Kashur Basic Reader PDF

Information Digest Volume 3
Revised Edition September 2003
Project ZAAN
A joint Project of
Kashmiri Pandits Association,

Mumbai
&
(Registered Charitable Educational Trust. Regn No. E-1715-Thane)
Ground Floor, Pushp Vihar

Shastri Nagar, Vasai Road (W) 401 202
Dist. Thane, Maharashtra (India)
Tel: 0250 - 2342777
E.Mail: projectzaan@yahoo.co.in
Book
:
Authors :
First Edition:
Revision :
Publishers :
Website
Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language

M. K. Raina & Neelam Trakru
March 2001
September 2003
Lalla-Ded Educational and Welfare Trust
under Project ZAAN
www.zaan.net
Copyright 2003.
All rights of reproduction reserved with the
Copyrights 2000-2010
Kashmir News Network (KNN)
All Rights Reserved.
PDF created with FinePrint pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com
Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised)
Page 2
Copyrights 2000-2010 Kashmir News Network (KNN): Language Section ( http://koshur.org )

Page 3
IIn
nd
deexx
Foreword to the First Edition
Preface to the First Edition
A Note from Authors for the revised Edition
Symbols and Abbreviations for Indo-Roman Type
5
6
7
11
Section 1 ~ Introduction to Nagari-Kashmiri Alphabet
13
Vowels and Symbols in Nagari-Kashmiri

Combination of Anusvara with Vowels and Symbols
Consonants in Nagari-Kashmiri
Consonants forming Conjuncts with Vowels ; & o
Using Ardhachandra W
Using k and Ardhachandra W kW (vkW)
Using Symbols
and a
Using Symbols and a
Using (,]), and k] (vk])
Difference in Pronunciation of words when using Vowels ; & ] (,])
Difference in Pronunciation of words when using Vowels o & k] (vk])
Section 2 ~ Words and Sentences
Identifying Vowels and Symbols - I

Identifying Vowels and Symbols - II
Identifying Vowels and Symbols - III
Identifying Vowels and Symbols - IV
Identifying Vowels and Symbols Assorted
Simple Sentences
Practice in Reading - I
Practice in Reading - II
Practice in Reading - III
Practice in Reading - IV
Section 3 ~ Translation Vocabulary
Some words of daily use

Numbers 1 to 50
15
20
23
27
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
39
40
41
42
43
45
46
47
49
50
51
53
57

Page 4
Parts of Body
Animals ~ Birds ~ Reptiles & Insects
Professions
Relations
Fruits ~ Vegetables
Time ~ Yugas
Days of the Week ~ Months ~ Seasons
Miscellaneous Vocabulary
Model Passage - 1 ~ A Conversation

Model Passage - 2 ~ My Motherland
59
61
64
66
68
71
73
76
81
84
vvv

Page 5
FFoorreew
woorrd
d ttoo tth
hee FFiirrsstt EEd
diittiioon
n
Language has considerable influence on the esthetic and intellectual achievement of a
civilized society, broadly referred as culture. Language not only acts as a binding force for a
community, but more importantly, it confers upon it, a distinct mark of identification. For centuries,
Kashmiri Pandits have had to leave intermittently, their motherland through religious and political
persecution, which severed their links with both spoken and written medium of their mothertongue. The recent en masse exodus, having scattered our community throughout the country,
has dealt yet another blow to our already fragile mother-tongue affiliations.
Another disturbing trend is that the State linguistic authority has, over the years, created
an impression through sustained overt and covert means, that Persian has been the original script
of Kashmiri language. Whereas the fact remains that from the Vedic times, Sanskrit has been the
medium of language in Kashmir which has Devanagari as its script. Later Sharda was developed
and liberally used by Kashmiri writers and scholars and thus the script flourished in the Valley.
Alberuni claims that Sharda, which he refers as Sidha-Matrika, permeated not only in Kashmir
but it also was the medium of writing in the whole of India . With the passage of time, Sharda
adorned the confines of the priestly class.
In the post independence era, the J&K State government accorded official recognition to
Persian script for Kashmiri and it received patronage mostly from the Muslim writers. Kashmiri
Pandit writers felt that Devanagari was more suited to phonetics and dialectory inflection of the
language and they adopted it as their medium for writing Kashmiri.
The linguistic experts, however, felt that some of the Kashmiri sounds could not be
represented by Nagari letters or alphabet, hence specific primary and secondary accents,
pronunciation symbols and dialectorial marks were developed / devised for better grasp of the
language, which received approval of standardization by a Committee of experts and scholars, set
up in 1995. This uniform script is more or less in use since then.
The present Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language in Devanagari script, is a humble
effort by the Kashmiri Pandits Association and Lalla-Ded Educational and Welfare Trust
combine, in adopting a uniform pattern in translating Kashmiri articulatory sounds into a written
script. Simultaneously the Reader offers more elucidation on phonetics and includes
orthographic lessons in Nagari alphabet with equivalent Roman alphabet, which, it is hoped, shall
even help those who are not well versed with Kashmiri. The equivalent of Kashmiri words with
their vowels and diacritical marks in Roman letters, make it easy to decipher and read. The
Reader is designed to be an aid to basic comprehension for both spoken and written Kashmiri.
The stupendous work of Shri M. K. Raina and Smt Neelam Trakru in bringing out this
Reader will, I am sure, go a long way in arousing the interest in our young and not so young
community members in their mother-tongue and foster a deeper communication bond through the
medium of language.
J. L. Manwati
President
Kashmiri Pandits Association
Mumbai
Navreh, 13th Chaitra, 2058
(26th March, 2001)
vvv
Page 6
P
Prreeffaaccee ttoo tth
hee FFiirrsstt EEd
diittiioon
n
For quite some time now, Kashmiri Pandits Association, Mumbai and Lalla-Ded
Educational and Welfare Trust have been working on Project ZAAN - a project to acquaint our
community members, particularly youngsters with various facets of their motherland Maej
Kasheer. Two Volumes of Information Digest, have so far been issued under the Project. The
accent therein has, besides dissemination of knowledge (ZAAN), been on arousing interest in our
mother tongue - Kashmiri, which is fast lapsing into disuse from amongst our families.
The present Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language is the third Volume in the series
under Project ZAAN. The intent of compilation of this Reader is to place before the readers, an
easy-to-comprehend Primary Book in Devanagari script, for reading Kashmiri. Kashmiri dialect
has micro articular variations, which have been amply illustrated and distinguished by means of
special set of vowel & consonantal symbols and graphic lessons in syntax of the language.
In the present day diaspora of our community, when we have lost our moorings, when we
are facing cultural erosion, language seems to be a lone factor for preservation of our identity.
The Reader, therefore appears to be a timely endeavour to revive interest of our youngsters in
their mother tongue.
The effort of the authors, Shri M. K. Raina and Smt Neelam Trakru is laudable. Shri Raina
is a serious student of Kashmiri syntax for more than two decades. The duo has, after consulting
many a authentic source books, compiled this compendium, which we accept, may not be
infallible in itself. Readers may find some words alien to Kashmiri used at few places. These
words have been incorporated specifically for purpose of illustration in the absence of Kashmiri
words / idioms. We would welcome suggestions from the language-knowing seniors in the
community, to overcome shortcomings in our future editions and other publications.
Authors note on the Devanagari-Kashmiri Script, is specially meant for elders and they
are requested to go through it very carefully. This will make it easy for them to help their
youngsters to know the script and the phonetics.
M. L. Mattoo
Chairman
Navreh, 13th Chaitra, 2058

