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Assessment
Case study from Finland:
Extension of the Olkiluoto nuclear
plant (OL 3)
Project/action identification
Electricity demand on the increase in Finland
The growth of the total consumption of energy is
estimated to slow down in Finland in the future
However, an increasing share of energy will be consumed
as electricity
In the past 10 years, the consumption of electricity has
increased in Finland by more than 25%
Industry - more than 50% of the consumption of electricity
& it will increase (despite efficiency increase)
Consumption in residential sector will also increase
Project/action identification
Electricity demand on the increase in Finland
By 2010, the consumption of electricity is estimated to increase by an
average of 1.5% a year
and after 2010 by 1% a year
At the same time, old power plants fired with fossil fuels are being
decommissioned
According to the investigation carried out by Professor Mikko Kara from the
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, the demand for electricity
generation capacity will increase
to ca. 7000 MW by the year 2020.
Project/action identification
Extension of the Olkiluoto
nuclear plant by a third unit
Project screening
Does the project require an
EIA ?
(Annex 1 Projects)
Annex 2 - development
projects which would be
subject to an EIA should
they be likely to have
significant environmental
effects
Agriculture and forestry
Oil refineries
Large coal gasification and
liquefication plants
Large power stations
Radioactive waste disposal
sites
Integrated steel works
Asbestos plants
Integrated chemical plants
Motorways
Railways
Large airports
Ports
Canals
Toxic waste disposal facilities
Project screening
Does the project
require an EIA ?
Permit procedures
to follow the EIA
Various permit authorities use the EIA Report and the co-ordination
authority statement on it as a basic material for their decision-making
But many, more detailed reports on the project and its impacts need to
be compiled and attached to the permit applications during the planning
stage
Scoping
Which alternatives to investigate/which are
reasonable - crucial!!
(always at least 2 alternatives, including zero
alternative)
Electricity supply to a newly developed suburb (each separately or a
mixture of):
1. Construction of new generating capacity
Alternatives regarding generator type, fuel used, location, site
layout and design)
2. Import of electricity from another region
3. Stringent energy conservation measures
Scoping - alternatives
Main alternative nuclear power plant unit of
~1000-1500MW at Olkiluoto
(BWR or PWR, 2 alternative locations at Olkiluoto,
4 alternative sites for cooling water discharge)
Zero option: non-implementation of the project.
acquiring the electricity needed from other suppliers either in Finland
or abroad,
Implementation of projects requiring electricity - abroad
Scoping alternatives
Alternative
locations A
& B for the
new plant
unit, new
cooling
water inlet
and
alternative
cooling
water outlet
locations 14
Scoping
Who is involved?
Involvement of local
community (they are to be
exposed to eventual risk)
Project/action description
French-German Consortium
(Framatome ANP and Siemens)
has the total responsibility for
the construction of the Olkiluoto
3 plant unit
Framatome ANP - in charge of
the reactor plant
Siemens - of the turbine plant
Paulina Bohdanowicz, TeknDr
Construction of a 1600MWe
nuclear power plant
European Pressurized Water
Reactor (EPR)
Project/action description
4 main circulation circuits in the plant unit.
The reactor core - 241 fuel assemblies with a
total of appr. 128 tons of uranium.
The plant unit - one turbine-generator
combination:
1 high-pressure turbine
3 low-pressure turbines, which rotate at a speed
of 1500 RPM.
Impact assessment
baseline environmental conditions
Identification of impacts
Ecosystem destruction
during construction
Pollution due to the
transportation of
materials
Thermal pollution
Possible radioactive
pollution
Uncertainty of local
inhabitants
Paulina Bohdanowicz, TeknDr
9 No or minimal air
pollution during
operation
9 Carbon dioxide free
9 Limited pollution due to
fuel transport
The impact of
the cooling water
Cooling water warms up at the NPP by
~10-14C
Impact investigated with the aid of a
mathematical dispersion model
Apart from temperature increase no other
changes in the cooling water quality
The impact of
the cooling water
The eventual eutrophication of aquatic vegetation in a
wider area than at present
No harmful changes to the species or stocks of fish or
fishing
Possibilities to utilise the cooling water were
investigated but no technically, economically or
environmetally justifiable alternatives for a significant
reduction of the thermal load only aiming at the
highest efficiency of the system
Paulina Bohdanowicz, TeknDr
The impact of
the wastewater
NPP produces fairly small quantity of
wastewater which is treated before the release
no detrimental impacts on the quality of water
in the Olkiluoto sea area
Visual impact
Traffic to Olkiluoto
During the construction period (4-5yrs)
passenger and heavy traffic from the
Rauma-Pori highway to Olkiluoto will
increase (double)
During the operation of OL3 the commuter
traffic will increase by 1/3, the amount of
heavy traffic will be the same as at present
Employment
Estimates: the OP3 unit - a direct employment
effect of 11000 - 13500 man-years in Finland
The effect of the chain of domestic acquisitions
connected with the construction project in terms
of employment - 16500 - 20250 man-years
OL3 unit will provide permanent employment to
150 - 200 people
During the annual outages, about a thousand
people will be employed
Paulina Bohdanowicz, TeknDr
Safety of OL3
OL3 meets all Finnish and European safety requirements for nuclear power
plants.
