Math - Book Surd, Indices and Log

1
INDICES, SURDS AND

LOGARITHM
www.freedomroad.org.uk
Lydia Valensia
X Grade
Mathematics is the way you think
GRADE X
STANDARD COMPETENCE:
1. Solving problems related to indices, surds and logarithms
BASIC COMPETENCE:
Using laws of indices, surds and logarithms.

Doing the algebraic manipulation in computation related to indices,
surds and logarithms.
(Integrated with E- SETS )
Hello, my students.
Today, we are going to learn about indices, surds and logarithms.
You know, actually indices, surds and logarithms are closely related.They
are most of the time,studied together. So now, lets begin
SMA Negeri 2 Sekayu ___Lydia Valensia

you think
Mathematics is the way
GRADE X
1.1
INDICES
A. PROPERTIES OF EXPONENT
Have you ever bought eggs ? How many eggs that you
get, if you buy 8 eggs each day for 8 days?
Recurring Number
Magic
Ok. This is easy question, isnt it?
So, what is the result? Yups, that is right 64.
Do the result 64 comes from 8 x 8 ?. We can write 8 x 8 = 82.
It means that we have used indices.
What is indices ?
Activity:
You write down the
following 8 digit number
on a piece of paper:
12345679
Now, Lets discuss it.
Then ask a friend to circle

one of the digits. Say that
they circle number 7.
Indices or powers are also called exponent

The exponent of a number says how
many times to use the number in
multiplication.
You then ask your friend

to multiply the 8 digit
number by 63, and
magically the result ends
up being:
In example 82 = 8 x 8 = 64. How to

read 82? Dont miss it !
12345679
x
63
777777777
In words: 82 could
be called 8 to the
second power, 8
to the power 2 or
simply 8 squared.
with the answer as a row

of the chosen number 7.
How about if your friends
circle number 3? Ask them
to multiply by 27 and the
result is 333333333.
What is the secret ?
Need more example? Here they are.

35 = 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
In words : 35could be called 3 to the fifth power, 3 to the power 5.
And exponents make it easier to write and use many multiplications.
Example :

you think
GRADE X
116 is easier to write and read than 11 x 11 x 11x 11 x 11x 11
You can multiply any number by itself as many times as you want using this
notation.
So, in general:
Puzzle
THE KEY OF EXPONENT
The "Laws of Exponents" (also called "Rules of Exponents"), all come from
three following ideas:
1. The exponent of a number says to multiply the number by
itself so many times
2. The opposite of multiplying is dividing, so a negative
exponent means divide
9 + 5 = 14.
3. A fractional exponent like 1/n means to

take the nth root:
If you understand those, trust me that you are able to continue

next journey of exponent.
All the laws below are based on those ideas.
Laws of Exponents
Here are the Laws (explanations follow):
Law
x = x
x0 = 1
x-1 = 1/x
Example
61 = 6
70 = 1
4-1 =
xmxn = xm+n
xm/xn = xm-n
(xm)n = xmn
(xy)n = xnyn
(x/y)n = xn/yn
x-n = 1/xn
x2x3 = x2+3 = x5
x4/x2 = x4-2 = x2
(x2)3 = x23 = x6
(xy)3 = x3y3
(x/y)2 = x2 / y2
x-3 = 1/x3

you think
Math Aptitude Test

Which of the following
sentences is correct?
Nine and five are
thirteen.
or
Nine and five is thirteen.
Solution:
Neither is correct ,
GRADE X
Laws Explained
The first three laws above (x1 = x, x0 = 1 and x-1 = 1/x) are just part
of the natural sequence of exponents.
Have a look at this example:

Simplify and write down in positive exponents
1.
The example use y and a as

variables not x. It can be
changed to another alphabet
y 5 . y 7 y 2
1
2 y 2 2 y 4 4
2
y
y
y
2 a
2
2
3
2. 2a 3 . 2 a 3 . a 2 1
2
2 2 a 6 . a 3 2 3
2 2 ( 3). a 6 (3)
2 1 a 3
1
2a 3
3. Evaluate the following without using calculator :