(26th March, 2001)
vvv

Page 7
A
AN
Noottee ffrroom
mA
Au
utth
hoorrss ffoorr tth
hee R
Reevviisseed
d EEd
diittiioon
n
Devanagari is the script for Sanskrit. The script in its original form, believed to be used by Nagari
Brahmins, was known as Nagari script. Most of the Indian scripts like Bangla, Gujarati, Marathi
etc. have been derived from this script. Kashmiri was written in Sharada, one of the oldest scripts,
which was developed around 10th century. Some scholars are of the view that Sharda was our
script for writing Sanskrit which we subsequently used to write Kashmiri. Indo-Roman type was
used for writing Kashmiri for quite some time, but it could not become popular. The Persio-Arabic
script has been recognised as the official script for Kashmiri. To this script, reviewed and
upgraded by J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages in 1971, a number of Arabic and
Persian letters have been added to accommodate words, having originated from these languages.
Letter bh representing Nagari Hk was also included to accommodate certain Sanskrit words,
commonly used by Kashmiris. Devanagari-Kashmiri did not receive any official patronage but it
continued to be used by Kashmiri Pandits as a medium of writing.
Post 1990 period presents a totally different picture with respect to development of
Devanagari script for Kashmiri language. After the exodus, community magazines throughout
India started flourishing with inputs in Devanagari-Kashmiri. But there was one lacuna. Every
writer used his own way of writing. There was no coordination and no conformity in writing. The
Koshur Samachar, assumed central importance in this regard. It used a set of diacritical marks
to indicate vowels peculiar to Kashmiri language, with the Nagari letters. In order to modify and
upgrade the script further, discussions took place at various places and at various levels, where
one thing was clear. There was a dire need to standardise the script by devising uniformity in the
marks and symbols used.
In December 1995, a committee of the editors of Koshur Samachar (New Delhi), Kashyap
Samachar (Jammu) and the Secretary of the Vikalp (Delhi), met and after detailed discussion,
agreed on adopting the following symbols for three pairs of vowels in the fashion denoted against
each:Avagraha
as in
Ardhachandra
as in
as in
Apostrophe
as in
as in
as in
vN
jqW[k
rwWj
ck*g
js*g
dks*g
(Eye)
(Line)
(Cold)
(Twelve)
(Flame)
(Hill)
This exercise led to the standardisation of the script to a great extent. It also enabled writers,
some of whom were not previously interested in writing Kashmiri in Devanagari script due to its
shortcomings, to make valuable contribution to the language. Still, the linguistic experts were not
Page 8
satisfied, and wanted more work to be done to upgrade the script by further modifying the
symbols and diacritical marks, to suit requirements of our language.
Northern Regional Language Centre, Central Institute of Indian Languages, (Ministry of
HRD, Deptt. of Secondary and Higher Education, Govt. of India), Patiala, took lead in this
direction and conducted various seminars and workshops for about 2 years, in which renowned
linguists and software experts took part. The Centre, under the leadership of Shri Roop Krishen
Bhat, organised another workshop from 20th July 2002 to 4th August 2002 at Jammu, to finalise
the script and produce necessary Primer and Reader for the language. The experts who were
connected with introducing modified symbols and diacritical marks and finalisation of the script,
included Dr. S.N.Bhat Haleem, Dr. S.S.Toshakhani, Dr. O.N.Kaul, Prof H.K.Kaul, Prof. C.L.Sapru,
Prof. R.L.Shant, Dr. S.N.Raina, Dr. R.K.Bhat and Dr. R.N.Bhat. It may be mentioned that Shri
M.K.Kaw, the then Secretary, Education, Govtt. of India, also showed keen interest in devising
this material in the interest of the Kashmiri language.
Following changes have been made by the above Expert Committee in the prevalent
Nagari-Kashmiri Alphabet:
1. Avagraha
2. Combination of
3. Combination of
4. Combination of
5. Combination of
is replaced by Ardhachandra
qW
wW
s*
ks*
is replaced by
is replaced by
is replaced by
k]
is replaced by
As a consequence, the Standardised Alphabet for the Devanagari-Kashmiri will be:

Vowels:
v] vW] v] v] vk] vkW] b] bZ] m] ] _]

,] ,]] ,s] vks] vk]] vkS] va
; and o are considered vowels when they represent second members of a Conjunct.
The Anusvara ( )a occurs in Kashmiri words only as a compendium scriptur for a nasal before a
consonant of the same class. For example
czk.M
can be written as
czkaM in Kashmiri.
Visarga ( ) does not find any place in Kashmiri.

Consonants:
The set of Consonants is almost the same as that in Hindi, with the following exceptions:

Page 9
i) Kashmiri has no aspirated sonants like
?k] >] <] /k and Hk. They are often but
not always retained in Kashmiri to write words directly borrowed from Sanskrit. Thus ghar can
?kjqW
be written both as
cxoku
&
xjqW
, dharm as
/keZ
&
neZ
, Bhagwn as
Hkxoku
&
and so on.
ii)
and
.k
occur in Kashmiri only when they are compounded with another
consonant of the same class, like
v, d.B
etc, though they are generally replaced by
Anusvara. They never stand alone and are often but not always retained in Kashmiri to write
x.kiFk
as d.B
words directly borrowed from Sanskrit/Hindi. Thus ganapath can be written both as
&
xuiFk, chandl+ as p.Mky & paMky, ang as v & vax, kanth

&
daB and so on. Position of is also the same though it has been extensively used in
Kashmiri, being affricative transformation of dental u.
iii)
is not in Nagari-Kashmiri alphabet. In the opinion of Sir Grierson, it is merely a
grammarians figment, used by some Pandits in writing words derived from Sanskrit words, such
as
iks and d`"u. {k
and
K]
the modified version of conjuncts
d~+
and
t~+
are
also not part of this alphabet, but are used in the words directly borrowed from Sanskrit.
There are three affricative consonants in Kashmiri, which are strange to the Nagari
alphabet. They are
and
p+] N+
and
t+.
are consonants when they are not second members of a conjunct.
Accordingly, the set of Consonants will be as follows:
d]
p]
p+]
V]
r]
i]
[k] x
N] t
N+] t+
B] M
Fk] n] u
Q] c] e

Page 10
;] j] y] o
] l] g
=
Since
p+
and
N+
have no equivalents in English alphabet, we have used ts and tsh, as
introduced by Sir Grierson, to represent them in Indo-Roman character.

In Roman characters, the linguists have generally been denoting
We will however, as we are used to, denote
by ch and
] ,],
by c and
N by ch.
by chh.
In this book, we have also explained the phonetic difference in

&
&o & k] vk] and -;
which are often confusing, for the purpose of correct pronunciation of words, as
illustrated hereunder:
j~oQ
jk]Q
rph
(silver)
rph
(darning)
n~;y
n]g
Many scholars are of the view that
(bark)
dl
dh (body)
and
cannot begin a word in Kashmiri and
o is
always prefixed to these sounds when they occur in such a position. As a result, nt+ becomes
wnt+h and py becomes wpy in Kashmiri. The Kshr Dictionary of the J&K Academy of Art
Culture and Languages, however contains Kashmiri words like tn-baly-tt, k lthr,
hrynd, tr, ri-n-yri, alongwith the words from other languages, like jrath, uftd, n
etc. commonly used by Kashmiris. We have, in this book, not only used such words, but also
included some more in use now.
Since the dialect of Kashmiri language differs from place to place ( like
OoU;~, vkl
&
vkoql
&
ck], Ooa
&
and so on), we have tried to adhere to the dialect prevalent in the city
of Srinagar (except where necessary for the sake of illustration or otherwise), as adopted by J&K
Academy of Art, Culture and Languages in compiling Kshr Dictionary in Persio-Arabic script.
M. K. Raina
Neelam Trakru
Mumbai, September 09, 2003

v

Page 11
S
Syym
mb
boollss aan
nd
dA
Ab
brreevviiaattiioon
nss
Letters, Symbols and Abbreviations used in this book, to denote words
in Indo-Roman characters
Letter or
Symbol
as pronunced
in
sar
nz
kts
dr
yr
b
b
hbng
aushad
gauv
rth
dg
dh
sr
sr
vli
mkh
mr
dr
ml
kl
tr
chy
au
ch
lj
vWat+
dWp+
nkWj
;kj
c
,sc vkWc
gScqax
vkSn
xkSo (xo)
j~;Fk
nsx
n]g
lhj
flj
oWY;~
Eo[k
eksj
nk]j
ewy
dqy
rj
pk;
(lake)
(swan)
(how many)
(window)
(friend)
(I, me)
(fault)
(dumbstruck)
(medicine)
(went)
(month)
(cauldron)
(body)
(brick)
(secret)
(quickly)
(face)
(peacock)
(hard)
(root)
(tree)
(cold)
(tea)

chh
d
d+
t
th
t+
t+h
ts
tsh
chhn
dn
d+ akh
tr
thkh
t+ n
t+ t+ h
ts
tshy
Nku
nku
M[k
rhj
Fo[k
Vhu
VksB
P+k
N+k;
Page 12
(carpenter)
(hearth)
(support)
(arrow)
(sputum)
(tin)
(dear)
(you)
(shadow)
vvv

Page 13
Section - 1
Introduction to Nagari - Kashmiri alphabet

Page 14

Page 15
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 1
1
Vowels & Symbols in Nagri-Kashmiri
used only as the first letter of a word
vW
writen as
written as
as in v[k akh (one)] vFk ath (hand)
vW when first letter of a word

as in vWN chh (eye), vWM d+ (half)
written as W when not first letter of a word
p+Wj ts r (sparrow), nWt+ dz (burned)
v when first letter of a word,
as in vg| hdi
written as
(enemy / chasers)
when not first letter of a word,
as in xj gr (sudden display of energy)]

c b (I, me), [kj Khr (slip)
written as
v when first letter of a word,
as in vB~; t+hi (eight times)

vfBe t+hm (eighth)
when not first letter of a word,

as in dR;~ kti (how many ?)] rj tr (cold)
written as

vk
Page 16
vk when first letter of a word,

as in vk sh (hope)] vk[k kh (mark),
vkoqj vr (busy)
written as
k when not first letter of a word,

as in tku jn (good)] okj vr (day),
rkQ tph (sunny)
written as
vkW
vkW when first letter of a word,

as in vkW sh (enjoyment)] vkWj r (plum),
vkWl s (mouth)
written as
kW when not first letter of a word,

as in nkWj dr (window)] gkWj (hr) (maina),
ykWj lr (cucumber)
written as
written as
b when first letter of a word,
as in btkt+Fk jzath (permission)]

bVke sht+m (stamp paper)
written as
f when not first letter of a word,
as in fnork dvt (devta)]

fcrqj btr (capacity), fcpksj bchr (helpless)
bZ
bZ when first letter of a word,

as in bZeku mn (faith)] bZ'oj shvar (God)
written as
h when not first letter of a word,

as in lhj sr (brick)] hu shn (snow),
rhj tr (arrow)
written as

written as
Page 17
m when first letter of a word,
as in mtjFk jrath (wages) ]

mQrkn phtd (ignored),
myQFk lphath (love)
q when not first letter of a word,

as in oqN vchh (see)] djqu karn (to do),
gxqj hagr (wheel)
written as
written as
when first letter of a word,
as in rj tr (day before yesterday),

