Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Garcia
Review Paper
1. Introduction
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) have been in use for more than a
century by now. They are described by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as any
product used by the individuals for personal health or cosmetic reasons or used by agribusiness
to enhance growth and health of livestock. They form a wide spectrum of substances that are
comprised of but not limited to prescription and over-the-counter drugs, lotions, ointments,
fragrances, and veterinary drugs. Through the years its use has been on the rise because of
extensive use for human consumption, agriculture and veterinary purposes leading to its
increased presence in different environmental reservoirs such as surface water, ground water, and
soil (Sarmah et al., 2006; Alvarino et al., 2014; Verlicchi and Zambello, 2015).
An area of concern is in the presence of antibiotics in wastewater due to its adverse
effects on aquatic fauna (Michael et al, 2013). Currently, these antibiotics are removed by
different biological, physical and chemical processes such as advanced oxidation processes,
activated sludge process, adsorption by activated carbon and the use of membranes (Zhao et al.,
2015). A relatively new technology in biological wastewater treatment is the use of aerobic
granular sludge (AGS). There have been many recent studies done on the technologys capability
in removing wastewater contaminants such as phenol (Zhang and Tay, 2016), p-cresol (Basheer
and Farooqi, 2012), 4-chlorophenol (Carucci et al., 2009), and 2-fluorophenol (Duque et al.,
2011) each showing promising contaminant removal. Due to the trend towards aerobic granular
sludge technology research, a review of the recent advances in this field is of utmost importance.
In this review, the prevalence of PPCPs in wastewater is discussed along with the sources
and detection of these PPCPs with a particular emphasis on antibiotics. The fundamentals of
AGS comprise the bulk of this review. In this section, the advantages of the technology are
highlighted and a discussion on the important characteristics of AGS, the types of
microorganisms present, and the granulation mechanism is presented. The different researches
done related to AGS with emphasis on the types of reactors used and the type of antibiotics
removed are delineated.
Table 1. Classes of PPCPs included in the review and in brackets the number of compounds.
Class
Analgesics (11)
Class
Anti-neoplastics (2)
Class
Contrast media (1)
Antianginals (1)
Antiplatelets (3)
Antiarrhythmics (2)
Antiprotozoals (1)
Stimulants (3)
Antibiotics (45)
Beta-agonists (3)
Antiseptics (2)
Anticoagulants (1)
Beta-blockers (10)
Antidiabetics (2)
Diuretics (1)
UV filters (1)
Antiemetics (1)
Hormones (6)
Antifungals (7)
Hypnotics (1)
Anti-histamines (2)
Anti-hypertensives (6)
and Tay (2016) found out that the morphology of the granules changed with the introduction of
trichloroethylene giving rise to larger granules. Dai et al. (2015) showed that a lot of cocci and
bacilli bacteria accumulated in the surface of the granules after being exposed to increased
aniline conditions. The flaw of using the settling property to characterize the granule
characteristics was exposed by Kim et al. (2008) and instead advocated for the use of the total
microbial density as a more sensitive and accurate parameter for classifying aerobic granules.
bubble column reactor in treating actual slaughterhouse wastewater; Corsino et al. (2016) used a
continuous flow membrane reactor in studying the stability of aerobic granular sludge in a
continuous-flow reactor which is a novel idea since most studies are done using batch reactors;
Adav et al. (2010) used a sequencing batch reactor in investigating the potential causes of
granule breakdown at high organic loading rates; Carucci et al. (2010) used a sequencing batch
reactor and a membrane reactor to compare the two in treating wastewater contaminated with 4chlorophenol; Zhang and Tay (2016) used a sequencing batch reactor in investigating the
physiological and functional diversity of microbes in phenol degradation with trichloroethylene
co-metabolism; Li et al. (2008) used a sequencing batch reactor in studying microbial population
dynamics at different organic loading rates; Yan et al. (2016) studied the simultaneous
nitrification and denitrification along with enhanced nitrogen removal of ammonium-nitrogenrich wastewater using a sequencing batch reactor; Pronka et al. (2015) used an actual wastewater
treatment plant to test its performance; Duque et al. (2011) used a sequencing batch reactor in the
degradation of 2-flourophenol; Thanh et al. (2009) used a sequencing bath airlift reactor in
characterizing aerobic granular sludge at various organic loading rates; Wagner et al. (2015) used
a sequencing batch reactor in investigating the effect of particulate organic substrate on aerobic
granulation; Wan and Sperandio (2009) investigated the role of denitrification on aerobic
granular sludge formation in a sequencing batch reactor; Jang et al. (2003) characterized aerobic
granules in a sequencing batch reactor; Long et al. (2015) used a cyclic aerobic granular reactor
to determine the tolerance to organic loading of aerobic granular sludge; Liu et al. (2005) used a
sequencing batch reactor to investigate the properties and kinetics of glucose-fed aerobic
granular sludge; Zhu et al. (2013) used a sequencing airlift bioreactor in investigating the
stability of aerobic granular sludge under 4-chloroaniline shock; de Kruek et al. (2010) used a
sequencing batch reactor in determining the behavior of polymeric substance of aerobic granular
sludge.
questions that remain unanswered such as its effect on the morphology, the microbiological
community of the sludge and the possible bacterial resistance response. These are some of the
aspects that still need to be answered in order for us to realize the future of the antibiotics
removal by aerobic granular sludge.
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