4
(a)
83 3 8
2
3
27
3
125 125
b 27
The question can be

solved using the formula
3
2
9
3 3 3 3

5 5 5 25
Did You Know
If you find it hard to remember all of these rules, then remember this:
You can always work them out if you understand the three that
have explained.
The Strange case

of 00
Ups, what will happen if x (variable) = 0

Positive Exponent (n>0) 0n = 0
Negative Exponent
(n<0)
Exponent = 0

you think
There are two

different arguments
for the correct
value. 00 (zero to the
power zero) could be
1, or possibly 0, so
some people say it is
really
indeterminate
X0 = 1, so 00 = 1
00 = 0, so 00 = 0
When in doubt
00 =
indeterminate
Undefined! (Because dividing by 0)
Ummm ... (see column did you

know)
GRADE X
EXERCISE 1
Cogito Ergo Sum--Descrates
1. Simlplify:
(a).
23 .4 4
(b).
(7) 3 . 9 3
(7) 2 . 36
(e). (2x3)-3
(c).
r3 x r
(d). s6 / s2
(d). 3a3 x 2ab2
2. Simplify the expressions.

(a).
)
(
(
)
)
(
(
)
(b).
3. If x = 38, express x in the form 3n
where n is an integer.
4. Given a = 29 x 5-6 Express a1/3 and a-1 in the form 2m x 5n where m and
n are integers.
Did You Know
5. The number 450 can be written as 2a x 3b x 5c.

Calculate the values of a, b, and c
Real Number
R
B. EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
An exponential equation is an equation that contains a
variable with an exponent, or a variable in an exponent. For
x
3,
1x
example 5 = 5 10
= 10 .
To solve exponential equations, you need to have equations
with comparable exponential expressions on either side of the
equals sign, so you can compare the power.
{
Z Integer
Whole Numbers
+
Natural
Numbers
*
+
* +
*
+
Let
( ___Lydia Valensia
SMA Negeri 2 Sekayu
)
you think
If
then m = n.
Irational
Number
Q Rational Number
GRADE X
Rule
If
then {
Take a look at the example.

Solve
1. 32x1 = 27
2.
32x1 = 27
32x1 = 33
2x 1 = 3
2x = 4
x=2
= 8.
24x2+4x= 23
4x2 + 4x = 3
4x2 + 4x 3 = 0
(2x 1)(2x + 3) = 0
x = 1/2 , 3/2
EXERCISE 2
Mathematics is universal language
Find the solution of the exponential equations below

1. (a). If
then x =
(b).If (
then x =
2.
3.
4. (
5.
6.
7.
8. Solve the equation
9. The formulae for the volume and the surface area of a sphere are V =
and
respectively, where r is the spheres radius. Find
expressions for
(a). S in terms of V

you think
(b). V in terms of S
GRADE X
10. The moving kinetic energy, K joules, possessed by an object of mass
m kg moving with speed v ms-1 is given by the formula K =
Find
the kinetic energy possessed by a bullet of mass 1.5 x 10-3 kg moving
with speed 12 x 103 ms-1.
1.2
SURDS
History
Well , having been exposed to indices in the previous lessons will help you
understand the use of surds. In this section, we use the word surd
means not only a number with radical sign. Numbers whose square roots
cannot be determined in terms of rational numbers eg. etc are called
surds. Such numbers occur frequently in Trigonometry when calculating
the ratio of angles eg. Cos 30=
, tan 60 = and in coordinate geometry
in the calculation of distances. Therefore You will find it useful to have a

sound knowledge of surds. Now lets begin our journey in SURDS.
A. UNDERSTANDING SURDS
What is the exactly result of
You get the result and
equals 2).
3 and
4 2
You cant expressed exactly
(it is a surd) but
4 can be simplified (it
4 isnt a surd.
A Surd is an expression containing a root with an irrational solution that can

Can you define the surd not be expressed exactly
Sometimes it is useful to work in surds, rather than using an approximate

decimal value. Surds can be manipulated just like algebraic expressions
and sometimes it may be possible to eliminate the surd (called
rationalizing the expression), which may have not been possible if you
tried to work with approximate value. When asked to give the
approximate decimal answer will not do and you will have to manipulate
surds in order to give final answer in simplified surd form.
Need more example ?
Have a look at these:
Number Simplifed
As a Decimal
Surd or
not?
1.4142135(etc)
Surd
1.7320508(etc)
Surd
Not a surd

you think
How did we get the

word "Surd" ?
Well
around 820 AD alKhwarizmi (the
Persian guy who we
get the name
"Algorithm" from)
called irrational
numbers "'inaudible"
... this was later
translated to the Latin
surdus ("deaf" or
"mute")
GRADE X
0.5
Not a surd
2.2239800(etc)
Surd
Not a surd
1.2457309(etc)
Surd
As you can see, the surds have a decimal which goes on forever without
repeating, and that makes them irrational number. It is called irrational
because it cannot be written as a ratio (or fraction), not because it is
crazy . But if it is a number, it can be written as a simple fraction then
it is called a rational number.
The conclusion:
If it is a root and irrational, it is a surd.