;Z u ;w;Z ri n yri (not well, not in senses)
w when not first letter of a word,

as in lwj sr (ash)] jwn rd (rain),
dwu kn (corner), T+kwu zn (moon)
written as
_ when first letter of a word,

as in _]";~ rshi (rishi), _Xosn rgvd (Rigved)
written as
written as
` when not first letter of a word,
as in i`r[k pratakh (divorce, expulsion),

r`"uk trshn (greed)

written as
Page 18
, when first letter of a word,
as in ,frjkt+ trz (objection)
s when not first letter of a word,

as in es[k mkh (nail)] gysy hall (yellow myrobalan),
esB mt+h (head coolie)
written as
,]
written as
,] when first letter of a word,
as in ,]glku hsn (favour)
] when not first letter of a word,

as in j]g rh (flame)] ;]fy yl (when),
n]g dh (body)
written as
,s
,s when first letter of a word,

as in ,sc vkWc b (defect)
written as
S when not first letter of a word,

as in oSdqaB vknt++h (heaven),
gScqax hbng (dumb struck)
written as
vks
vks when first letter of a word,

as in vksl s (was), vkse m (raw),
vksyqo lv (potato), vkscj~o; bry (respect),
written as
ks when not first letter of a word,

as in xks[k gkh (went)] eksj mr (peacock),
viksj apr (other side)
written as

vk]
Page 19
vk] when first letter of a word,

as in vk]u n (blind), vk]j r (good),
vk]N+ ts h (frail)
written as
k] when not first letter of a word,

as in xk]N+ gts h (wanted)] nk]y dl (lower part of pheran),
[;k]y khyl (flock)
written as
vkS
written as
vkS when first letter of a word,
as in vkSt+kj auzr (instrument),

vkSn aushad (medicine)
written as
kS when not first letter of a word,
as in xkS gau (went),

pk[kjqu chaunkhrn (to shrivel up)
va
Written as
when second member of a conjunct
va when first letter of a word,
as in vax ang (part)]

written as a when not first letter of a word,
as in eat+ manz (in), t+ax zang (leg)
as in j~;Fk rth (month)]

dR;~ kti (how many), rhR;~ tti (so many)
when second member of a conjunct
as in Xoj gr (guru)] [oj khr (foot),

Eoy ml (cost)
vvv
Page 20
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr
2
2
Using Anusvara ( a )
v & a
written as
va when first letter of a word
as in van and (end),

vankT+k andz (approximation)
written as a when not first letter of a word)
as in can band (closed),
oan vand (winter)
vW & a
written as
v when first letter of a word)
v & a

as in vag&jkj; nh-rray (to groan)
as in rqgat+ thnz (yours)
v & a

as in vaP+kg&iaP+kg ntsh-pntsh (make excuses,
as in vt+ nz (swan)
vthj njr (fig)
written as when not first letter of a word)
as in cfn bndsh (restriction),
jxhu rngn (coloured)
written as
written as
to be in a fix)
as in daL;~ dWV knsi kt+ (younger female child)

vk & a
written as
vkW & a
written as
b & a
written as
bZ & a
written as
m & a
written as
& a
written as
Page 21
vka when first letter of a word,
as in vkapkj nchr (pickle)

written as ka when not first letter of a word,
as in [kkanj khndar (marriage)
as in vkB nt+h (stone of the fruit)

written as k when not first letter of a word,
as in xkB gnt+h (kite)
ba when first letter of a word,
as in batu njan (engine)

written as when not first letter of a word,
as in ix png (a kind of millet)
b when first letter of a word,
as in bB nt+h (a game of marbles)

written as when not first letter of a word,
as in iR;~ pnti (tiny pieces)
ma when first letter of a

word, as in maxN+ ngats h (a cutting tool)
written as qa when not first letter of a word,
as in dqat+ knz (key)
a when first letter of a word,
as in aPk&uhp nch-nch (high and low in society,
ups and downs)
written as wa when not first letter of a word,
as in ywaB lnt+ h (the edge of a garment)

, & a
Page 22
(not first letter of a word)

written as
as in [k krnkh (gem)
,] & a (not first letter of a word)

written as ]a
as in d]ag knh (something)
,s & a
(not first letter of a word)

written as
as in clWjh calWjh bnsr (flute)
vks & a

as in vkr okr nt wnt (depth)
written as k when not first letter of a word,
as in kB shnt+ h (dry ginger)
vk] & a
written as
written as
vk]a when first letter of a word,
as in vk]axt ngj (finger)

written as k]a when not first letter of a word,
as in t+k]ax zng (fire)
vkS & a not first letter of a word

written as k as in pk[kjqu chaunkhrn (to shrivel up)
vvv

Page 23
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 3
3
Consonants in Nagri-Kashmiri
as in dyq kalsh (kalash)

dkse km (tribe, race), diqj kapr (cloth)
[k
as in v[k akh (one)] [kcj khabar (news),

[ky khal (threshing floor)
as in xkVqy gt+l (wise)]

kxk prgsh (moonshine), nkx dg (stain)
as in phj chr (wring)] dksp kch (lane),

ikfp pch (trotters)
as in Nku chhn (carpenter)]

oqN vchh (see), csNqu bchhn (to beg)
as in toku jawn (young), ok]t vj (rain water

falling from the eaves of a house)
p+
as in P+;M ts d+ (patience)]
ep+j mats ar (madness),
p+kx ts ng (earthen lamp)
N+
as in xN+ gatsh (go)]

N+~;r tsh t (extinguish)

Page 24
t+
as in t+ku zn (knowledge)]
ckt+j bzar (market)
as in VekVj t+amt+ar (tomato),

Vx t+ ng (hillock), vksV t++ (flour)
as in oqB wt+ h (lip)] Bku t+hn (lid),

Bx t+ hag (cheat), sB sht+ h (sixty)
as in M[k d+ akh (support)] ;M yad+ (belley),

Mkac d+ nb (deceptive posture)
as in rk[k tkh (odd number)]

r[klhj takhsr (fault), vrykl atls (satin)
Fk
as in oFk vath (way)] jkFk rth (night, yesterday),

iFkj pathar (floor)
as in nkWj dr (window, beard),

enn madad (help), jkn rd (length of cloth or garment)
as in nku dn (hearth, gift in charity)]

ukcn nbad (sugar candy), nu dan (wealth)
as in it+j pazar (truth)] diqj kapr (cloth),

iksx pg (destruction)
as in jQrkj raphtr (speed)]

fQju phran (turn upside down)
Page 25
as in jc rab (mud)] fclyk; bsly (fishing rod),

jckc rabb (rabab - a musical instrument)
as in xe gam (grief)] ek]r mt (mad),

el mas (hair)
(When not second member of a conjunct)

as in ;sj yr (wool), fe;ku myn (sheath),
;dtk yakj (together)
as in ukj nr (fire)] vjnkg ardh (eighteen),

jk rsh (sign of zodiac),
kWt prj (chopped straw),
kB drnt++h (hardened)
as in t+ky zl (net)] yksy ll (passionate love, affection), vjry

artal (gold or silver foil)
(When not second member of a conjunct)

as in okB vt+ h (union, act of joining)]
eoy maval (cockscomb, amaranth)
as in i pash (roof)] oqusj vushnr (warmth)
as in lksu sn (our)]
olokl vasvs (perturbation)
as in vgksd ahk (central pivot of the millstone)]

dkgoWV khvt++ (touchstone)
Page 26
as in =] tr (three)] =ke trm (copper)
vvv

Page 27
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 4
4
Consonants forming Conjunct with the vowels
; and o
While joining a consonant with built-in prop (dnd) like d] c] Q] r etc. with vowels o
and ; to form a conjunct, either its prop (in case of unbalanced letter like c & r) or last
leg of the portion to the right of its prop (in case of a balanced letter like d & Q) is
removed as illustrated below. Consonants without a prop like N] V] B] j] g etc. are
attached with Halant ~
when joined with o and ;

Conjuncts with
D; as in
[; as in
X; as in
P;* as in
N~;* as in
T;* as in
P+; as in
N+~; as in
T+; as in
V~; as in
B~; as in
M~; as in
R; as in
F; as in
n~; as in
U; as in
I; as in
D;kg
kyh
(what)
[;k]u
khyn
(to eat)
X;o
gv
(ghee)
P;Fk pFk chth (chath)
(having drunk)
N~;k Nk chhy (chh)
(is she? are they?)
esT;kso estkso mjyv (mjv)(having got)
P+;M
ts d+
(patience)
N+~;Q
tshph
(in hiding)
T+;o
zv
(tongue)
V~;[k
t+ kh
(a mere drop)
dkWB~;
kt++hi
(riding saddle)
M~;d
d+ k
(forehead)
R;Ecj
tmbr
(spark)
F;dqu
thkn
(to boast)
n~;y|y dl
(husk,peel,bark)
U;k;
nyy
(dispute)
I;ko
pyv
(natal)

