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Food
Chemistry
Food Chemistry 108 (2008) 310315
www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchem
Analytical Methods
a
Physics Department, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Chemistry Department, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Received 31 December 2006; received in revised form 2 May 2007; accepted 4 October 2007
Abstract
In this research work using UV/vis spectrophotometer the molar decadic absorption coecients and transitional dipole moment of
pure caeine in water and dichloromethane were obtained at 272 and 274.7 nm. The molar decadic absorption coecients of caeine in
water and dichloromethane at these wavelengths are 1115 and 1010 m2 mol1, respectively. The calculated values for the transitional
dipole moment of caeine in water and in dichloromethane are 10.40 1030 and 10.80 1030 C m, respectively. After characterizing
caeine in water and dichloromethane, fast and simple methods were developed that enable to quantify the content of caeine in coee
beans. The methods helped in extracting caeine from coee dissolved in water by dichloromethane, and Gaussian t was applied to
eliminate the possible interference with the caeine spectra.
2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Absorbance; Caeine; Characterization; Extraction; UV/vis spectrophotometer
1. Introduction
Caeine is found in various kinds of foods and drinks
that we consume in daily life (Singh & Sahu, 2006). It
causes various physiological eects such as relaxation of
bronchial muscle, stimulation of the central nervous system, gastric acid secretion and dieresis Bolton and Null
(1981). And their concentration in vivo is a key mark for
various disorders including heart disease, carcinogenesis,
kidney malfunction and asthma (Zhang, Lian, Wang, &
Chen, 2005). On the other hand, chemical analysis of caffeine in coee beans is also used as an additional tool for
evaluating coee quality. Higher caeine contents associated with highest quality samples compared to other Arabic samples have been reported by Franca, Mendonca,
and Oliveira (2005). Therefore, establishing a rapid and
cheap analytical method for the determination of caeine
in coee beans has an interest for a wide range of physiological eects on the human body and quality controls.
0308-8146/$ - see front matter 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.024
Several chemical and physical methods have been developed for the determination of caeine in coee and other
beverages. The most widely used methods for the determination of caeine in beverages include various analytical
techniques such as derivative spectrophotometer (Alpdogan, Karbina, & Sungur, 2002) HPLC (Branstrom & Edenteg, 2002; Casal, Oliveira, & Ferreira, 2000; Minawlsawa,
Yoshida, & Takali, 2004; Ortega-Burrales, Padilla-Weigand, & Molina-Diaz, 2002), Fourier Transform infrared
(Bousain, Garriques, Garriges, & Guardia, 1999; Naja,
Hamid, & Afshin, 2003; Paradkar & Irudayaraj, 2002),
NIR reectance spectrometry (Chen, Zhao, Huang, Zhang,
& Liu, 2006), Raman spectroscopy (Edawards, Munish, &
Anstis, 2005) and capillary electrophoresis (Zhang et al.,
2005), which have been reported. Although Spectrophotometer is a fast and simple method it is not possible to
determine caeine directly in coee beans by conventional
UV absorption measurement due to the spectral overlap
(Zhang et al., 2005). On the other hand, the derivative spectrophotometer is relatively easy; however, it is not reliable
for the determination of small concentration of caeine in
samples. With HPLC methods the use of expensive equipments and the demand for more operator attention prevent
311
Table 1
The mean percentage of caeine for ve independent measurements for
samples collected from dierent areas (origin) by UV/vis
spectrophotometer
Origin of the Mass of Mass of
The percentage Mean values for
coee samples coee
caeine in of caeine in
ve independent
in (mg) coee (mg) coee (w/w%) measurement
deviation (w/w%)
Benchi
maji
49.80
49.90
51.90
51.80
52.00
5.40 101
5.45 101
5.84 101
5.75 101
5.72 101
1.08
1.09
1.12
1.10
1.10
1.10 0.01
Gediyo
yergachefe
50.30
50.50
50.60
50.80
50.90
4.98 101
4.90 101
4.95 101
5.32 101
5.34 101
0.99
0.97
0.99
1.06
1.05
1.01 0.04
Tepi
49.90
50.20
50.20
50.80
50.90
5.43 101
5.28 101
5.31 101
5.31 101
5.50 101
1.09
1.05
1.06
1.05
1.08
1.07 0.02
Godere
50.20
50.20
50.3
50.40
50.70
5.90 101
5.96 101
6.49 101
5.93 101
6.00 101
1.18
1.19
1.22
1.18
1.18
1.19 0.02
1.0
Absorbance/a.u
312
0.5
0.0
250
300
350
Wavelength/nm
2.6. Gaussian t
400
300
200
100
0
30000
35000
Wavenumber/cm-1
Fig. 2.
e~m
~m
40000
313
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.2
Absorbance/a.u
Absorbance/a.u
1.0
0.8
0.6
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
240
260
280
300
320
340
250
360
300
350
Wavelength/nm
Wavelength/nm
1.2
C
A
B
F
1.0
200
Absorbance/a.u
300
0.8
0.6
0.4
100
0.2
0.0
250
35000
350
400
40000
Wave number/cm-1
Fig. 4.
300
Wavelength/nm
0
30000
e~m
~m
314
1.2
0.14
0.12
Absorbance/a.u
Absorbance/a.u
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.2
0.00
240
0.0
250
300
260
280
350
Wavelength/nm
300
320
340
Wavelength/nm
0.16
1.2
0.14
1.0
0.10
Absorbance/a.u
Absorbance/a.u
0.12
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.00
240
260
280
300
320
340
Wavelength/nm
0.0
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
Wavelength/nm
Benchi Maji
Gediiyo yigachefe
Gomma Limu
Besema
1.10
1.10
1.00
0.90
315