CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

Petroleum Engineering Laboratory Report

NAME: Maximiano Kanda Ferraz

GROUP NUMBER: A9

EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 2 Construction of a Small Bore Pipeline

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 20/03/2015

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION: 21/03/2015

MARK/10 (for demonstrator use):

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

SUMMARY

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 3
1.1 Learning Outcome .............................................................................. 3
1.2 Theory .................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Relevance ............................................................................................. 5
2 EXPERIMENTAL WORK .............................................................................. 6
2.1 System Used ......................................................................................... 6
2.2 Equipment and Procedure ................................................................. 6
2.3 Hazards ................................................................................................ 7
2.4 Results .................................................................................................. 7
3 CALCULATIONS ........................................................................................ 10
4 DISCUSSIONS ............................................................................................... 11
5 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................... 11
6 REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 11

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

1. INTRODUCTION
In this section, a brief overview of the experiment is given, such as learning outcomes,
objective, and the theory behind it.
1.1 Learning Outcome
The main learning outcomes of the construction of the pipeline experiment are the
application of different types of instruments in a pipeline and observe how they behave in
terms of fluid flow with given objectives, such as tank drainage or fluid transfer between
tanks. Drainage is need when facing overflow of fluid, contamination, rise in pressure or
leakage.
1.2 Theory
The theory of the experiment consists basically of the application of the concept of Flow
through a pipe, that can be determined using the Darcy-Weisbach equation of head loss,
given by:
=
=

2
2

Source: [4]
2

: Head loss due to friction (m)

L: Length of the pipe (m)

D: Diameter of the pipe (m)

u: Average flow velocityor volumetric flow rate per unit cross-sectional area (m/s)

: Darcy friction coefficient = 64/Reynolds Number.

The valves used are the globe valve (control valve), gate valve and non-return valve. The
Globe valve is bigger, has a correct direction of flow due to optimal internal passageway and
can better control the flow than the Gate valve, as show in Figure 1. The non-return valve
restricts the flow in the opposite direction of which it indicates.

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

Figure 1 Comparison between Globe valve and Gate valve. Source: [2]

The centrifugal pump used is provides most of the energy in the form of kinetic
energy. The basic components of this pump type are rotor and housing. The rotor gives
energy to the liquid. The shell collects liquid from the rotor. The schematic of the pump is
shown in Figure 2 below.

Figure 2 Horizontal Radial Centrifugal Pump. Source: [5]

1.3 Relevance
The relevance of the pipeline design and construction is vital to the petroleum
engineering field of work, as oil and gas reservoirs are elevated and produced through a
system of pipelines and valves. An example is the Christmas tree, a complex equipment that
contains Valves, connections and installed adapters above the well head in order to control
the flow of fluids to the surface, in which friction losses and Venturi effects occurs. The
4

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

economical point of view of the experiment (less instruments to lower the cost) is also
applicable to the industry, as the optimal design is essential for the profit of the company.

2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
This section describes the materials, apparatus and systems used, as well as the
procedures made for the successful completion of the experiment.

2.1 System Used

The experiment contains several equipments and instruments:

Centrifugal pump

2 Tanks

Hose

Water

Globe Valve

Gate Valve

Non-Return Valve

Pressure Gauge

Rotameter

15 mm Copper Pipelines (Short, Long, Medium)

15 mm Joints (Tee, Straight, Elbow)

Ruler

Wrenches

Clamps

2.2 Equipments and Procedures

Below, is a list of the procedures of the experiment (Source: [1]):
1.

Sketch of your proposed pipeline before starting construction

2.

Establish which are the suction and delivery nozzles on the pump.
5

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

3.

Mount pipelines (either horizontally or vertically).

4.

Introduce Gate Valve to isolate tank A from the pump suction nozzle.

5. On the delivery side, a pressure gauge must be positioned in the line as close as
possible to the pump.
6. Then, keeping lengths of connecting tube as short as possible, install a non-return
valve and a gate valve. The non-return valve will prevent liquid running back through
the pump to the suction vessel when the pump is switched off.
7. A globe valve is used for flow regulation, however there are other types that can be
used. Next connect pipes from the globe valve to discharge into tank B.
8. A flow meter (rotameter) is placed in a vertical section of pipe.
9.