; as in
C; as in
E; as in
j~; as in
Y; as in
O; as in
'; *as in
L; as in
g~; as in
Page 28
;y
phl
C;k[k
bykh
E;aT+kqj
mnzr
j~;[k
rkh
Y;[k
lkh
O;Fk
vth
';ke 'kke shym (sham)
L;;
sy
g~;FkFk hth
(boil)
(next)
(timber merchant)
(birds dropping)
(invective)
(river Vitasta)
(dark coloured)
(bunch of maggots)
(having taken along)
* Combinations given here are only for illustration. The sounds of p] N] t] and 'k
are palatal sounds. It is not necessary to use ; with these letters to indicate the
palatalization.
Conjuncts with
Do
[o
Xo
Po
N~o
To
P+o
N+~o
T+o
V~o
B~o
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
Dodqj
[oj
XoM
PoU;~
N~o[k
To;
P+oiksj
N+~o[k
T+oy
V~ocqj
B~oy
kkr
(cock)
khr
(foot)
gd++
(ankle)
chni
(sound made by a slap)
chhkh
(rinse)
jy
(stream)
ts pr
(all four directions)
tshkh
(being half burnt)
zl
(foundation trench)
t+ br
(an eating bowl)
t+ hl
(blow with the head)

M~o
Ro
Fo
n~o
Uo
Io
o
Co
Eo
o
j~o
Yo
Oo
'o
Lo
g~o
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
as in
M~o[k
Rofg
Fol
}n
Uo
IoQ
oyqu
CofN
Eo[k
ono;
j~oQ
YodqV
OoFk
'oaxax
Lo;
g~o[k
Page 29
d+ kh
(bend, uneven)
th
(to you, by you)
ths
(distress, fatigue)
dd
(milk)
nsh
(bride)
pph
(fathers sister)
phln
(to blossom)
bchh
(hunger)
mkh
(face)
ydvay
(if)
rph
(silver)
lkt+
(younger, small)
vth
(stand up)
shng
(sleep)
sy
(common nettle)
hkh
(dried, parched)
vvv

Page 30
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 5
5
Using Ardhachandra
vWN
vWM
vt+
dWp+
dWfrt
dWfel
dWehu
xWfN+u
xWj
xWjhch
t+Wehu
rWeht+
rWgWj
nWt+
nWj
iWfju
clWjh] calWjh
eWN
yWj
oWj
W vW
chh
(eye)
d++
(half)
nz
(swan)
kts
(how many)
ktj
(swallow)
kms
(whom)
kmn
(mean)
gtshn
(let go)
gr
(watch)
grb
(poverty)
zmn
(land)
tmz
(manners)
thr
(yellow rice)
dz
(burnt)
dr
(hard)
prn
(let read)
bansr
(flute)
mchh
(fly)
lr
vr
(house)
(a concoction of rice, condiments etc.)
vvv

Page 31
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 6
6
Using
dkWU;~
dkWfQj
dkWj
dkWyhu
dkWfln
[kkWyh
tkWfgy
nkrqo
rkWoht+
nkWu
nkWj
VkWB
ikW;Zt+ku
ckWfj;k
ekWQh
;ikWj;Z
ykWj
okWt
gkdy
gkWfly
and Ardhachandra
kW vkW
kni
(one eyed)
kphr
(infidel)
kr
(neck)
kln
(carpet)
ksd
(messenger)
khl
(empty)
jhl
(ignorant)
dntv
(made of ivory)
tvz
(amulet)
dn
(pomegranate)
dr
(window)
t++t++h
(dear)
prizn
(knowledge)
briy
(wife)
mph
(pardon)
yapri
(this side)
lr
(cucumber)
vj
(ring)
hnkal
(chain)
hsl
(outcome)
vvv

Page 32
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 7
7
v] & a va
Using
dWny
kdl
(bridge)
dy
kal
(head)
[kj
khr
(slip)
XoM
gd+
(first)
P+kqW
ts
(you)
V[k
t+kh
(run)
nql
ds
(a type of shawl)
iuU;~
panni
(own)
ely
msl
(skin)
(I, me )
Ooy
vl
(come)
o[rp
vakhtch (of the time)
okj&okj vrvr (slowly)

v
dWE;~lat+
kmisnz (whose )
rqgat+
thnz (yours)
rlat+
tasnz (his/her)
vvv

Page 33
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 8
8
Using
v] &
a va
dR;~
kti
(how many)
[ke
rj
tr
(cold)
ni&ekyk dp ml (deep mala)
lR;~
sti
(alongwith)
iafP+ke, iaP+;qe
khm
(tent)
pnts m, pnts ym (fifth )
ia P + ; ~ - ika P + k o ; pnts i -pnts vay (all the five)

da L ;~ - dW V
knts i kt +
(younger female)
[ka [ k
khnkh
(one who speaks through nose)
xa x B
gngat+h
(veil)
Va D ;~
raR;~ dk]j
t +nki
tnti kr
(coins)
(catgut)
vvv

Page 34
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 9
9
Using ] and
k]
N]
chh
(is)
d]ag
knh
(something)
r]fy
tl
(then)
j]g
rh
(flame)
;]fy
yl
(when)
ts l
(ran away)
dk]j
kr
(did)
p+k]y
t+k]j
zr
(deaf)
Fkk]L;~ thsi
(lumps)
nk]j
dr
(hard)
ik]t+
pz
(true)
ck]n
lk]e
bd
sm
(bundle)
(level)
lk]u
g~;k]j
sn
hyr
(deep)
(upstairs)
vvv

Page 35
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 1
10
0
Difference in Pronunciation of words when
using vowels ; and ] ,]
vI;j
dqU;j
N+~;iN+~;Q
T+;y
n~;y
cqtj
E;
E;aT+kqj
j~;y
O;l
L;[k
L;t+j
r]fy
n]g
c]fu
cz]g
;]fy
j]g
y]t
o]ftczksj
o]g
l]D;qy
l]g
apr
knr
tshptshph
zl
dl
bjar
m
mnzr
rl
vs
skh
szar
tl
dh
bn
brh
yl
rh
lj
vjbrr
vh
skyl
srh
(flippancy)
(loneliness)
(keep hiding)
(upper layer)
(bark, skin)
(old age)
(me)
(timber merchant)
(piece)
(girl friend)
(sand)
(straightness)
(then)
(body)
(sister)
(flame)
(when)
(flame)
(earthen pot)
(name of a place - Bijbehara)
(poison)
(sandy)
(wetness)
vvv

Page 36
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 1
11
1
Difference in Pronunciation of words when
using vowels o and k] vk]
[oj
Xoj
}n
j~oQ
Loj
EoB
Lou
Con
Doy
P+oy
p+k]y
M~o[k
Mk][k
T+oy
Xou
khr
gr
dd
rph
sr
mt+ h
sn
bd
kl
ts l
ts l
d+ kh
d++kh
zl
gn
(foot)
[kk]j
xk]j
(guru)
(milk)
nk]n
(silver)
jk]Q
(sound)
lk]j
(fist)
ek]B
(gold)
lk]u
(intelligence) ck]n
(stream)
dk]y
(temporary hearth)
(ran away)
(bend, uneven)
(support)
(drowsiness) t+k]y
(quality)
xk]u
khr
gr
dd
rph
sr
mt++h
sn
bd
kl
(scald headed)
(made or moulded)
(burnt)
(darning)
(remembered)
(forgotten)
(deep)
(bundle)
(dumb)
zl
gn
(foundation-trench)
(fold, compact)
vvv

Page 37
Section - 2
Words & Sentences

Page 38

Page 39
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 1
1
Identifying Vowels & Symbols - I
W vW] k vk] kW vkW] f b] h bZ

vlqu
vkaxqu
btkt+Fk
dkWfln
[kkWfg
xWuheFk
BWfxy
rkWj
nWyhy
fujkgkj
ukU;~
ck[k
ckW
eqjhn
ykWj
okWt
nni
vWfMt
(compound)
vkijqu
(permission)
bZtkn
(messenger)
dkg
(wish)
f[kj
(godsend)
xkB
(cheating)
rWeht+
(delay)
nWqe
(story)
nk;Zy
(foodless)
uWU;~
(grandmother) QkWt+
bkh
(weeping aloud)
bsh
(similarity)
mrd
(disciple)
lr
(cucumber)
vj
(ring)
asn
ngn
jzath
ksd
khhsh
gnmath
t+ hgl
tr
dll
nrhr
(laughter)
edkW;
jhFk
oWdhy
okWfjl
d+j
(bone)
prn
(to feed)
jd
(invent)
kh
(eleven)
khr
(kheer)
gnt+ h
(kite)
tmz
(manners)
dhym (tenth)
drl
(bearded)
nni
(naked)
phz
(grace)
maky
(maize)
rth
(custom)
vkl
(lawyer)
vrs
(heir)
vvv

Page 40
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr
2
2
Identifying Vowels & Symbols - II
v] v] a va] a va
cV
bat +
(Kashmiri Pandit)
rj
tr
(cold)
dal
kns
(younger female)
MhQj
d++phr
(small gathering)
dFkdFk
kathkath
(gossip)
CoMukoqu
bd+ nvn (to dip)
wcjqu
shbrn
(beautify)
jp+j
rts ar
(well being)
xkxj
ggr
(a metal pitcher)
dWE;~lat+
kmisnz
(whose ?)
[kaT+kqu
khnzn
(to pluck feathers of a bird)
fyij
lpr
(truant)
oWrhj
vtr
(conduct)
lR;
sti
(along)
vvv

