CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

Petroleum Engineering Laboratory Report

NAME: Maximiano Kanda Ferraz

GROUP NUMBER: A9

EXPERIMENT NUMBER: 4 - Flow Characteristics of Valves

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 03/03/2015

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION: 06/03/2015

MARK/10 (for demonstrator use):

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

SUMMARY

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 3
1.1 Learning Outcome ........................................................................... 3
1.2 Theory .............................................................................................. 3
1.3 Relevance ......................................................................................... 5
2 EXPERIMENTAL WORK........................................................................... 6
2.1 System Used ..................................................................................... 6
2.2 Equipment and Procedure .............................................................. 6
2.3 Hazards ............................................................................................ 7
2.4 Results .............................................................................................. 7
3 CALCULATIONS ..................................................................................... 10
4 DISCUSSIONS ........................................................................................... 11
5 CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................... 11
6 REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 11

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

1. INTRODUCTION
In this section, a brief overview of the experiment is given, such as learning outcomes,
objective, and the theory behind it.
1.1 Learning Outcome
The main learning outcomes of the Flow and valve characteristics experiment are the
application of different types of valves in a pipeline and observe how they behave in terms
of fluid flow through restrictions of area and in relation to degree of opening. Sources of
errors and pressure losses can also be identified.
1.2 Theory
The Globe valve is bigger, has a correct direction of flow due to optimal internal
passageway and can better control the flow than the Gate valve, as show in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Comparison between Globe valve and Gate valve. Source: [2]

The flange present at the pipeline (component of jointing pipes) is of the Weld-Neck type
and can resist high pressure and temperatures. They fit the inside diameter of the pipe, so

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

there isnt any restriction of flow, preventing turbulence and erosion. Figure 2 show the
types of flanges.

Figure 3 Venturi Effect. Source: [9]

The orifice plate is a plastic plate that restricts the cross sectional area of flow through the
pipeline abruptally, resulting in a more turbulent flow. The Venturi meter is more expensive,
because the gradual reduction of area provides a less turbulent flow. The Venturi effect that
occurs in the Venturi meter is shown in Figure 2, where the fluid velocity increases, as the
area decreases and that results in a pressure drop, noted in the manometer.

Figure 3 Venturi Effect. Source: [5]

The theory of the experiment consists basically of the application of the Bernoulli
Equation to calculate that pressure drop, as shown in the equation below:
2

+gz+ = Constant Source: [6]

2

Igualating the equation for the 2 points of the Venturi meter:

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

1 2
1
2 2
2
+gz+
=
+gz+
2

(2 2 1 2 )
2
With the units in the international system of the variables being:
1 2 =

Q: Flow rate (m3 . s-1)

g: Gravity (m . s-2)

v1: Velocity before entering Venturi meter (slower) (m . s-1)

v2: Velocity after entering Venturi meter (faster) (m . s-1)

P1: Inlet Pressure (Pa)

P1: Outlet Pressure (Pa)

: Density of air (kg/m)

z: Elevation (m)

The Darcy-Weisbach equation of head loss is given by:

=
=

2
2

Source: [4]
2

: Head loss due to friction (m)

L: Length of the pipe (m)

D: Diameter of the pipe (m)

U: Average flow velocityor volumetric flow rate per unit cross-sectional area (m/s)

: Darcy friction coefficient

1.3 Relevance
The relevance of the Flow and valve characteristics experiment is big to the
petroleum engineering field of work, as oil and gas reservoirs are elevated and produced
through a system of pipelines and valves. An example is the Christmas tree, a complex
equipment that contains Valves, connections and installed adapters above the well head in
order to control the flow of fluids to the surface, in which friction losses and Venturi effects
occurs.

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
This section describes the materials, apparatus and systems used, as well as the
procedures made for the successful completion of the experiment.

