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2nd Law of Thermodynamics

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE QUESTION
1.1.Kelvin-Plancks law deals with [WBUT2006]
a) conservation of energy
b) conservation of heat
c) conservation of mass
d) conversion of heat into work
e) conversion of work into heat
Answer: (d)
1.2.If a heat engine attains 100% thermal efficiency, it violates
[WBUT 2006]
a) zeroth law of thermodynamics
b) first law of
thermodynamics
c) second law of thermodynamics
d) law of conservation of
energy
Answer: (c)

1.3.For an irreversible process entropy change is [WBUT 2006,

2010]
a) greater than Q/T
b) equal to Q/T
Q/T
d) equal to zero
Answer: (a)

c) less than

1.4.The change of entropy, when heat is absorbed by the gas is

[WBUT2006]
a) positive
b) negative
c) positive or negative
d) none of
these
Answer: (a)
1.5.The most effective way of increasing the efficiency of a Carnot
engine is to [WBUT 2007, 2013]
a) increase higher temperature
b) decrease higher
temperature
c) increase lower temperature
d) decrease lower
temperature
Answer: (d)
1.6.A refrigerator and a heat pump operate between the same
temperature limits. If
the C.O.P of the refrigerator is 4, the C.O.P of the heat pump
would be [WBUT 2007]
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) cannot be predicted
e) none of
these
Answer: (c)
1.7.For an irreversible process, change in entropy is
[WBUT2008]
a) Greater than dQ/T
b) Less than dQ/T
d)Equal to dQ/T
Answer: (a)

c) Zero

1.8.Carnot cycle operates the temperature of 1000 K and 5OO

K.Then the efficiency of the cycle is [WBUT 2009]
a) 50%
b) more than 50%
c) less than
50%
d) none of this
Answer: (a)
1.9.In a reversible cycle, the entropy of the system [WBUT2009]
a) increases
b) decreases

b) decreases
c) does not change
d) first increases then d&ereases
e) depends on the properties of working substance
Answer: (c)
1.10.Idea of temperature scale is obtained from [WBUT 2010]
a) Zeroth law of Thermooynamics
b) First law of
Thermodynamics
c) Second law of Thefmodynamics
d) none of these
Answer: (c)
1.11.Efficiency of a reversible heat engine does not depend on
[WBUT 2011]
a) source temperature
b) sink temperature
c) working fluid
d) any of these
Answer: (c)
1.12.Entropy of a system
[WBUT 2011]
a) can never Increase
b) can never decrease
c) may increase or decrease depending on the process
d) always remains constant
Answer: (c)
1.13.The area under a Curve, representing a non-cyclic process on
a temperature entropy (T-s) plane represents [WBUT 2011]
a) heat transfer for a reversible process
b) work transfer for
a reversible process
c) heat transfer for any process
d) Work transfer for
any process
Answer: (a)
1.14.Entropy change depends on
a) change of temperature
c) thermodynamic state
Answer: (a, b, c, d) all of these

[WBUT 2012]
b) mass transfer
d) heat transfer

1.15.A refrigerator and a heat p~mp operate betWeen the same

temperature limits. If the COP of the refrigerator is 4, the C.O.P. of
the heat pump would be [WBUT 2012]
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) none of these
Answer: (c)

Answer: (c)
1.16.An inventor claims that his heat engine has the following
specifications. Power developed 50 kW, Fuel burned per hour 3 kg,
heating value of fuel 75000 kJ per kg. Temperature limits 627C.
His engine is
[WBUT 2012]
a) reality
b) impossible
c) costly
d) none of
these
Answer: (b)
1.17.If heat englne attains 100%.i thermal efficiency, it violets
[WBUT 2013]
a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics
b) 1st law of
thermodynamics
c) 2nd law of thermodynamics
d) none of these
Answer: (C)
1.18.The area under a curve, representing a non-cyclic process on
a temperature entropy (T-S) plane represents [WBUT 2013]
a) heat transfer for a reversible process
b) Work transfer for a reversible process
c) heat transfer for any process
d) Work transfer for any process
Answer: (a)
1.19.An engine is supplied with 1120 kJ/s of heat and the source
and sink are maintained at constant fixed temperatures of 560 K
and 280 K respectively. If heat rejection is 840 kJ/s, indicate the
given cycle is [WBUT 2013]
a) reversible
b) irreversible
c) impossible
d) unpredictable, insufficient data.
Answer: (b)

Short Answer Type Questions

2.1.a) State the 2 nd law of thermodynamics. WBUT [2007, 2010]
b) What is the perpetual motion machine of second kind?
[2007, 2008, 2010]

WBUT

b) What is the perpetual motion machine of second kind?