Page 41
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 3
3
Identifying Vowels & Symbols - III
q m]
qa ma]
w ]
wa a]
oqaxqu
vngn
(to howl)
dqat+
knz
(key)
xq j q l
grs
(buttermilk)
tw;Z
jri
(couple, pair)
dwat
knj
(corner)
vt+joqu
azarvn
(feel jealous)
NMqu
chhad+ n
(let go)
NkaVqu
chhnt+ n
(pick)
owaB
vnt++h
(camel)
cqgqj
bhr
(vendor of spices and herbs)
oqdqj
vkr
(unfortunate)
vvv

Page 42
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 4
4
Identifying Vowels & Symbols IV
s ,] ] ,]] S ,s] ks vks] k] vk]] kS vkS] &;] &o
Dodqj
k]x
U;k]e
Bsd
n~;k]y
vk]xqu
cqtj
[k
N+;Zj
u]pqo
U;cj
Mqj
L;nqu
Lodky
jS;Fk
yQqu
ok]nqj
O;dkj
p+k]i
t]thj
p+ksj
lw;~
kkr
(cock)
ts p
(bite)
drg
(dear)
jjr
(hookah)
nym
(lemon)
ts r
(four)
t+hk
(contract)
sphi
(sufi)
dyl
(a kind of soft grass)
gn
(fire)
sh
(tear)
bjar
(old age)
brt+h
(stupid)
shnkh
(conch)
bchh
(hunger)
ts harr
(emptiness)
jvnd
(caraway)
nchv
(son)
nyr
(meadow)
nbar
(out)
hyon
(to take)
hd+r
(mushroom)
navr
(newness)
sdun
(succeed)
skyl
(sandy)
skl
(prosperous time)
ryath
(subject)
yatj
lanjar
(lameness)
lnphn
(greasiness)
vdr
(stomach, otter)
vkr
(changes)
Ooyke
vlm
(blame)
vk]
czsB
CofN
tkO;an
U;wj
k]u
uO;j
l]D;qy
vvv

Page 43
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 5
5
Identifying Vowels & Symbols Assorted
cs d y kW t + h
vMo W N +
Uo[kr
iWT+;ksj
yw u e q r
viT + ; ks j
yksuoU;~
C;T+kqo
feE;qt+
vkW u ko
QW f djkW U ;~
dyi k F k
Yodpkj
uuoksj
LoikFkj
gekWY;~
vyc kW U ;~
[;P+kj
Eo[kr
Yoiqu
eWfjkWfoFk
EodY ;ks e q r
]xuqu
bklz
(foolishness)
ad + vtsh
(half open)
nkht
(point)
pzyr
(truthful)
lnmt
(having reaped)
apzyr
(liar)
lnvni
(wages for reaping)
bzv
(without life)
mmyz
(mid-day meal)
shnv
(relative)
phk i rn i
(female beggar)
kalpnth
(end of a yuga)
lkchr
(childhood)
nanvr
(bare footed)
sopthr
(good child)
hamli
(charges of a porter)
albn i
(plough)
khts r
(khichri)
mkht
(pearl)
lpn
(a fat and lazy fellow)
mshrvth
(having forgotten)
mklymt (finished)
shgnn
(to become scorned)

Page 44
x T + k j q u
p+k]ikW;Z
N+~;iqu
uW [ kj y
v | -iW [ ;
dWny
uk]e j q u
g~o[kukoqu
MksU;qo
rW g lhynkj
vga d kW ; Z
oan jkWp+u
rq y - drq j
gnzrn
(to count)
ts pri
(all round)
ts hpn
(to hide)
nkhral
(coquettish)
nd i pkh i
(around)
kdl
(bridge)
nmrn
(to bend)
tul-katr
(ice sheet)
ckW f dj[kkW U ;~
bkrkhn i
(bread made of butter, milk & flour)
nqgWR;qe
udoksj
cWgjqu
ckW x j koq u
E;kWU;~
[kW n eFkxkj
d-htym
(two hundredth)
nakvr
(nostril)
bhrn
(to show courage)
bgrvn
(to distribute)
hkhnvn (to dry up)

d+ nyv
(made of walnut wood)
thsldr
(tehsildar)
ahankr i
(proud)
vand rts an (during winter nights)
myn i
(my)
khdmathgr (servant)
vvv

Page 45
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 6
6
Simple Sentences
e] ou
Cou ol
tku xo
P+k dql Nq[k
dk]r xN+[k
dfr vk[k
dql vksl
Dol vkWl
e dj
u] e f;
Ooy f; ij
U;cj usj
nkWj ep+jko
vt+ fN rj
dR; xN+u;
vt+ Nq rkQ
ouku D;kg Nq[k
dql r dfr
X;oku jkst+
c D;kg ou
T+;o gko
rEcj fN p+k]d
m van
bn vas
jn gav
ts ks chhkh
kt gatshakh
kat kh
ks s
ks s
ma kar
na, ma y
vl y par
nbar nr
dr mts rv
az chh tr
kti gatshnay
az chh tph
vann ky chhkh
ks t kat
gvn rz
b kyh van
zv hv
tambr chhi tsok
(tell me)
(come down)
(it is good)
(who are you ?)
(where will you go ?)
(where from have you come ?)
(who was he ?)
(who was she ?)
(dont do ?)
(no, dont come)
(come, read this)
(go out)
(open the window)
(it is cold today)
(how many do you want)
(it is sunny today)
(what are you saying ?)
(who and where ?)
(keep singing)
(what can I say ?)
(show your tongue)
(tamarind is sour)
vvv

Page 46
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 7
7
Practice in reading - I
vt+ f; ;ksj A
az y yr
(come here today)
f; fdrkc ij A
y ktb par
(read this book)
gq xo jke th A
h gav rm j
(he is Ram ji)
D;kg Nq[k djku \
kyh chhkh karn
(What are you doing?)
dfr Nq[k clku \
kat chhkh basn ?
(where do you live ?)
gq dql Nq \
h ks chh ?
(who is he ?)
lq Nq E;ksu ;kj A
s chh myn yr
(he is my friend)
VkBk th dk]r xo \
t+t+h j kt gav ?
(where did Tatha ji go?)
E; Nk [kcj \
m chh khabar ?
(do I know ?)
kg th Nq idku A
shhj chh pakn
(Shah ji is coming)
dkag dkWe dj A
knh km kar
(do some work)
nksjku D;kft+ Nq[k\
drn kyz chhkh?
(why are you running?)
c xN+ nQrj A
b gatsh daphtar
(I will go to office)
c dj f;e \
b kar ym ?
(when should I come ?)
Ooy cr [;eo A
vl bat khmav
(let us eat food)
vt+ fN vkFkokj A
az chh thvr
(today is Sunday)
elrl fn daxqo A
mastas d kangv
(comb the hair)
f; Nq E;ksu xj A
y chh myn gar
(this is my home)
vvv

Page 47
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 8
8
Practice in reading - II
P+k D;kft+ Nq[k Bkg Bkg dWfjFk vlku \

ts kyz chhkh t+hh t+hh krth asn
niku jVul xfN+ cku vklqu A

dapn rat+nas gatsh bn sn
vFk eat+ Nqu dkag [k ft+ P+k Nq[k L;Bkg rst+ A

ath manz chhn knh shakh zi ts chhkh st+hh tz
f;eu xWjhcu Nquk ft+an jkst+uqd g[k \

yman grban chhn znd rznk hakh ?
iuful ekWfyl ekft gat+ xfN+ [kWneFk djU;~ A

panns mls mj hnz gatsh khdmath karni
cklku Nqe ft+ p+] Nq; u ;ksjqd O;iku A

bsn chhm z ts chhy n yrk vpn
okfj;kg dky xkse p+] kjku A

vryh kl gm ts prrn
Ooy vt+ djo kWU;~ ikWB~; dFkk ckFkk A

vl az karav prni pt+hi kath bth
niku jkT+k xo f; cwft+Fk L;Bkg gkWjku A

dapn rz gav y bzth st+hh hrn
okrku okrku okWR;~ fre vWfdl ukxl I;B r vfr |qrq[k Fk[k A
vtn vtn vti tm ks ngas pt+h t at dytkh thakh

