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StainlessSteels
These are stain less as these have a minimum of 11 to 12% Cr which is
having more affinity for oxygen than iron, forms a very thin, continuous
protective and stable oxide (Cr2O3) film on the surface. Thus Cr imparts
corrosionandoxidationresistanceandpleasingappearance.Ni.MoandMn
enhance strength and improve corrosion resistance. Based on amount and
typeofalloyingelementsthesesteelsareclassifiedinto5types.
Ferritic:(%Cr17%C)>12.7i.eusually17to26%Cr.Thesealloys
areferriticinstructureuptothemeltingpoint.Thesecantbeheattreated.
Cold working is the only strengthening mechanism. These may contain
small additions of Mn, Si, Ni,Al, Mo andTi. Carbon is kept very low to
increasetoughnesstoavoidsensitization.Moisaddedtoimproveresistance
topittingcorrosionNbandTaareaddedtostabilizeagainstintergranular
corrosion.Thesearenotsusceptibletostresscorrosioncracking,thusused
inchemicalplants.Theseareusedasheatresistingelementsinthemaking
offurnacecomponents.Lessexpensive,goodmachinability,higherthermal
conductivity, low thermal expansion than austenitic. These steels show
ductiletobrittletransition.Ridgingorroping,temperembrittlement,sigma
phase and grain growth in HAZ are few problems associated with these
steels.
Martensitic: (% Cr 17 %C) 12.7. Heat treatable steels (as these are
austenitic at temps 950 1000C). As Cr content is more, air cooling is
enough to form martensite which is not brittle due to low carbon content.
(1) Low carbon high strength martensitic types are developed to ensure
goodweldability,formabilityandimpacttoughness.Temperingtemperature
of440550Cshouldbeavoided(temperembrittlement).Theseareused
inpetrochemical,chemicalplants,compressors,discs,aircraftstructuraland
engine parts, propeller shafts. (2) High carbon high hardness martensitic
types(pooreldability,formabilityandductility)areusedincutlery,surgical
instruments,springs,highqualityballbearings,razorblades,coolhammers.
Austenitic:(1718%Cr,810%Ni,C<0.03%)thesecontainsufficient
amount of austenitic stabilizers Ni, Mn or N so that steels are austenitic
evenatRT.ToavoidintergranularcorrosionandwelddecayCshouldbe
less than 0.03%. Mo is added to improve pitting resistance and sulphuric
acid corrosion. Nb andTi are added to take care of weld decay. Excellent
formability,highworkhardening(lowstackingfaultenergy),largeuniform
elongation,nonmagnetic,noductiletobrittletransition(toughevenatvery
low temperatures cryogenic applications). These are not susceptible to
temperembrittlement,butshowsreducedductilityintemperaturerange750
950C due to brittle intermetallic formation (sigma phase). These are
susceptibletostresscorrosioncracking.Thesecanbestrengthenedbycold
working or solid solution strengthening. These are used in chemical
industry, house hold, sanitary, biomedical, architectural, food industries,
nuclearandmarineapplications.
Duplex: these aredeveloped to utilizecombination of propertiesofferrite
andaustenite(Toughness,weldabilitywithstrengthandlocalizedcorrosion
resistance). These are stronger than austenitic steels. Presence of ferrite
cause grainrefinement of austenite hence increases strength. Further
refinement is obtained by using controlled rolling at 900 950C which
results in very fine dispersion of ferrite and austenite grains. These steels
exhibit superplasticity (500% elongation at 950C). Good corrosion
resistance similar to Austenitic type. Not susceptible to stress corrosion
crackingandfreefromintergranularcorrosion.Thesehaveductiletobrittle
transition temperature.These suffer from temper embrittlement and sigma
phaseembrittlement.
Precipitation hardenable: these offer combination of properties but

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expensiveanddifficulttohotprocess.Theseareusedparticularlyforhigh
temperature applications such as powerplant. Strengthening is because of
precipitates like Ni3Al, Ni3Ti or Ni3Mo etc. on ageing. These are
susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. The matrix can be (1) martensitic
(2)semiaustenitic(3)austenitic.
Labels:Basics

WhatisNewinGATE2012?
ApplicationProcess:
InGATE2012,candidatesneedtoregisterandfilltheapplicationONLINE only by
accessingthezonalGATEwebsitesofIIScandsevenIITs.Theapplicationprocess
is complete only when a print out of the filled ONLINE application with the
candidate's signature and a good quality photo affixed in the appropriate place is
receivedbytherespectiveGATEofficealongwithnecessarydocuments,ifany,on
orbefore24October2011.Pleasenotethatsaleofapplicationformsthroughbanks
andGATEofficecountershasbeendiscontinued.
DownloadableAdmitCard:
SendingAdmitcardsbyposthasbeendiscontinuedfromthisyear.Admit cardscan
only be downloaded from the zonal GATE websites from 2nd January 2012. Bring
the admit card to the test center along with at least one original (not photocopied /
scannedcopy)andvalid(notexpired)photoidentification.

Useofblackinkballpointpen:
Theuseofpencilstodarkenthebubblesintheanswersheethasbeendiscontinued
fromthisyear.Candidatesshoulduseonlyblackinkballpointpenfordarkeningof
thebubblesintheanswersheet.Sincebubblesdarkenedbytheblackinkballpoint
pen cannot be erased, candidates should darken the bubbles in the answer sheet
verycarefully.
ONLINEexaminationintwoadditionalpapers:
In GATE 2011, the papers with codes GG, TF, AE and MN had ONLINE
examination. In GATE 2012, two additional papers, AR and AG, will also have
ONLINEexamination.TheONLINEexaminationwillbeconductedintwo sessions
onSunday,January29,2012.
Forenoonsession(09:00hrsto12:00hrs):AR,GGandTF.
Afternoonsession(14:00hrsto17:00hrs):AE,AGandMN.
NumericalanswertypequestionsinONLINEpapers:
In the ONLINE papers (AE, AG, AR, GG, MN and TF), the question paper will
consist of questions of multiple choice type and questions of numerical answer
type. For multiple choice type questions, each question will have four choices for
theanswer.Fornumericalanswertypequestions,eachquestionwillhaveanumber
astheanswer.Thenumberof numericalanswertypequestionsmayvarybetween
5and10ineachquestionpaper.
Prefinalyearstudents:
Prefinal year students are not eligible to write GATE 2012. For details, refer to
eligibilityforGATEexamination.
Labels:NewinGATE2012

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