But not all roots are surds.
Laws of Surds
If a, b, (a 0 and b 0 are positive) and (m and n are real numbers)
then
Applying
m
Multiplication of Surds :
a m x b m a x b
1
1.
Applying
1
2
2.
1
2
a a
a
a
a: b
1
b
b
b
b2
am a

bm b
Addition of Surds:
3. m a n a m n a
4.
=
=
(where a = m + n and b = m. n)
- (
Substraction of Surds:
5. m a n a m n a

you think
Irrational Numbers
Apparently Hippasus
(one of Pythagoras'
students) discovered
irrational numbers
when trying to
represent the square
root of 2 as a fraction
(using geometry, it is
thought). Instead he
proved you couldn't
write the square root
of 2 as a fraction and
it was irrational.
However Pythagoras
could not accept the
existence of irrational
numbers, because he
believed that all
numbers had perfect
values. But he could
not disprove
Hippasus' "irrational
numbers" and so
Hippasus was thrown
overboard and
drowned! Oh.
Dear!
a x b a 2 x b 2 a x b 2 ab
Division of Surds
History
However
Pythagoras
could not
accept the
existence of
irrational
numbers,
because he
believed that
all numbers
had perfect
values. But he
could not
GRADE X
To make you easy using surds, follow these steps:
1. Check which numbers are of the same base and which are of the
same power.
2. Use appropriate formulate.
Note :
a means the positive square root of a, while
means
the negative square root of a.
Have a look at the following examples:

1.
Evaluate the following surds without the use of a calculator

The question can be
(a).
(b) 40 5
2 x 18
3
6
Solution:
a x b ab
(a).
2 x 18 (2)(8) 36 6
(b).
40
5
3
6
(ans)
40
3 40 6 16 4 (ans)
5
3 5
6
The question can be

a b
2. Evaluate the following surds, without the use of a calculator.

(a)
1
2
3
3
2
3
(b)
4 5 3 5
Solution:
(a)
1
2
1 2
7
3
3 ( ) 3 3 (ans)
2
3
2 3
6
The question can be

m a n a m n a
The question can be

(b).
4 5 3 5 4 3 5 5

you think
a
b
(ans)
m a n a m n a
10
GRADE X
EXERCISE 3
Plan for tomorrow but live for today
1.
Did You Know

and
have different
meanings in the set
of all real numbers.
=4
If
then
or
Write as simply as possible

(a).
90 2 40
(b). 3 90 2 40
(c).
2.
90 x 3 40
Simplify the expression

(a).
(b).
(c).
3.
Isaac Newton (16421727)
ABCD is a rectangle in which AB =
cnd BC =
. Giving each
answer in simplified form, find

(a). The area of the rectangle
4.
(b). The length of the diagonal AC
Find the length of the third side in each of the following rightangled triangles, giving each answer in simplified surd form.
(a).
(b).
cm
cm
7 cm
5. Simplify the following questions

(a).
(b).
(c).
6. Let a, b, m and n be four real numbers, satisfying a = m + n and

b = m. n. Then, proof that
(a).
(b).

you think
, (m > n)
11
Isaac Newton is thought

by many to have been
one of the greatest
intellects of all time. He
went to Trinity College
Cambridge in 1661 and
by the age of 23 he had
made three major
discoveries: the nature
of colours, the calculus
and the law of
gravitation. He used his
version of the calculus
to give the first
satisfactory explanation
of the motion of the
Sun, the Moon and the
stars. Because he was
extremely sensitive to
criticism, Newton was
always very secretive,
but he was always very
secretive, but he was
eventually persuaded to
publish his discoveries
in 1687.
GRADE X
7.
(a). Find x, so that
(b) Evaluate
B. RATIONALISATION OF DENOMINATORS
Puzzle
Another technique to simplify expressions involving surds is to rationalise

the denominator. This means removing a surd from a fraction.
You can rationalize the denominator easily, just follow two kinds of
method below. Lets check it out !
Math Aptitude Test