Page 48
[otu dk]j ek]gfufol vkyo r P+kwjl djukWou ykj A

khjan kr mhnvs lav t ts ras karnvn lr
vvv

Page 49
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 9
9
Practice in reading - III
f; Nq dky ixkg lkWyl xN+ku

y chh kl pagh slas gats hn
vWfel vkfl tku xqT+kkj r ro; Nl nkf; csf=A

ms s jn gzr t tavay chhas dy btr
dkWqj fN lkWU;~ ekft T+;oA vfl ift+ iuU;u q;Zu lR;~ vWF;~ t+ckWU;~ eat+ dFk djU;A
kshr chh sni mj zv. asi pazi pannn shrn sti thi zabni manz
kath karni
L;Bkg dky xkse lkpku ft+ c ys[kgkW iuU;u jLeu r j~;oktu I;B v[k fdrkcA
st+hh kl gm snchn z b lkhh pannn rasman t rvjan pt+h akh

ktb
|kj vkluW lwWfr; xo u dkag ck]M EogU;qoA fny xfN+ ck]M vklquA
dyr sn sty gav n knh bd+ mhnyv. dl gats hi bd+ sn
;Fk nqfu;kgl eat+ cfu Fk dkag pht+ exj ekWt dfr cfuA
yath dnyhas manz ban prath knh chz magar mj kat ban
lq o[kr Nqe ;kn I;oku ;]fy lkWful flaxfy il v[k v[k xt+ t+sfN fj xkV vkl
yxkuA
sh vakht chhm yd pvn yl sns sngl pashas akh akh gaz zchh
shshar gnt+ s lagn
ft+B~;u ;t+Fk djqu Nq YodV~;u gqan QtZA
zt+hn yzath karn chh lkt+n hnd farz
vvv
Page 50
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 1
10
0
Practice in reading IV
lqc I;B kel rke vkWL;~ fre }o; ckWp+ [kkgl eat+ dkWe djku A
sb pt+h shmas tm si tm dshvay bts khhas manz km karn
lq;k vksl jkT+k vofUroeZu lafn njckjqd v[k jWru r vWfe; vkWl forLrk lkQ dWfjFk
dWhj fofi fuf cpkWo ep+ A
sy s rz avantvarman snd darbrk akh rtn t my s vtast
sph krth kshr vp nsh bachvmts
ikaMou gafn o[r fr Nq dWhfj fgUnqLrkul lR; lEcan vkslqeqr A
pnd+ van hnd vakht t chh kshr hndstnas sti samband smt
c xksl f;e dFk cwft+Fk L;Bkg [o A ou p+] D;kg xfN+;\ f; eax[k fr esfy; A
b gs ym kath bzth st+hh khsh. van ts kyh gats hy? y mangakh t
mly
ft+B~;u gat+ vkWgh fN Fk lkr cdkj f;oku A frgat+ xfN ift+ eu lhok djU;~ A
zt+hn hnz h chh prath st bakr yvn. thnz gatsh paz man sv
karni
dWhfj fN Fk vkWBe r [kkl dWfjFk t+sB vkWBe }g rqyeqfy fno; yxku A
kshr chh prath t+ham t khs krth zt+h t+ham dh tlml dvay lagn
vvv

Page 51
Section 3
Translation Vocabulary

Page 52

Page 53
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 1
1
Some words of daily use
English
Kashmiri
Roman
Above
Able
Account
Bad
Below
Blood
Bonfire
Bridge
Broker
Building
Busy
But
Child
Chinar
Ceiling
City
Cloth
Colour
Comb
Cloud
Courage
Compound
Crowd
Day
Door
Doubt
k]j
yk;[k
fglkc
[kjkc
Cou
jFk
vyko
dWny
ky
yWj
vkoqj
exj
cp
cw U ;~
rkyo
gj
diqj
ja x
daxqo
vk ]c q j
eFk
vkaxqu
chj
}g
cj
[k
hyr
lyakh
hsb
kharb
bn
rath
alv
kdl
drl
lr
vr
magar
bach
bn i
tlav
shahar
kapr
rang
kangv
br
hmath
ngn
br
dh
bar
shakh

Dusk
Dust
Earth
Excuse
False
Farmer
Garden
Eclipse
Fast
Fat
Fever
Flower
Foe
Friend
Girl
Good
Hair
Hand
He
Hearth
Hill
His, her
Honey
House
Hope
Hot
I, me
Icicle
Illiterate
Is
Key
ke
xj n
cqrjkr
cgku
vik]t+
Xkz w l
ckx
xz q g q u
rst+
O;k]B
rQ
iks
nqeu
;kj] O;l
dwj
tku
el
vFk
lq
nku
cky
rlqan
ekN
yWj
czkaFk
xeZ
c
fjxkB
vuiM
Nq ] fN
dqat+
Page 54
shm
gard
btrt
bahn
apz
grs
bg
grhn
tz
vyt+h
taph
psh
dshman
yr, vs
kr
jn
mas
ath
s
dn
bl
tasnd
mchh
lr
brnth
garm
b
shshar-gnt+h
anpad+
chh, chh
knz

Ladder
Lake
Lock
Love
Man
Milk
Money
Moon
Mountain
My
Nest
Night
Old
Paper
People
Place
Rain
River
Roof
Sand
Scissor
Snow
Stone
Stream
Sun
Tear
Then
There
They
Thin
Time
gsj
lj
dqyqQ
ek;
enZ
}n
|kj
T+ k w u
icZFk
E;ksu
vksy
jkFk
cqM
dkdt+
yw[k
tk;
jw n
nW f j;ko
i
L;[k
E;djkt+
hu
dWU;~
Doy
flf;Z
vk]
r]fy
rfr
fre
U;qd
o[r
Page 55
hr
sar
klph
my
mard
dd
dyr
zn
parbath
myn
l
rth
bd+
kkaz
lkh
jy
rd
dryv
pash
skh
mkrz
shn
kni
kl
sry
sh
tl
tat
tm
nyk
vakht

Tree
True
Turf
Up
Water
We
Were
What
When
Where
Who
Why
Will be
Window
Woman
You
Young
dqy
ik]t+
eq u
g~;k]j
iks U ;~
vWL;~
vkWL;~
D;kg
dj
dfr
dql] de
D;kft+
vkfl] vklu
nkWj
t+uku
P+k ] rk]
toku
Page 56
kl
pz
dramn
hyr
pni
si
si
kyh
kar
kat
ks, kam
kyz
s, san
dr
zann
ts , thi
javn
vvv

Page 57
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 2
2
Numbers 1 to 50
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Eleven
Twelve
Thirteen
Fourteen
Fifteen
Sixteen
Seventeen
Eighteen
Nineteen
Twenty
Twentyone
Twentytwo
Twentythree
Twentyfour
Twentyfive
Twentysix
Twentyseven
Twentyeight
Twentynine
Thirty
v[k
T+k
=]
p+ksj
ikN+] ikaN
]
lFk
vkWB
uo
nWg] nkg
dkg
ckg
=qokg
P+onkg
iankg
qjkg
lnkg
vjnkg
dquoqg
oqg
vdoqg
T+krksoqg
=k]oqg
p+k]oqg
iaP+kg
]roqg
lrksoqg
vBksoqg
dqu=g
= g

Page 58
Thirtyone
Thirtytwo
Thirtythree
Thirtyfour
Thirtyfive
Thirtysix
Thirtyseven
Thirtyeight
Thirtynine
Forty
Fortyone
Fortytwo
Fortythree
Fortyfour
Fortyfive
Fortysix
Fortyseven
Fortyeight
Fortynine
Fifty
vd=g
}f;=g
r]f;=g
P+of;=g
ikaP+k=g
]f;=g
lr=g
vj=g
dqurkWth
p+rth
vdrkWth
}f;rkWth
r]f;rkWth
P+of;rkWth
ikP+krkWth
]f;rkWth
lrrkWth
vjrkWth
dquoaT+kkg
iap+kg
vvv

Page 59
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 3
3
Parts of the Body
Head
Forehead
Face
Nose
Nostril
Eye
Eye-brow
Eye-lash
Ear
Mouth
Teeth
Tongue
Lip
Chin
Neck
Throat
larynx
Chest
Arm
Armpit
Wrist
Hand
Palm
Finger
Little finger
Thumb
Elbow
Shoulder
Shoulder blade
Belly
dy
M~;d
cqFk
ul
udoksj
vWN
cqEc
vWNjoky
du
vkWl
nan
T+;o
oqB
g~oaxU;~
dkWj
gk]V
xaMqj
lhu
uWj
dN+
gk]p+
vFk
eat+&vFk
vk]axt
fdl
oB
[ouoB
;k]d
ku
;M

Page 60
Thigh
Waist
Leg
Knee
Foot
Heel
Sole
Skin
Brain
Heart
Lung
Kidney
Liver
Intestines
Stomach
Gall Bladder
Bone
Blood
Hair
Beard
Moustache
Nails
yax
dej
t+ax
dk]B
[oj
[kwj
ryik]n
p+e
ext+
okWfyUt
w
CodoWV
ftxj
vnje
E;kn
rhy I;k]r
vfMt
jFk
el] oky
nkWj
xkN+
ue
vvv

Page 61
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 4
4
Animals
Bear
Buffalo
Bull
Camel
Cat
Cow
Deer
Dog
Donkey
Elephant
Frog
Fox
Hangul
Goat
Hare
Horse
Jackal
Lion
Monkey
Musk deer
Pig
Rat
Sheep
Tiger
Wild goat
Wolf
gkiqr
ewa] ek
nkan
owaB
czksj] czkWj
xko
gju
gwu
[kj
gk]Lr
feU;~
IoN+ykso
gkaxqy
N+kot]N+koqy
[kjxks
xqj
ky
ikn;Z lg
ik]at+
jwl
lksj
xxqj
dB] xWc
l g
ekj[kksj
jke gwu
vvv

Page 62
Birds
Bat
Cock
Crow
Duck
Hen
Eagle
Kite
Maina
Nightingale
Owl
Parrot
Peacock
Pigeon
Sparrow
Swan
Vulture
jkr&y
Dodqj
dko
crq[k
Dodj
ikWt+
xkB
gkWj
cqycqy
jkr&Eoxqy
rksr
eksj
dksrqj
p+Wj
vt+
xzn
vvv