[2007, 2008, 2010]

WBUT

Answer:
a. There are two statements of the second law of thermodynamics:
Kelvin-Planck statement of second law: It is impossible for a heat
engine to produce net work in a complete cycle if it exchanges heat
only with a body at a single fixed temperature.
Clausion statement of second law: It is impossible to construct
a device which, operating in a cycle, will produce no effect other
than the transfer of heat from a cooler to a hotter body.
b. Peripheral motion machine of 2nd kind:
If Q2 = 0; i.e., Q net = Q1; or = 1, the heat
engine will produce net work in a complete
cycle by exchanging heat with only a
reservoir, thus violating the Kelvin-Planck
statement such a machine is called a
perpetual motion machine of 2nd kind.
2.2.Write the principle of entropy. WBUT
[2006]
Answer: The entropy of any closed system whicilis thermally
isolated from the surroundings either increases, or if the process
undergone by the system is reversible remains constant.
dsuniverse = dssystem + dssurr 0
The equality holds if the process is reversible. The inequality holds
if the process is irreversible. Since all the natural processes in the
universe are irreversible, it implies from the above that the
entropy of the universe is constantly increasing. The only
processes that can actually occur in nature are those in which the
entropy of the universe increases. The processes in the reverse
direction, that is, the processes in which the entropy of the
universe decreases, cannot take place at all. This is known as the
entropy principle.
2.3.a) What is a cyclic heat engine? WBUT [2006]
Answer: Cyclic heat engine: A heat engine cycle is a
thermodynamic cycle in which there is a net heat transfer to the
system and a net work transfer from the system. The system
that executes a heat engine cycle is called a heat engine.
b) A Carnot cycle has an efficiency of 32%. Assuming that the

b) A Carnot cycle has an efficiency of 32%. Assuming that the

lower temperature is kept constant, determine the percentage
increase of the upper temperature of the cycle if the cycle
efficiency is raised to 48%. WBUT [2006]
Answer:

2.4. Calculate the entropy change of 10 gm of water at 20 0C, when

it is converted to ice at -100C. Assume the specific heat of water to
remain constant at 4.2 J/gm K and that of ice to be half of the
value and taking the latent heat of fusion of ice at 00C to be 335
J/gm. WBUT [2006]
Answer: Total entropy change of 10 gm of water at 20C to ice at10C = entropy change from water at 20C to water at 0C +
entropy change from water at 0C to ice at 0C + entropy change
from ice at 0C to ice at-10C.

2.5. What is the cyclic heat engine? Find the efficiency of the heat
engine in terms of source and sink temperature.
Which change is more effective to increase the efficiency of the
engine. WBUT [2006,2009]
Answer:
Cyclic heat engine: A heat engine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle
in which there is a net heat transfer to the system and a net work
transfer from the system. The system that executes a heat engine
cycle is called a heat engine.
In the cyclic heat engine as represented in the figure. Heat Q 1 is
transferred to the system; work WE is done by the system, work
WC is done upon the system and then heat Q 2 is rejected from
the system. The system is brought, back to the initial state through
all these four successive processes that constitutes a heat engine
cycle. Q1 is transferred from the furnace to the water in the boiler
to form steam that then works on the turbine rotor to produce
work WT then net heat transfer in a cycle
Q net = Q1 Q2

and Wnet = WT Wp

(A cyclic heat engine exchanges heat with two thermal energy

reservoirs at two different temperatures to produce network in a
complete cycle. So long as there is a difference in
temperature, work can be produced. If the bodies with which the
heat engine exchanges heat are of finite heat capacities, work will
be produced by the engine till the temperatures of the two bodies
are equalized.)
last part :

2.6.Why the Carnot cycle not practicable for a steam power plant?
WBUT [2007]

WBUT [2007]
Answer:

Rankine and Carnot ycle on the T-S diagram are shown in the
above Figures. In the Figures (a) and (c) the pressure ratio
between 4C and 3 is very high so the pump work is very high and
it is impossible to add heat at infinite pressures and at constant
temperature from 4C to 1. In Figure ( b) as the volume at 3C is
high the pump work is large and also difficult to control the
quality at 3C, so that is entropic compression leads to a saturated
liquid state.c
2.7.What is the difference between a refrigerator and a heat
pump?
Establish the relation COPHP = COPR + 1 WBUT [2009, 2012]
Answer: Heat pump: Heat pump is a device which operating in a
cycle maintains a body temperature higher than the atmosphere of
the surroundings denoted by QH .
Refrigerator: A refrigerator is a device operates in a cycle used to
maintain a body at a constant temperature lower than the
atmospheric temperature

The transfer of heat against a reverse temperature gradient in a

refrigerator and heat pump is accomplished by supplying energy
to the machine. A schematic representation of heat pump
and refrigerator are shown above.

2.8.What is the PMM2? Why is it impossible? What is its difference

from PMM1? WBUT [2012]
Answer:
Peripheral motion machine of 2nd kind:
If Q2 = 0; i.e., Q net = Q1; or = 1, the heat
engine will produce net work in a complete
cycle by exchanging heat with only a
reservoir, thus violating the Kelvin-Planck
statement such a machine is called a
perpetual motion machine of 2nd kind.
There can be no machine, which would
continuously supply mechanical work without some other form of
energy disappearing simultaneously. Such a fictitious machine is
called perpetual motion machine of the first kind or PMM 1.
Therefore, a PMM 1 is impossible.

2.9. Show that the efficiency of a reversible engine operating

between two given constant temperatures is the maximum. WBUT
[2010]
Answer: Consider the two heat engines E A and EB operating
between the same source and sink as shown in Fig. The heat engine
E8 is a reversible heat engine. Now let both the heat engines take
QH heat from the source.
First assume that A>B , which implies
W A / WB > W B / Q H i.e.,

WA > W B

Now let E B has been reversed as

shown in following figure . As WA >
WB , therefore, some part of W A may
be fed to drive the reversed heat
engine REB . The heat Q H discharged
by REB can directly by supplied to E A
. The source may be eliminated.
Now EA and REB together constitute a heat engine, operating in a
cycle, produces net work (WA W B), while exchanging heat with a
single reservoir at TL. This violates the Kelvin-Planck Statement.
Hence the assumption A>B is wrong. Therefore, B>A

10.a) Establish the equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius

statements.
b) A heat engine produces work equivalent to 80Kw with an
efficiency of 40%. Determine the heat drawn from the source and

efficiency of 40%. Determine the heat drawn from the source and
rejected to the sink. WBUT [2013]
Answer:
a. This may be provided if it can be shown that the violation of
Kelvin-Planck Statement implies the violation of the Clausius
Statement or vice versa .
First consider a cyclic heat pump A, which transfers heat from a
lower temperature
reservoir (TL) to a higher temperature reservoir (T H) with no
other effect, violating
Clausius statement as shown in Fig.

Let the cyclic heat engine B operating between the same thermal
energy reservoirs, produces WNet in one cycle as shown in Fig. Let
the heat engine is working in such a way that it draws an amount
of heat Q1 from the hot reservoir, which is equal to the heat that is
being discharged by the heat pump A.
Then the hot reservoir may be eliminated and the heat Q 1,
discharged by the heat pump A is fed to the heat engine.
Therefore, now the heat pump A and the heat engine B together
constitute a heat engine operating in cycles and producing net
work while exchanging heat only with one body at a single fixed
temperature (TL). This violates the Kelvin-Planck Statement. Now

temperature (TL). This violates the Kelvin-Planck Statement. Now

consider a perpetual motion machine of second kind (PMM2), C
which produces net work in a cycle by exchanging heat with only
one thermal reservoir (TH) and thus violates the Kelvin-Planck
Statement as shown in Fig.
Let a heat pump D, extracting Q 2 from lower temperature
reservoir (TL) and discharging heat to the higher temperature
reservoir (TH) in expense of the work W equal to the work that is
obtained from PMM2 in a complete cycle. Therefore, now the
PMM2, C and heat pump D together constitute a heat pump
working in a cycle and producing the sole effect of transfering heat
from a lower to higher temperature body. This violates the
Clausius Statement.

b.