1. Take two apples
from three apples
and what do you
have?
1. Denominator has a single-term surd

If the denominator has a surd of the form a
Step : Rationalise it by multiplying the numerator and the denominator by
2. Some months have

30 days, some
have 31; how many
have 28 days?
a to get
2. Denominator has sum or difference of surds
If the denominator is of the form m a n a
Step : Rationalise it bymultiplying the numerator and the denominator by its
conjugate surd m a n a to get a rational number m2a n2b.
Solution:
1. You have two
apple
2. All of the months
have 28 days.
Well, you have already known the steps. Practice will makes you
become perfect so lets look the examples before doing the
exercise
1. Rationalise the denominator of the following surds:
(a).
2
11
(b)
(c).
5 2
52 6
Solution:
(a).
(b).
2 2 11 9
11
11 11 11 11
3 5 2 3 5 2 3( 5 2)
3
54
5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 2

you think
12
GRADE X
(c).
5 2 6
52 6
52 6
52 6
52 6
5 2 6 5 2 6
25 24
EXERCISE 4
What oxygen is to lungs, such is hope to meaning life
1. Rationalize the denominator in each of the following expression and
simplify them
a.
b.
2. Rationalize the denominator and simplify these fractions.

a.
b.
c.
4. a. Explain why
b.Show that
5. Find x if
3
7 3
d.
3 4 6
3. Evaluate
and hence show that

you think
13
GRADE X
1.3
LOGARITHM
Hmmm, hello ..How are you doing?

In the previous lesson, you have learned about indices, arent you?. How is
it going? All of them seem easy for you? Can you solve this
. Is it
a kind of indices? The solution remain a mystery, dont it?
Well. What we are going to learn now is answering that mystery.
Logarithm answer your curiosity related to indices. I believe that all of
you ever think this kind of question.
How many of one number do we multiply to get another number?

In its simplest form, a logarithm answers a simple question above
Example
How many 2 need to be multiplied to get 8?

Answer: 2 x 2 x 2 = 8, so we needed to multiply 3 of the 2 to get 8
For the next,

we will write
a
logb , where
a is the base
The question is an easy question and every one have the same idea to
answer that. But, how to write it?
We would write "the number of 2s you need to multiply to get 8 is 3" as
log2(8) = 2log(8) = 3
So, it means these two things are same:
Base
The number we are multiplying is called the "base", so we would say:
"the logarithm of 8 with base 2 is 3"

or "log base 2 of 8 is 3"
or "the base-2 log of 8 is 3"
So a logarithm also answers the question
What exponent do we need

(For one number to become another number)?

you think
14
GRADE X
Have a look at this example:

1.What is
10
log (100) ?
Ok. To answer the this question, you can back to our first question at
History
the first session in logarithm part. What exponent do we need

(For 10 to become 100)?
Answer:
102 = 100, so an exponent of 2 is needed to make 10 into 100.
It means that,
10
log (100) = 2
2. What is 3log (81)?
il cessa de calculer
et de vivre he
ceased to calculate
and to live .
Answer:
34 = 81, so an exponent of 4 is needed to make into 8.
3
log 81 = 4
3. If x log 5 0,7 show that
x 5 5
7
Leonhard Paul
Euler
Answer:
x
log 5 0,7 x 0, 7 5
x
7
10
5
10
10
7 7
x x 10 5 7
x 5x5
3
7
x 5 7 53
(qed )
So, After looking the apperception above

a logarithm is the exponent to which the base must be raised to produce
a given number
A Logarithm is the exponent to which the base must be raised to produce

a given number
Based on the previous explanation, we can define a number as
DEFINITION
g

you think
log a x if and only if g x a

15
April 15, 1707

September 18 [O.S.
September 7] 1783)
was a pioneering
Swiss mathematician
and physicist, who
spent most of his life in
Russia and Germany.
Euler is considered to
be the preeminent
mathematician of the
18th century and one
of the greatest of all
time. He is also one of
the most prolific; his
collected works fill 60
80 quarto volumes.[3] A
statement attributed to
Pierre-Simon Laplace
expresses
Euler's
influence
on
mathematics: "Read
Euler, read Euler, he is
the master of us all.
GRADE X
EXERCISE 5
When life give you 100 reasons to cry, then show life that you
have 1000 reasons to smile.
1. Write in exponential form:
a). 2 log 64 6
d).
log125 6
1
3
27
1
1
c). 2 log 3
8
e).
log 3 2
f).
10
b).
log
log 0,01 2
2. Find the value of the following.