Page 63
Reptiles and Insects
Ant
Crocodile
Earth worm
Flea
Fly
Mosquito
Scorpion
Snake
Spider
j~;;
exjeN+
cqeflU;~
I;q
eWN
ek]g
C;qp
LojqQ
t+yqj
vvv

Page 64
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 5
5
Professions
Baker
Barber
Blacksmith
Boatman
Brazier
Broker
Butcher
Carder
Carpenter
Charcoal seller
Cloth merchant
Cobbler
Confectioner
Cook
Coolie
Coppersmith
Doctor
Dyer
Farmer
Fisherman
Gardener
Goldsmith
Grain Parcher
Grocer
Hawker
Jester
Lawyer
Magician
Mason
Messenger
dkanqj
ukWf;n
[kkj
ukfo&gkt+
BkBj
ky
iqt
nwu
Nku
;axqj
ct+kt+
cwV&okrqy
gyoks;
okT+kg
ek]T+kwj
felxk]j
gWdhe
jaxqj
xzwl
xkM&gkt+
ckxoku
Louqj
ccZqt+
oksU;~
Qsfjoksy
el[kj
oWdhy
tksnwxkj
nWfly
dkWfln

Page 65
xwj
uyd&oksy
Plumber
Mkd&oksy
Postman
ky
Potter
X;ou&oksy
Singer
xfcjkWN
Shephered
okrqy
Sweeper
l p +
Tailor
xt+
Tanner
OoLrkn
Teacher
Timber merchant E;aT+kqj
[kt+kph
Treasurer
Trader
ckikW;Z
Vegetable vendor nkanqj
Washerman
nk]c
jk[k
Watchman
ikU;qj
Waterman
oksoqj
Weaver
rcjnkj
Woodcutter
Writer
fy[kkW;Z
Milkman
vvv

Page 66
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 6
6
Relations
Adopted
Bride
Bridegroom
Brother
Brothers wife
Brother-in-law
(Sisters side)
Brother-in-law
(Wifes side)
Brothers daughter
Brothers son
Cousin
Daughter
Daughter-in law
Father
Fathers sister
-Her husband
Father-in-law
Friend
Grand father
Great grandfather
Great greatgrand father
Grand mother
Great grand-mother
Husband
Husbands brother
Husbands sister
-her husband
In-laws
eaxr
egkj]U;~
egkjkT+k
cks;
cW;&dkdU;
cse
gWgWj
ckot+
ckcFkj
firqj] firj
dwj
Uo
eksy
IoQ
IoQw
qgqj
;kj] O;l
cqM~;cc
cM cqM~;cc
tn cqM~;cc
ukU;~
cM&ukU;~
jwu
q ;
t+ke
t+kWeh
gk]goqj] okW;Zqo

Page 67
Maternal Aunt
Maternal Uncle
Mother
Mothers sister
- her husband
Mother-in-law
Paternal Aunt
Paternal Uncle
Sister
Sisters daughter
Sisters husband
Sisters son
Son
Son-in-law
Step
Wife
Wifes sister
-Her husband
ekeU;~
eke
ekWt
ekl
eklw
g
i]pU;~
I;Wrj
c]fu
C;aT+k
cse
C;aFkj
u]pqo
t+kerqj
oksj
Doy;
lky
lkWtw
vvv

Page 68
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 7
7
Fruits
Apricot
Almond
Apple
Beetle nut
Bitter cherry
Cherry
Coconut
Cucumber
Currant
Date
Fig
Grapes
Lemon
Lotus nut
Mango
Musk melon
Mulberry
Orange
Pear
Plantain
Peach
Plum
Pomegranate
Strawberry
Sugarcane
Walnut
Water chestnut
Watermelon
p+sj
cknke
P+kwaB
lqQkW;Z
vkWfyp
fxykl
ukjthy][kwij
ykWj
fdfe
[kT+kj
vathj
nN
U;k]e
iEcqN
vEc
[kjcqt+
kgrqy
laxrj
Vax
dsy
P+kuqu
vkWj
nkWu
bVkcWj
u;dj
Mwu
Xkksj
UnO;an

Page 69
Vegetables
Bitter gourd
Brinjal
Brussels sprout
Carrot
Chilli
Garlic
Gourd
Guchhi
Knol khol
Lotus stem
Mint
Mushroom
Onion
Potato
Pumpkin
Raddish
Spinach
Tomato
Turnip
djsy
okaxqu
gk[k
xkT+kj
ejP+kokaxqu
jk]gu
vy
du&xN
Eoaft
unqj
in u
Mqj
xaM
vksyqo
xksy&vy
eqt
iky[k
jwokaxqu
Xoxt
vvv

Page 70
Some popular local Kashmiri vegetables
d`N+
uquj
Ooiygk[k
Oolrgk[k
yhl
cqe
vy dkut
gan
vk]cqWt
du&xqWN
du&iij
Lop+y
vvv

Page 71
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 8
8
Time
Time
Day before - Yesterday
Yesterday
Today
Tommorrow
Day after tommorrow
Year before last year
Last year
This year
Next year
Day
Week
Fortnight
Month
Year
Decade
Century
Ages of the world
o[r
=
jkFk
vt+
ixkg
dkWY;~D;Fk
kW;qZl
ijql
;qgql
czkBql
}g
gr
iN
j~;Fk
oWjh
nWqy
gWR;qy]]R;qy
ox
vvv

Page 72
Yugas
Satya yug
lR; ox
satya yg
(Age 17,28,000 years)
Treta yug
=]rk ox
trt yg
(Age 12,96,000 years)
Dvapar yug
}kij ox
dvpar yg (Age 8,64,000 years)
Kali yug*
dfy ox
kal yg
(Age 4,32,000 years)
*(Kaliyug began at midnight between the 17th and 18th of February, 3102 B.C.)
vvv

Page 73
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 9
9
Days of the Week
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
p+njokj
ck]eokj
Conokj
czlokj
k]d q j okj
cVokj
vkFkokj
ts ndrvr
bmvr
bdvr
brasvr
shkrvr
bat+vr
thvr
vvv

Page 74
Name of Months - Hindu calender
Chaitra
Baisakh
jeth
Ashad
Shravan
Bhadon
Aashwin
Kartik
Margshirsh
Posh
Magh
Phalgun
fp+Fkj
o[k
t+sB
gkj
Jkoqu
ckWI;Fk
vkWfn
dkr[k
Eoatgksj
ik]g
ekx
Qkxqu
ts thr
vahkh
zt+h
hr
shrvn
bdrpth
shd
krtkh
mnjhr
ph
mg
phgn
vvv

Page 75
Seasons of Kashmir
lk F k
xz h e
oW g jkFk
gjq n
oa n
fq j
snth ~ spring season

grshm ~ hot season
vhrth ~ rainy season
hard ~ autumn season
vand ~ cold season
shshr ~ very cold season
(Mid
(Mid
(Mid
(Mid
(Mid
(Mid
March to mid May)

May to mid July)
July to mid Sept.)
Sept to mid Nov.)
Nov. to mid Jan.)
Jan to mid March)
vvv

Page 76
C
Ch
haap
ptteerr -- 1
10
0
Miscellaneous Vocabulary
Cereals
Paddy
Flour
Rice
Wheat
Maize
Sesame
Mustard
Barley
Pulses
Red beans
Kidney bean
Lentil
Flat beans
Peas
Gram
Black gram
Oil cake
nkfu
vksV
rk]eqy
du [ k
edkW;
rsy
rhy&Xoxqy
oqd
nky
jkt+ekg
Eoax
eqlqj
cksxy
dj
pu
egk
[kWt
vvv

Page 77
Trees
Poplar
W illow
Deodar
Chir
Kail
Chinar
Q` l
ohj
fnonks j
cq n q y
dk;q j
cw U ;~
vvv

Page 78
Common colours
Black
Blue
Golden
Green
Pink
Red
Sky blue
Violet
W hite
Yellow
q g q u
U;w y
LougW ; Z
Lc t +
XoykW C ;~
OoT+ k q y
vlekW U ;
yktoW ; Z
lQs n
Y;k]nq j
vvv

Page 79
Common Metals
Aluminium
Brass
Bronze
Copper
Gold
Iron
Silver
Tin
Zinc
fel[ojklku
lrZ y
Yo;
=ke
Lou
]r j ] ]lr j
j~ o Q
Vhu
tLFk] t+ l q n
vvv