Long

Answer Type Question

1.A lump of steel of mass 10 kg at 627 0C is dropped in 100 kg of oil
at 300C. The specific heats of steel and oil are 0.5 kj/kg K and 3.5
kj/kg K respectively. Calculate the entropy change of the steel, the
oil and the universe. WBUT [2007]
Answer:
Given mass of steel ms= 10 kg
Temperature of steel, ~ = (627 + 273)K = 900 K
Mass of oil, m0 = 100 kg
Temperature of oil, T0 = (30 + 273) = 303 K
Specific heat of steel, CS = 0.5 kJ/kg K.
Specific heat ofoil C0 = 3 .5 kJ/kg K
Let final temperature be T
So, mSCS(TS-T) =m0C0 (T-T0 )
or l0 x 0.5(900-T) =1003.5(T-303)
or 355T = 106050+4500
or 355T = 110550
or T = 110550/355 =3.1141 K
Entropy change in the steel

2.a) How does a heat pump differ from a refrigerator?

b) A household refrigerator is maintained at a temperature of 2 0
Every time the door is opened, warm material is placed inside,
introducing an average of 420 Kj, but making only a small change
in the temperature of the refrigerator. The door is opened 20 times
a day, and the refrigerator operates at 15% of the ideal COP. The
cost of work is Rs 5 per kWh. What is the monthly bill for the
refrigerator? The atmosphere is at 300C. WBUT [2007]
Answer:
a. Heat Pump: Heat pump is a device which operating in a eye le
maintains a body at a temperature higher than the temperature of
the surroundings. Here desired effect is QH.
Refrigerator: A refrigerator is a device operates in a cycle used to
maintain a body at a constant temperature. Here the desired effect
is QL.

b. Here given T L = 2 + 273 = 275 K

TH = 30 + 273 = 303 k
Ideal

COP = T L / (TH TL ) = 275 / (303 275)

Actual COP = ( 15 / 100) 9.81 = 1.473

Heat enters to the refrigerator due to each opening of the door=
420 kJ.
The door is opened 20 times in a day.

The door is opened 20 times in a day.

The total heat enters into the
refrigerator due to the handling in a day
=
420 x 20 kJ = 8400 kJ
And in a month= 8400 x 30 = 252000 kJ
We know COP= Q L / W
W = 252000 / COP = 252000 / 1.473 =
171079.43kJ
So, the power required per month to run
the refrigerator
171079.43 / 3600 kwh = 47.52 kwh
The rate per kwh is Rs. 5
So the monthly bill = Rs. 47.52 x 5
=Rs.237.61
3.a) Which is a more effective way of increasing the efficiency of a
Carnot engine to increase source (T1), keeping sink temperature
(T2) constant or to decrease T 2 keeping T1 constant.
b) State Clausius inequality.
c) A mass of m kg of liquid (specific heat = C p) at a temperature T 1
is mixed with an equal mass of the same liquid at a temperature
T2 (T1 > T2) and the system is thermally insulated. Show that the
entropy change of the universe is given by [2mCpln / {(T1 + T2 a) /
(T1T2 )}]and prove that this is necessarily positive.
WBUT[2008]
Answer:
a.

b. Clausius inequality :

Let us consider a cycle ABCD. Let AB(vector) be a general process,

either reversible or irreversible, while the other proceses, in the
cycle are reversible. Let the cycle be divided into n number of
elementary cycles.

Since entropy is a property and the cyclic integral of any property

is zero.

This equation is known as inequality of Clausius.

c.

This is always positive, since the arithmetic mean of any two

numbers is always greater than their geometric mean

4.a) A lump of steel of mass 15 kg at 557 0C is dropped in 120 kg of

oil at 250C. The specific heats of steel and oil are 0.5 kj/kg K and
3.5 kj/kg K respectively. Calculate the entropy change of the steel,
the oil and the universe.
b) Two bodies each of equal mass m and heat capacity C are of
temperature T1 and T2 (T1 > T2) respectively. The first body is used
as a source of reversible engine and the second as a sink. Shoe that
the maximum work obtainable from such an arrangement mc (T1
2
T2 ) . WBUT [2009, 2012]
Answer:
a. Let the final temperature be Tf .
15 X 0.5(557 -T f) = 120 X 3.5(Tf 25)T
Tf= 34.33C = 307.33 K