a).
f).
log 32
11
log
1
121
b). 7 log 49
g). log 1000
c).
h).
d). 3 log 1
243
i). 4
e).
j). 1
3
log 1
13
log 11
3. a). If x log 2 0,4 show that x

b). if
1
2
log 2 x 2
log 25
log3
log 4
1 .
2
8
3
1 , show that
x
2
4
2
Common Logarithms : Base 10

Sometimes you will see a logarithm written without a base, like this :
Log(100). This usually means that the base is really 10
It is called a "common logarithm". Engineers love to use
it.
On a calculator it is the "log" button.
Common Logarithms : Base e

you think
16
GRADE X
Another base that is often used is
e (eulers number) which is
approximately 2, 71828.
This is called a "natural logarithm". Mathematicians use
this one a lot.
On a calculator it is the "ln" button.
It is how many times you need to use "e" in a multiplication, to get the
desired number.
Example: ln 7,389 log e 7,389 2 because 2,71828 7,389
2
You have learned various rules for manipulating and simplifying

expressions with exponents, such as the rule that says that x3 x5 equals
x8 because you can add the exponents. There are similar rules for
logarithms.
Log Rules:
1. g log( a x b) g log a g log b

a
2. g log g log a g log b
b
3. g log a n n x g log a
p
4. i ). log a
ii ). g log a
log a
log g
1
log g
5. i ). g log a . a log b g log b

ii ). g log a m
n
m
n
log a
iii ). g log a n g log a

n
6. g
log a
Note: g is the base of logarithm which is satisfied 0 < g < 1 or g >1

(g > 0 and
g 1).
Before continuing the next journey about logarithm, it will be better for
you to see where do the rules of logarithm above come from.
you think
17
GRADE X
Can you imagine

, if you do not know where do you come from, who is
your parents, where is your home town. You will feel that there is
something less in your life. It same like knowing the mathematics formula
without knowing how could be like that.
So, Lets notice following evidence
Rule 1 :
log( a x b) g log a g log b
Prove: Suppose
log a x
agx
..(1)
g
log b y maka b g y
maka
..(2)
Multiply equation(1) to (2), we get:
a xb g x x g y
a xb g x y
g
log (a x b) g log g x y
Rule 2 :
log (a x b) x
log (a x b) g log a g log b
def logarithm
.(qed)
a
log( ) g log a g log b
b
Prove : Divide equation 1 by equation 2, we get:
a gx
b gy
a
g x y
b
a
g
log x y
b
g
a
log ( ) g log a g log b
b
Rule 3 :
Prove :
.(qed)
log a n n x g log a
log a n g log a x a x a x ... x a x a

n factor for each
a
= log a log a ... log a log a
g
n times
you think
18
GRADE X
= nx
.(qed)
log a
Ok. You have read some of the evidence of logarithms rules. You should
know all of them not only part of them,, so we give what you need to
improve your knowledge. Lets go!
Rule 4 :
log a
log a
log b
If p a , the equation become :

g
log a
1
log g
Suppose g log a x , then a g x

Prove :
log a p log g x
log a x p log g
x
p
p
log a
log a
log g
p
p
log a
log g
...............(qed )
Substitute p = a at the right side, we get:

g
Rule 5:
log a
log a
a
a
log a
log g
a
1
log g
The Rule 5 are the expand of the

previous rules
i ). g log a x a log b g log b

n
m g
ii ). g log a m
log a
n
iii ).
Prove : i)
gn
log a n g log a
log a x a log b

you think
log a log b
x
log g log a
19
GRADE X
log b
log g
g log b
ii).
gn
(qed)
log a m
log a
log g n
m
m log a
n log g
m
g log a
n
(qed)
iii) We leave the prove for you.