Page 80
Tastes
Bitter
Salty
Sour
Sweet
V~;k]B
uedhu
p+k]d
ek]nqj
vvv

Page 81
M
Mood
deell P
Paassssaag
gee II
A Conversation
jktnj % ueLdkj ekgjkA

dkSy lkWc % ueLdkjA Ooy lkW] c]g lkW iFkjA E; uv lkW t+uksoe[k uqW VkB~;kA d]ag Nk ouqu\
jktsanj % c ekgjk Nql jktnjA vWL;~ ekgjk fN gky; t]fe I;B ;ksj vkeR;~A ;]fr fN rqgqaft+
gelkW;xWjh eat+ P+kwfjfel iksjl I;B jkst+kuA dkWqj vklu ewtqc nk]i e] c le[k RofgA
dkSy lkWc % tku xoA P+k fdFk lkW ikWB~;~ VkB~;k cEcf; vkeqr\
jktsanj % c ekgjk Nql bathU;j rqW ;]fr vansjh eat+ Ne vWfdl daiuh eat+ uksdjh ehtep+A
dkSy lkWc % vn lkW ekY;kA P+; dql Nq; c]f; xfj\
jktsanj % e] ekgjk Nq eksy ekWt lR;A E;ksu eksy Nq ljdkW;Z uksdjh eaT+k fjVk;j li|kseqrA E;kfu
t+ukfu ekgjk Nq ,e-,- dk]jeqr r Lo fN uksdjh N+kaMkuA e] fN T+k q;Z] u]pqo vfu rqW dwj
fQkyhA
dkSy lkWc % fre dFk tekWp+ fN ijku\
jktsanj % vfu ekgjk Nq ijku vB~;fe rqW fQkyh lWR;feA
dkSy lkWc % fr xo tkuA rk] fNog [kkl fljhuxjfd;\
jktsanj % vgu ekgjk jU;okfjD;~A
dkSy lkWc % fdN+ yWt Rofg cEc;A
Page 82
jktsanj % c ekgjk Nql ;]fr L;Bkg [oA iWR;fe j~;r vkslql c iuU;~ xfjD;~ Fk xkseqr
goul I;B d';i couA fre xWf; rfr cjknWjh lef[kFk L;Bkg [oA ;]frD;~ yw[k ekgjk fN
cM tku rqW ennxkjA vfl ekgjk xo d]agl dkyl eWfFk; ft+ vWL; fN ufo tkf;A vNk
ekgjk] vkWflu btkt+FkA
dkSy lkWc % u lkW VkB~;k] XoM P;eo pk;A
jktsanj % u ekgjk rDdyqQ D;kg NqA E; ekgjk fN oqU;~ pk; psep+A
dkSy lkWc % oqN lkW P+k Nq[k E;ksu xj XoMfufp yfV vkeqrA Pk fdFkdWU;~ usj[k pk; pu;\
E;kWU;~ vk]U;~ xfN+ p+] ehfyFk L;Bkg [oA vWL;~ f;eo vt+ ;k ixkg pkWful firkft;l r
xfjD;u ckd;u ckWp+u le[kfuA lkfu ckiFk fN f; [kqh gat+ dFk ft+ lkfu cjknWjh gqan C;k[k
v[k DoVac vko lkfu fcyfMafx eat+ jkst+fuA xfj oWfuft+ lkfju; lksu ueLdkjA c]f; ckst+ lkW
VkB~;kA cEcf; eat+ fNog rk] uWO;~ vkeR;~A ono; dqfu fr dleqd gktFk vkfl] okf; jk]l
xfN+ ouquA
v

Rajinder:
Page 83
Namaskar.
Kaul Sahib: Namaskar. Please be seated. I didnt place you. Can I do something for you ?
Rajinder: I am Rajinder. We have recently shifted here from Jammu. We are now your
neighbours on the fourth floor. Being a Kashmiri, I thought of meeting you.
Kaul Sahib: Nice meeting you. What gets you to Mumbai.
Rajinder:
I am an engineer and I have got a job with a company at Andheri.
Kaul Sahib: Well. Who else is in your home ?

Rajinder: I have my parents with me. My father is a retired government servant. My wife is M.A. and
she is on the lookout for a job. I have two children, a son Ashwin and a daughter Shifali.
Kaul Sahib: In which class are they studying ?
Rajinder:
Ashwin reads in 8th class and Shifali in 7th class.
Kaul Sahib: That is good. Are you from proper Srinagar ?

Rajinder:
Yes, from Rainawari.
Kaul Sahib: How do you feel being in Mumbai ?

Rajinder: I am very glad to be here. I attended the Hawan ceremony at Kashyap Bhawan last month
along with my family members. They were all thrilled to get in touch with the biradari. People here are
very nice and helpful. For a while, I forgot that I was at a new place. O.K. Let me take your leave.
Kaul Sahib: No. Let us have tea first.
Rajinder:
No formality. I have had tea just now.
Kaul Sahib: You have come to my home for the first time. How can you go without tea ? My wife will be
very glad to meet you. We will certainly drop in at your place today or tomorrow to meet your father and
other family members. We are indeed happy that we have another member from our community in our
building. Do convey our good wishes to your family. Since you are new to Mumbai, do not hesitate to ask
for any assistance.
vvv

Page 84
M
Mood
deell P
Paassssaag
gee IIII
My Motherland
My motherland is Kashmir. The State as a whole is called Jammu & Kashmir. Srinagar is
its summer capital and Jammu its winter capital. It has three divisions, Jammu, Kashmir
and Ladakh. It has 14 districts, 6 in Jammu, 6 in Kashmir and 2 in Ladakh. Kashmir has
been described as the Paradise on Earth. The Valley of Kashmir is approximately 134 Kms.
long and 32 to 40 Kms. wide. Pahalgam, Gulmarg, Sonamarg, Kokar Naag, Veri Naag, Dal
Lake, Wular Lake, Anchar Lake, Gangabal, Mughal Gardens, Pari Mahal, Dachhi Gaam
Rakh etc. are considered to be the world famous tourist spots. Jehlum is the main river
flowing through the Valley. Srinagar is a beautiful city. It is situated on the two banks of
River Jhelum. The city has two famous hills Shankaracharya and Hari Parbat. Nishat Bagh,
Shalimar Bagh, Chashma Shahi, Pari Mahal and Harwan Reservoir are all situated in the
city of Srinagar. Amar Nath and Tullamulla are the two most famous places of pilgrimage
sacred to Hindus. Hazratbal and Khankah shrines are sacred to Muslims. Kalhan was a
great Historian of Kashmir and Lalla-Ded and Nunda Reshi were great Saint-poets.
Kashmiri is the mothertongue of Kashmiris.
E;kWU;~ ikWnkW;h tk; fN dWhjA lkWfjl; fj;klrl fN ouku ^tEew o dehj*A fljhuxj
fN vfep j~;rdkfyp jkt+nkWU;~ r tk]e oanpA vFk fN =] fgl] tk]e] dWhj r
ynk[kA vFk fN 14 ft+y] 6 t]fel eat+] 6 dWhfj eat+ r 2 ynk[kl eat+A dWhfj
fN ouku nqfu;qgqd tUuFkA dWhfj gat+ oknh fN 134 fdyksehVj t+hB r 34 I;B 40
fdyksehVj rke [ktA igyxke] xqyexZ] LouexZ] Dodj ukx] osjh ukx] My] Ooyj]
vkapkj] xaxcy] Eoxy ckxkr] iWjh egy] nkWNxke j[k csf= fN nqfu;kgl eat+ lkWy
dju ckiFk egwj tkf; ekuu f;okuA t]gye nWfj;ko Nq oknh gqan v[k ck]M nWfj;koA
fljhuxj Nq v[k Loanj gjA f; Nq t]gye nWfj;koD;u }u cB~;u I;B cWflFkA gjl
eat+ fN T+k cky] djkpkj r gkfj ijcFkA fukr ckx] kyekWj ckx] p]e kWgh] iWjh
egy r gkWjou ljcan fN lkWfj; fljhuxj gjl eaT+kA vej ukFk r rqyeqy fN g]a|u
ga| T+k ifo= rhFkZLFkkuA gt+jrcy r [kkudkg fN elyekuu gaT+k eqDdnl ft+;kjP+kA
dYgu ifMFk vksl dWhfj gqan v[k ck]M ckj rkWjh[knku r yy |n r uqan j~;k]
vkWL;~ T+kqW Fkfn ikf;D;~ lwQh kWf;jA dkWfj~;u gat+ t+cku fN dkWqjA
vvv


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Information Digest Volume 3

Revised Edition September 2003

Kashmiri Pandits Association,

Ground Floor, Pushp Vihar

Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language

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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised)

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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised)

Section 1 ~ Introduction to Nagari-Kashmiri Alphabet

Vowels and Symbols in Nagari-Kashmiri

Section 2 ~ Words and Sentences

Identifying Vowels and Symbols - I

Section 3 ~ Translation Vocabulary

Some words of daily use

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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised)

Model Passage - 1 ~ A Conversation

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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised)

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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised)

Navreh, 13th Chaitra, 2058

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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised)

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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised)

As a consequence, the Standardised Alphabet for the Devanagari-Kashmiri will be:

v] vW] v] v] vk] vkW] b] bZ] m] ] _]

Visarga ( ) does not find any place in Kashmiri.

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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised)

i) Kashmiri has no aspirated sonants like

?k] >] <] /k and Hk. They are often but

occur in Kashmiri only when they are compounded with another

consonant of the same class, like

etc, though they are generally replaced by

xuiFk, chandl+ as p.Mky & paMky, ang as v & vax, kanth

is not in Nagari-Kashmiri alphabet. In the opinion of Sir Grierson, it is merely a

iks and d`"u. {k

the modified version of conjuncts

are consonants when they are not second members of a conjunct.

Accordingly, the set of Consonants will be as follows:

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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised)

have no equivalents in English alphabet, we have used ts and tsh, as

introduced by Sir Grierson, to represent them in Indo-Roman character.

In this book, we have also explained the phonetic difference in

&o & k] vk] and -;

Many scholars are of the view that

cannot begin a word in Kashmiri and

Mumbai, September 09, 2003

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Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised)

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