2.1 System Used

The experiment contains several equipments and instruments:

Air Blower

Gaskets

Pipeline

Globe Valve

Gate Valve

Manometer

Ruler

Wrench

Flanges

Protractor

2.2 Equipments and Procedures

Below, is a list of the procedures of the experiment:
I. First, the Gate Valve is put in the correct position.
II. Turn the Air blower on.
III. Starting with the valve closed, measure the mark on the manometer for the inlet and
outlet pressure.
IV. Rotate the valve 90 with the help of the protractor and get the data from the manometer.
V. Repeat Step IV until the valve is completely open.
VI. Repeat steps III to V (Trial 2).
VII. Turn the air blower off.
VIII. Replace the Gate valve for the globe valve (using the wrench, and positioning the
gasket to prevent leakage).
6

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

IX. Repeat steps II to VI for the Globe valve.

X. Turn the Air blower off.
2.2 Hazards
The hazards of the experiment are not really hazards, but precautions to be taken, such as:

Correct handling of the materials (valves, screws)

2.3 Results
The results obtained are displayed on the tables 1 to 4 and Figure 4. The first two
columns of each table shown the opening of the valve in degrees and %. The third and
fourth are the heights measured in the manometer, in centimeters. For Tables 1 and 2, there
was a trial 2. The subsequent columns are respectively, the mean H (subtraction of the
outlet height from the inlet), the differential pressure and the calculated flowrates, with the
last column being the relation of Q/Qmax in percentage. The calculations of the pressure
obtained by the manometer is present in the next section (3. CALCULATIONS).
Table 1 - Measured Differential Pressure with Gate Valve through Venturi Meter
Trial 2
Trial 3
Mean
Valve Open Valve Open Inlet Height Outlet Height Inlet Height Outlet Height
H
P
[Degrees]
0
90
180
270
360
450
540
630
720
810
900
990
1080
1170
1260
1350
1440

%
0,0
4,8
9,7
14,5
19,4
24,2
29,0
33,9
38,7
43,5
48,4
53,2
58,1
62,9
67,7
72,6
77,4

[cm]
37,8
37,8
37,6
37,1
35,8
34,3
33,2
32,4
31,7
31,3
31,0
30,7
30,4
30,1
29,9
29,8
29,6

[cm]
37,8
37,8
38,0
38,6
39,9
41,5
42,6
43,5
44,3
44,6
44,9
45,3
45,5
45,8
46,0
46,1
46,3

[cm]
37,8
37,8
37,5
36,8
35,5
34,4
33,5
32,5
31,8
31,4
31,0
30,6
30,4
30,1
29,9
29,8
29,8

[cm]
37,8
38,0
38,2
38,9
40,3
41,8
42,5
43,4
44,2
44,5
44,9
45,2
45,5
45,8
46,0
46,1
46,2

[mm]
0,0
0,1
0,6
1,8
4,5
7,3
9,2
11,0
12,5
13,2
13,9
14,6
15,1
15,7
16,1
16,3
16,6

[Pa]
0,000
0,012
0,065
0,213
0,526
0,862
1,087
1,299
1,476
1,559
1,642
1,724
1,783
1,854
1,902
1,925
1,955

Q
Q/Qmax
~root
H
%
0,0000
0,0000
0,3162
7,6472
0,7416 17,9343
1,3416 32,4444
2,1095 51,0133
2,7019 65,3379
3,0332 73,3495
3,3166 80,2047
3,5355 85,4985
3,6332 87,8598
3,7283 90,1594
3,8210 92,4017
3,8859 93,9706
3,9623 95,8194
4,0125 97,0323
4,0373 97,6331
4,0682 98,3790
7

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

1530
1620
1710
1800
1860

82,3
87,1
91,9
96,8
100,0

29,5
29,5
29,4
29,4
29,4

46,4
46,4
46,5
46,5
46,5

29,6
29,5
29,5
29,4
29,4

46,4
46,4
46,5
46,5
46,5

16,9
16,9
17,1
17,1
17,1

1,990
1,996
2,014
2,020
2,020

Table 2 - Measured Differential Pressure with Globe Valve through Venturi Meter
Trial 2
Trial 3
Mean
Valve Open Valve Open Inlet Height Outlet Height Inlet Height Outlet Height
H
P
[Degrees]
0
90
180
270
360
450
540
630
720
810
900
990
1080
1170
1260
1350
1440
1530
1620
1710
1800
1860

%
0,0
4,8
9,7
14,5
19,4
24,2
29,0
33,9
38,7
43,5
48,4
53,2
58,1
62,9
67,7
72,6
77,4
82,3
87,1
91,9
96,8
100,0

[cm]
37,8
37,5
36,0
34,6
34,3
33,9
33,4
33,2
33,1
33,0
32,9
32,8
32,8
32,8
32,8
32,7
32,7
32,6
32,6
32,6
32,6
32,5

