Historical Background

1780s start of industrial

Mid-18th century Outmoded

1760 Montreal
surrendered by

1768-1771

Revolution in

England marked by
Political system (ancien regime )
France to Britain
of cotton industry
Australia for Britain
1778 France intervened on the
In France; government
colonies in the

1763 France conceded British

Perennially bankrupt
independence

supremacy also in India

1793 Louis XVI tried and

expansion

side of the 13
American war of

1789 French revolution began 1795, 1807 France took large

Executed; region of terror, war with storming of the bastille

Dictatorship in France

james cook, who claimed

Australia, for Britain

parts of Prussia

prison

1804 Napoleon

enthroned as
Emperor of France

Lavoisiers scientific work

Alchemists believed in transmutation of substances Jean- Baptiste van Helmont
(1579-1644) suggested all things are made of water, first used term gas
Oxford chemists Robert Boyle (1627-1691 ) and john Mayow (1640-1679) experimented on air

J.J . Becher (1635-1692) argued that combustion is due to a sulfurous earth.

1765 first published paper on gymsum

1774 published opuscules physiques et chimiques
1772-1775 showed metals burn by absorbing vital principle form air
1770 proved that water cannot be transmuted into earth (experiment started 1768)
1768 road Hales vegetable staticks
1777 developed theory of gaseous state which involves heat as a principle of expansion
1776 decided that all acids contain oxygen
1785 attacked theory of phogiston
1783 showed that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen
1784 worked with pierre simon laplace (1749-1827) on caloriefic theory and animal heat using guinea pig
1787 defined the chemical element and published method of chemical nomenclature with Guyton , claude- Louis
berthollet fourcroy (1748-1822) and Antoine fourcroy
1789 published textbook elementary treatise of chemistry
1789 worked on respiration with armand seguin (1765-1835)
1792-1794 prepared a collected edition of his papers

LIFE, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

26 august 1743 antoine Laurent lavoiser born in Paris
1766 won prize for essay on street lighting
1763-1764 attended rouelles lectures at jardan du roi
1763 baccalaureate in law from college marzarin
1763-1766 geological tour of france with jean-etienne guettard (1715-1786)
1768 elected to academy of sciences and bought shares in ferme generale
1771 married marie-anne pierrette paulze
1775 became heredatory nobleman and bought estates in country side
1781 elected to represent third estate oreleanais
1775 moved into paris arsenal as a commissioner of gun powder
1789 founded new journal, annals de chimie, to oppose de la metheries periodical
1793 arrested
1788 elected foreign member of royal society
5 may 1794 executd in paris
1790 joined commission on metric system
1791 became treasurer of academy of sciences and was sacked from gunpowder administration
1766 henry Cavendish (1731-1810)English chemist, prepared inflammable air (hydrogen)
1756 joseph black (1728-1799) Scottish chemist prepared fixed air carbon dioxide

1727 stephen hales (1677-1761) English chemist , showed air takes part in chemical reactions; invented apparatus
for investigating gases
1723 george stahl (1660-1734) german chemist, developed phlogiston theory
1742-1768 guillame fancois rouelle (1703-1779) taught phlogiston theory in france
1766 j.t eller in germany argued water forms earth
1751 first volume of encyclopedie published landmark of enlightenment in france
1783 cavendish synthesized water
1787 berthhollet concluded that not all acids contain oxygen
1785-1795 j.c.de la metherie attacked lavoisers theories in his periodical
1782 guyton de morveau urged reform of chemical language
1787 process for producing soda developer by Nicolas lebanc(1742-1806)
1791 the irish phlogiston Richard kirwan (1733-1812)adopted the new chemistry
1798 count rumford (bebjamin Thomson) concluded that heat is a kind of motion
; he married mme Lavoisier in 1804
1794 priestly emigrated to America after brimmingham mob attacked his house remained a convinced phlogistonist
1802-1804 john Dalton (1766-1844) English chemist developed atomic theory based upon lavoisiers elements
1807-1822 informal research society of arculi trained scientists including joseph gay lussac and francois arago
1793 academy of sciences suppressed in 1795 became 1 st division of new national institute
1794 foundation of the ecole polytechnique

1787 process for producing soda developed by Nicolas leblanc (1742-1806)

1775 priestley noticed dew is formed when hydrogen explodex oxygen
1774 joseph Rutherford (1749-1819) physician , In Scotland identified nitrogen in air
1771-1772 louis Bernard guyton de morveau 1737-1816 french lawyer and chemist ,showed that metal s increase in
weight when burned
1774 pierre bayen 1725-1798 french pharmacist investigated the properties of calx of mercury (mercuric oxide)
On lavoisiers foundations,
Organic chemistry developed by
J.j berzelious (1779-1848-1848)
j.b Dumas (1800-1884)
j.von liebig (1803-1873)
l. Pasteur (1822-1895)
1869 dimitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) Russian chemist published periodic table of chemical elements