Tighten all the coupling nuts with spanners.

10. Use the clamps on the tank framework to support the pipeline in appropriate places
and avoid tilting.
11. Finally put water in tank A and test the system
12. Record the pressure above the pump under conditions of zero flow, maximum flow
and at half maximum flow.
2.2 Hazards
The hazards of the experiment are not really hazards, but precautions to be taken, such as:

Correct handling of the materials (valves, screws, gauge, flowmeter, pipes, joints,
etc.)

2.3 Results
The results obtained are displayed on the tables 1 and 2 and Figures 3 to 5. Table 1 shows
the detail of the cost of the pipeline, that resulted in 97,698 pounds. Thats a considerable
economical value, and that was the aim prior to the construction. Figure 3 shows this initial
design with the corrected design present in Figure 4.
Table 2 show the measurements of pressure and flowrate. It was identified an error in the
pressure Gauge, as the expected value would be around 9 psi, and even though there was no
leakages, this value dropped to 6 psi. Figure 5 is a picture of the result of the experiment.

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

Table 1 Cost of the Pipeline
Item

Number of Itens Cost per Unit/Meter [] Total Cost of Item []

Short Pipe (0.05 meters)

Medium Pipe (0.1 meters)
Big Pipe (0.25 meters)
Elbow Joint
Tee Joint
Straight Joint
Pressure Gauge
Flowmeter (Rotameter)
Non-Return Valve
Globe Valve
Gate Valve
TOTAL

4
1
6
3
2
5
1
1
1
1
2
27

0,16
0,16
0,16
1,35
1,96
1,12
26,85
38,57
4,86
8,44
2,56

0,032
0,016
0,24
4,05
3,92
5,6
26,85
38,57
4,86
8,44
5,12

86,19

97,698

Table 2 Measurements
Opening
Zero
Half
Full

Turns
0
1,75
3,5

Degrees Pressure [psi]

0
630
1260

Flowrate [L/min]

0
6
5,5

0
16
17

Figure 3 Initial Design of the Pipeline

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

Figure 4 Final design of the pipeline

Figure 5 Picture of the Final design of the pipeline

3. CALCULATIONS
Accumulated error: Considering the error of the manometer being 0,5 psi and the error of
the Flowmeter= 0,5 L/minute
2

Q
a b c

2
a b c
Q

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

4. DISCUSSIONS
The reported mechanical/engineering experiment aimed to successfully design and
construct a pipeline, composed of different material, such as valves, pump, pipelines and
measurement gauges. Like any experiment, is subject to measurement errors, errors inherent
in equipments and even human error. However, aside from the error detected from the
pressure gauge, it was obtained satisfactory and consistent results with the literature and
presented theory.
A way to improve would be to add the rotameter (flowmeter) parallel to the flow, because
the way it was placed, could yield an measurement issue when draining Tank B. Then, redo
the experiment, in order to confirm the results.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The correct construction of a pipeline was useful to understand how engineering is
applicable to industrial processes and the safety, design, cost and maintenance issues derived
from it. The different types of valves and its characteristics have to be known to avoid any
errors or hazards when doing an experiment or working in the real market. The correct
dimensioning of joints and pipelines, along with the prediction and analyzes of the pressure
and flow data play a main role in the successful completion of the task.

6. REFERENCES
[1] Aleem, Hosam, 2015. Class Notes.
[2]
Anish.
Globe
Valve
Used
in
Ships.
Available
at
http://www.marineinsight.com/marine/marine-news/headline/globe-valve-used-on-shipsdesign-and-maintenance/ (Accessed: 20/03/2015).
[3]
Elesa
Ganter.
Graphic
Symbols.
Available
at:
http://www.elesaganter.com/en/2/sp/7558/4/92/plates-with-graphic-symbols-for-oil-plugs/mh./eg/
(Accessed: 20/03/2015).
[4] Engineering Toolbox. Darcy-Weisbach Equation for Pressure and Head Loss.
Available at: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/darcy-weisbach-equation-d_646.html
(Accessed: 20/03/2015).
[5] Petrobras (2014). Noes de Bombas. Presentation, UO-BC/APMF/EIS.
[6] The University of Manchester, 2015. Petroleum Engineering Laboratory.
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