[cm]
37,8
38,3
39,7
41,2
41,5
41,9
42,4
42,7
42,8
42,9
43,0
43,0
43,0
43,0
43,0
43,1
43,1
43,2
43,2
43,2
43,3
43,3

[cm]
37,8
37,5
35,9
34,5
34,3
33,7
33,4
33,2
33,0
32,9
32,9
32,8
32,8
32,7
32,7
32,7
32,7
32,6
32,6
32,6
32,6
32,6

[cm]
37,8
38,3
39,8
41,2
41,5
42,0
42,4
42,6
42,8
42,9
43,0
43,0
43,0
43,1
43,1
43,1
43,1
43,2
43,2
43,2
43,3
43,3

[mm]
0,00
0,80
3,80
6,65
7,20
8,15
9,00
9,45
9,75
9,95
10,10
10,20
10,20
10,30
10,30
10,40
10,40
10,60
10,60
10,60
10,70
10,75

[Pa]
0,000
0,094
0,449
0,785
0,850
0,963
1,063
1,116
1,152
1,175
1,193
1,205
1,205
1,217
1,217
1,228
1,228
1,252
1,252
1,252
1,264
1,270

4,1049 99,2667
4,1110 99,4138
4,1292 100,0000
4,1352 100,0000
4,1352 100,0000

Q
Q/Qmax
~root
H
%
0,0000
0,0000
0,8944 27,2168
1,9494 59,3177
2,5788 78,4700
2,6833 81,6505
2,8548 86,8704
3,0000 91,2881
3,0741 93,5424
3,1225 95,0156
3,1544 95,9852
3,1780 96,7060
3,1937 97,1836
3,1937 97,1836
3,2094 97,6588
3,2094 97,6588
3,2249 98,1317
3,2249 98,1317
3,2558 99,0708
3,2558 99,0708
3,2558 99,0708
3,2711 99,5370
3,2787 100,0000

Table 3 - Measured Differential Pressure with Gate Valve through Orifice Plate
Valve Open Valve Open Inlet Height Outlet Height
[Degrees]
%
[cm]
[cm]
0
0,0
34,1
34,1
90
6,3
34,1
34,2
180
12,5
33,9
34,5
270
18,8
33,1
35,2
360
25,0
32,1
36,3

Mean H
[mm]
0,0
0,2
0,6
2,1
4,2

P
Q
Q/Qmax
[Pa]
~root H
%
0,000
0,0000
0,0000
0,018
0,3873 10,3882
0,071
0,7746 20,7763
0,248
1,4491 38,8689
0,496
2,0494 54,9689
8

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

450
540
630
720
810
900
990
1080
1170
1260
1350
1440

31,3
37,5
43,8
50,0
56,3
62,5
68,8
75,0
81,3
87,5
93,8
100,0

31,1
30,3
29,5
29,0
28,6
28,2
28,0
27,8
27,7
27,5
27,4
27,4

37,4
38,3
39,1
39,7
40,1
40,5
40,7
40,9
41,1
41,2
41,3
41,3

6,3
8,0
9,6
10,7
11,5
12,3
12,7
13,1
13,4
13,7
13,9
13,9

0,744
0,945
1,134
1,264
1,358
1,453
1,500
1,547
1,583
1,618
1,642
1,642

2,5100 67,3229
2,8284 75,8643
3,0984 83,1052
3,2711 87,7374
3,3912 90,9581
3,5071 94,0687
3,5637 95,5860
3,6194 97,0797
3,6606 98,1850
3,7014 99,2780
3,7283 100,0000
3,7283 100,0000

Table 4 - Measured Differential Pressure with Globe Valve through Orifice Plate
Valve Open Valve Open Inlet Height Outlet Height
[Degrees]
%
[cm]
[cm]
0
0,0
34,2
34,2
90
9,1
33,4
35,0
180
18,2
32,1
36,1
270
27,3
31,8
36,7
360
36,4
31,1
37,4
450
45,5
30,6
37,9
540
54,5
30,3
38,2
630
63,6
30,2
38,4
720
72,7
30,0
38,6
810
81,8
29,9
38,7
900
90,9
29,9
38,7
990
100,0
29,9
38,7