Let the system be taken from state 1 to state 2 by another reversible

path B.
Let us consider,

Now the reversible process 1-B-2 and 2-C-1 together constitute a

cycle for which

If the inequality (6.7) is true, then equations (6.6) and (6.8)

contradict each other which imply that
these quantities must be equal. Therefore,

is independent of the path the system follows during a change of

state.
b. As heat is transferred from the first body and heat is rejected to
the second body, the
temperature of the first body will be decreasing and that of the
second body will be
increasing. When both the bodies attain the same temperature, the
heat engine will stop
operating.
Let Tf be the final temperature.
Total heat transfer from the first body, Q 1= mCp ( T1 Tf)
Total heat rejected to second body, Q2 = mCp ( T1 Tf)
Work done by the heat engine, W = Q1 Q 2
W= mCp ( T1 +T2 -2Tf)
For minimum value of Tf maximum value of W will be maximum.

5.a) A reversible heat engine takes in heat from a reservoir at

8400C and rejects heat to a reservoir at 60 0C. The heat engine
drives a reversible heat pump which takes in heat from a reservoir
at 50C and delivers heat to a reservoir at 60 0C. The reversible
heat engine also drives the machine that absorbs 30 kw. If the heat
pump extracts 17 kj/s from a 50C reservoir, determine
i) the rate of heat supply from 840 0C source.
ii) the rate of heat rejection to 60 0C sink.
b) Calculate the entropy change of 1 kg of water at 27 0C, when it is
converted to ice at -200 Specific heats of ice and water are 2.18
kj/kg K and 4.18 kj/kg K respectively and latent heat of fusion of
ice at 00C is 335 kj/kg. WBUT [2010]
Answer:
a.

Rate of heat rejection to 60C sink= 20.37 + 14.25 = 34.62 kW

b.

6.a) Show that the violation of Kelvin-Planck statement is

6.a) Show that the violation of Kelvin-Planck statement is

equivalent to the violation of Clausius statement.
b) Prove that entropy is a property of the system. WBUT [2011]
Answer:
a. This may be provided if it can be shown that the violation of
Kelvin-Planck Statement implies the violation of the Clausius
Statement or vice versa .
First consider a cyclic heat pump A, which transfers heat from a
lower temperature
reservoir (TL) to a higher temperature reservoir (T H) with no
other effect, violating
Clausius statement as shown in Fig.

Let the cyclic heat engine B operating between the same thermal
energy reservoirs, produces WNet in one cycle as shown in Fig. Let
the heat engine is working in such a way that it draws an amount
of heat Q1 from the hot reservoir, which is equal to the heat that is
being discharged by the heat pump A.
Then the hot reservoir may be eliminated and the heat Q 1,
discharged by the heat pump A is fed to the heat engine.
Therefore, now the heat pump A and the heat engine B together
constitute a heat engine operating in cycles and producing net
work while exchanging heat only with one body at a single fixed

work while exchanging heat only with one body at a single fixed
temperature (TL). This violates the Kelvin-Planck Statement. Now
consider a perpetual motion machine of second kind (PMM2), C
which produces net work in a cycle by exchanging heat with only
one thermal reservoir (TH) and thus violates the Kelvin-Planck
Statement as shown in Fig.
Let a heat pump D, extracting Q 2 from lower temperature
reservoir (TL) and discharging heat to the higher temperature
reservoir (TH) in expense of the work W equal to the work that is
obtained from PMM2 in a complete cycle. Therefore, now the
PMM2, C and heat pump D together constitute a heat pump
working in a cycle and producing the sole effect of transfering heat
from a lower to higher temperature body. This violates the
Clausius Statement.

b.Entropy- property:
Consider the two equilibrium states i and f of a system. Let the system be taken from state i to f via
the reversible path R1 and it is then taken back from f to i via another reversible path R 2 as shown in
Figure. Now applying the Oausius theorem on this
reversible cycle

7.Two reversible heat engines are arranged in a series in such a

way that the heat rejected by the first engine is absorbed by the
second engine. The first engine receives 400 kj of heat from a
reservoir maintained at temperature 6000C, while the second
engine rejects heat to a reservoir having temperature 00C. If the
work output of the first engine is twice than that of the second,
determine.
i) efficiency of both the engines.
ii) heat rejected by the second engine.

ii) heat rejected by the second engine.

iii) intermediate temperature.

WBUT [2013]

Answer:
The above arrangement is schematically presented in Fig. An
imaginary reservoir having temperature T2 is incorporated which
will act as sink for the first engine as well as source for the second
engine.

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