractions
"

82

145
144
17

156

OONSISTBNTriY

UNIFORM

Page

Table, Heat

125

Colors

Table, Metric Conversion

Factors

Conversion

Table. Millimeters

143

Table, Official

142

Table, Millimeters,Decimal Equivalents

Table, Ring Extras
Table, Temperatures, Comparisons
Table, Tempering
Scale
Table, Thermometer
Table, Weight of Carbon Bar Steel per foot
Table,Weight of Half Round Ovals and Half Ovals Bar Steel.
Table, Weight of Octagon and Hexagon Bars per foot
Table, Weight of Steel Bars
Table, Weight of Carbon Steel Bars per foot
Table, Weights High Speed Bars; Rounds, Squares,Flats per
inch and per foot
Table, Wire Gauges

144
18
130

126
123
136
139
139
138
134

132-133
140

Temper Numbers

59

Tempering,Carbon
Tempering Tables

and

Alloy Steels

107
126

Terms

SpecialBaU Bearing Steel,Brand

Tong Bit Steel,"Apache"
"Teton"

Tool Holder

No.

Bit Steel,"Mohawk

Extra"

No. 610

92
81
54

Tool Steel,AUoy, "Albany"'

69

Tool Steel,AUoy, "Apache"

Tool Sted, AUoy, ''Hudson"

81

Tool Steel,AUoy, "Huron"

Tool Steel,AUoy, "Mohican"

78
71

Tool Steel,AUoy, "Oneida"

70

Tool Steel,AUoy,

"Oswego"

74

Tool Steel,AUoy,

'

75

Tool Steel,AUoy,

"OtsegoSpecial"

80

'

'Otsego'

76

Tool Steel,AUoy, "Pequot"

Tool Steel,AUoy, "Seneca"

68

Tool Steel,Carbon, "Elba"

64

77

157

BlSTABXilSSBD

^udlu^
^UpLU^"

"

1854

Page
Tool

Steel,Carbon, 'T. Special"

Tool Steel,Carbon, "Pompton"
Tool Steel,Carbon, "Pompton" Drawing Die
Tool Steel,Carbon, "Pompton Extra"
Tool Steel,Carbon, "Pompton Special"
Tool Steel,Classification
Tool Sted, Temper Numbers
etc
Tool Steel,Tungsten, "Iroquois"
Tool Steel,Tungsten, "IroquoisSpecial"
Tool Steels,
Alloy
Tool Steels,
Carbon
Tungsten, itsEffect
Tungsten Magnet Sted, "Atsina"
Tungsten Sted Classification
Tungsten Steel Weights Rounds, Squares,Flats
per foot

No
64
63
79
63
62
12
59
72
73
67
57
37
102
14

per inch and

132-133

Twist Drill Steel,Alloy,"Arapaho"

85

Twist Drill Sted, Carbon, "Salish"

84

UseftilInformation

148

Warranty
Weight of Flat Carbon Bar Steel per foot
Wdght of Half Round Ovals and Half Ovals
Extra Steel,Rounds
Weights, Mohawk
per inch
Extra Steel,Rounds
Weights, Mohawk
per foot
Extra Steel,Flats per inch
Weights, Mohawk
Extra Steel,Flats per foot
Weights, Mohawk
Extra Steel,Square per inch
Weights, Mohawk
Extra Steel,Square per foot
Weights, Mohawk
Weight of Octagon and Hexagon Bars, per foot
Wdght of Sted Bars
Weights,Discs
Wire Gauges
"Yuma", Chrome

Magnet Steel,Brand
158

No. 620

9
134-135
139
132
132
133
133
132
132
139
138
17
140
103

OONSISTENTHiY

UNIFORM

MEMORANDUM

159