Mean H
[mm]
0,0
1,6
4,0
4,9
6,3
7,3
7,9
8,2
8,6
8,8
8,8
8,8

P
Q
[Pa]
~root H
0,000
0,0000
0,189
1,2649
0,472
2,0000
0,579
2,2136
0,744
2,5100
0,862
2,7019
0,933
2,8107
0,969
2,8636
1,016
2,9326
1,039
2,9665
1,039
2,9665
1,039
2,9665

Q/Qmax
%
0,0000
42,6401
67,4200
74,6203
84,6114
91,0794
94,7485
96,5307
98,8571
100,0000
100,0000
100,0000

Figure 4 is the graph of the Percentage of maximum flow rate Vs. Percentage of opening
the valve, for each arrangement (gate valve with venturi meter, globe valve with Venturi

meter, Gate valve with Orifice Plate, Globe Valve with Orifice plate). The arrangements
with orifice plate were made by the other team.
Figure 5 is the graph of behavior of ideal valves. It is possible to observe that the valves
behave like the Square Root type valve. With maybe the globe valve with Venturi meter
behaving like a Quick opening valve.

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

100,0000
90,0000
Percentage of Maximum Flowrate

80,0000
70,0000
60,0000
Gate Valve-Venturi Meter

50,0000

Globe Valve-Venturi Meter

40,0000

Gate Valve-Orifice Plate

30,0000

Globe Valve-Orifice Plate

20,0000
10,0000
0,0000

0,0

20,0

40,0

60,0

80,0

100,0

Percentage of Opening of the Valve

Figure 4 Graph of Percentage of Maximum Flow Rate Vs. Percentage of Valve opening

Figure 5 Ideal Graph of Percentage of Maximum Flow Rate Vs. Percentage of Valve opening

3. CALCULATIONS
The conversion of height to pressure:
= ,

= 9.81

,
2

= 20 = 1204 /

10

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

Accumulated error: Considering the error of the manometer being 0,0005 m and the error
of the Compass = 0,5
2

Q
a b c

2
a b c
Q

= 4 = 0.001
(

2
2
) =(
)

= 0.0001181

4. DISCUSSIONS

The reported petrophysical experiment aimed to determine the behavior of the valves
described. Like any experiment, is subject to measurement errors, errors inherent in
equipments and even human error. However, it was obtained satisfactory and consistent
results with the literature and presented theory.
It is important to note that the Bernoullis equation was established under the following
conditions: Incompressible fluid, homogeneous. A way to improve would be to add more
valve types and redo the experiment. Also, redo the experiment, but this time, begin with the
valve open, instead of closed, to confirm the results.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The Venturi effect and the Bernoulli equation are of vital importance to fluid flow. The
different types of valves and its characteristics have to be known to avoid any errors or
hazards when doing an experiment.

6. REFERENCES

[1] Aleem, Hosam, 2015. Class Notes.

[2]
Anish.
Globe
Valve
Used
in
Ships.
Available
at
http://www.marineinsight.com/marine/marine-news/headline/globe-valve-used-on-shipsdesign-and-maintenance/ (Accessed: 04/03/2015).
[3] Engineering Toolbox. Density of Air. Available at: www.engineeringtoolbox.com/
11

CHEN20262 - Hosam Aleem

BEng Petroleum Engineering Year 2

Maximiano Kanda Ferraz ID 9568640

air-density-specific-weight-d_600.html (Accessed: 04/03/2015).

[4] Engineering Toolbox. Darcy-Weisbach Equation for Pressure and Head Loss.
Available at: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/darcy-weisbach-equation-d_646.html
(Accessed: 04/03/2015).
[5] Chegg. Venturi Effect. Available at: http://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questionsand-answers/venturi-meter-used-measure-flow-speed-fluid-pipe-meter-connected-twosections-pipe-fig-14--q1236560(Acessed 05/03/2015)
[6] Nina Shokri. Solid Fluid Systems, 2014. Handbook.
[7] The University of Manchester, 2015. Petroleum Engineering Laboratory.
[8] Thomas, J. E. Fundamentos de Engenharia do Petrleo. Rio de Janeiro, Intercincia.
[9]
Wermac.
Definition
and
Details
of
Flanges.
http://www.wermac.org/flanges/flanges_welding-neck_socket-weld_lapjoint_screwed_blind.html (Acessed 05/03/2015)

Available

at:

12