OL3 will be equipped with four-fold protection and safety systems, located in
separate facilities and buildings physically isolated from each other.
The management of severe reactor accidents, i.e. accidents that will lead to
the melting of the reactor core, has been taken into consideration already in
the initial design of Olkiluoto 3. The probability of this type of accidents is
extremely low.
Safety of OL3
Safety and quality culture
TVO and the project organisation for OL3 are committed to a high safety
and quality culture. The construction project of OL3 and the plant itself
shall meet
the requirements laid down in Finnish laws and decrees and issued by
authorities
TVO's own objectives
the safety and quality recommendations of the International Atomic Energy
Agency IAEA.
Waste management
The management of nuclear waste generated in OL3 will be
realised applying the existing methods and procedures
The financing for the nuclear waste management is collected
in the form of a nuclear waste management fee included in
the price of the electricity produced by the new unit
The fees will cover the costs caused by the disposal of spent
nuclear fuel and operating waste as well as by the
management of the decommissioning waste
The funds are collected in the State Nuclear Waste
Management Fund and returned to the power company as
costs are incurred during the various stages of waste
management
Waste management
Low and intermediate level operating waste - packed and
placed in final disposal repositories excavated in bedrock.
The existing repository facilities can be expanded for the waste
generated in the new plant unit.
After the repository stage, the spent fuel is placed in thickwalled iron/copper capsules and transferred into a final
disposal facility deep inside the bedrock, where it is
permanently isolated from the living nature.
Paulina Bohdanowicz, TeknDr
Waste management
Responsibility for the planning and implementation of the
final disposal of spent nuclear fuel rests with Posiva Oy, a
company owned by Teollisuuden Voima and Fortum Power
and Heat Oy.
The Finnish Parliament ratified in May 2001 the
Government's decision in principle on the construction of the
final disposal facility in Olkiluoto.
In connection with the decision in principle on the new plant
unit Olkiluoto 3 the Government also issued a separate
decision in principle, by which the spent fuel from the new
plant unit can also be embedded in the bedrock in Olkiluoto.
The volume of growth will depend on how the increase in the demand of
electricity is supplied
Decision
The Finnish Ministry of Trade and Industry
issued statements on the EIA reports in 2000, in
which it considered both reports to be sufficiently
comprehensive and compliant with the
requirements of the EIA Law and EIA Decree, as
well as with the objectives specified in the EIA
programme of the project and in the statement
issued by the Ministry on this programme
Decision
November 2000 - Teollisuuden Voima Oy filed an application
with the Finnish Government for a decision on a new nuclear
power plant unit
January 2002 - the government made the decision in favour
of the new unit and considered the construction of a new
plant unit to serve the overall interests of the society
May 2002 - the Finnish Parliament ratified this decision
a bidding competition that took over a year
Decision
October 2003 - Olkiluoto was selected as the site for the new
unit on technical and financial grounds
December 2003 - TVO selected the pressurised water
reactor of the consortium formed by Framatome ANP and
Siemens from the solutions offered in the bidding
competition
January 2004 - TVO filed an application with the government
for the construction license of the Olkiluoto 3 unit
February 2004 quarrying at the building site in Olkiluoto
began
4 300 MW
approx. 1 600 MW
154 bar
290C
13 m
4,2 m
241
89
Containment height
63 m
Containment width
49 m
2m
approx. 1 600 MW
4 300 MW
over 37 %
uranium oxide UO2
approx. 32 t
3 - 5 % U-235
approx. 128 t
approx. 13 TWh
57 m3/s
1 500 rpm
1 high-pressure + 3 low-pressure
290C
Actual
effect
Predicted
effect
Predicted
baseline
Actual
baseline
Time, years
Paulina Bohdanowicz, TeknDr
Benefits
There so far has been no
reliable quantification of
the effectiveness of the
EIA, and it may be that it
can only be measured
subjectively &
qualitatively by
examining the attitudes
and opinions of those
involved.
References
TVO, 1999, Extension of the Olkiluoto nuclear
power plant by a third unit, environmental impact
assessment, Teollisuuden Voima Oy, Olkiluoto,
Finland
Teollisuuden Voima Oy, http://www.tvo.fi/