Do not think that you cant ! Just do it. We believe you.
Rule 6 :
Rule 6 is the expand of logarithm

definition
g
Prove : Suppose
log a
log a x, then g x a
. I want you remember the
definition of logarithm.
So,
log a x , then
g
g
log a
log a
gx
a
. (qed)
You should expect to need to know these rules, because there is a certain
type of question that the teacher can put on the test to make sure you
know how to use the rules; you won't be able to "cheat" with your
calculator. Here's what they look like:
Let blog(2) = 0.3869, blog(3) = 0.6131, and blog(5) = 0.8982. Using

these values, evaluate blog(10).
Since 10 = 2 5, then:
b
log(10) = blog(2 5) = blog(2) + blog(5)
Since I have the values for blog(2) and blog(5), I can evaluate:
b
log(2) + blog(5) = 0.3869 + 0.8982 = 1.2851
Then blog(10) = 1.2851.
Let blog(2) = 0.3869,blog(3) = 0.6131, and blog(5) = 0.8982. Using

these values, evaluate blog(7.5).

you think
20
GRADE X
This one is a bit more complicated. But if you take a little time,
you will notice that 7.5 = 15 2, so:
b
log(7.5) = blog(15 2) = blog(15) blog(2)
And 15 = 5 3, so: Copyright Elizabeth Stapel 2000-2007 All

Rights Reserved
b
log(15) blog(2)
= [blog(5) + blog(3)] blog(2)
= blog(5) + blog(3) blog(2)
And now I can evaluate:

b
log(5) + blog(3) blog(2)

= 0.8982 + 0.6131 0.3869
= 1.1244
Then blog(7.5) = 1.1244.
EXERCISE 6
Never give up, never give in, and dont let your weakness
win
1. Find the value of :
(a).
(b).
(c).
log 4 2 7 log 3 2 7 log 6
log18 3 log 6
(f).
1
log 5 log 1
4
(g). 1 2 log 9
log 320 3 5 log 4
(h). log 81
log 21
2
2
(d). log 5 log 2
(i). log 54 2 log 3 1
1
log 2
2
(e)
0, 4
log 2,5
(j).
(c).
(d)
log 6 5 log 2 5 log 2,4
2. Simplify
(a)
log a 4 g log a
(b). log x log
1
1
log 2
x
x
log( a 1) g log( a 2 1)
log 3 x x log x x log x 2
3. If x = 0,6666 and b = 0,4444.

you think
21
GRADE X
Find the value of

4. If f ( x)
x2
log y 2 .
log x
1 2. 3 log x
3
...
x
, find f(x) + f
5. If log 2 = a and l og 3 = b, find:

(b) 5log 6
(a). log 18
6. Evaluate the value of :
8. log 512
3. log 2 7. log 4 5. log 8
7. Find the value of a, if it is known:
a
1 5
log 8 a log 3 16 a log
4 6
8. Find the value of x which is satisfied equation:

(a). log ( x 2) log ( x 1) log 6
(b).
log ( x 1) 3 log ( x 1) 1
9. Given that : log 2 = 0,301 , log 3 = 0,477 dan log 7 = 0,845. Evaluate :
(a). log 5
(c) log 6
(b)
log 3 10,5
(d) log
6
7
10. Using properties of logs, show that
1
ln 4 ln
4

you think
22

Math - Book Surd, Indices and Log

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1

INDICES, SURDS AND

Using laws of indices, surds and logarithms.

SMA Negeri 2 Sekayu ___Lydia Valensia

Mathematics is the way

Now, Lets discuss it.

Then ask a friend to circle

Indices or powers are also called exponent

You then ask your friend

In example 82 = 8 x 8 = 64. How to

with the answer as a row

Need more example? Here they are.

SMA Negeri 2 Sekayu ___Lydia Valensia

Mathematics is the way

3. A fractional exponent like 1/n means to

If you understand those, trust me that you are able to continue

SMA Negeri 2 Sekayu ___Lydia Valensia

Mathematics is the way

Math Aptitude Test

Have a look at this example:

The example use y and a as

3. Evaluate the following without using calculator :

The question can be

Did You Know

The Strange case

Ups, what will happen if x (variable) = 0

SMA Negeri 2 Sekayu ___Lydia Valensia

There are two

Undefined! (Because dividing by 0)

Ummm ... (see column did you

Mathematics is the way

(d). 3a3 x 2ab2

2. Simplify the expressions.

3. If x = 38, express x in the form 3n

Did You Know

5. The number 450 can be written as 2a x 3b x 5c.

Mathematics is the way

Take a look at the example.

Find the solution of the exponential equations below

SMA Negeri 2 Sekayu ___Lydia Valensia

Mathematics is the way

the ratio of angles eg. Cos 30=

, tan 60 = and in coordinate geometry

in the calculation of distances. Therefore You will find it useful to have a

You cant expressed exactly

(it is a surd) but

4 can be simplified (it

A Surd is an expression containing a root with an irrational solution that can

Sometimes it is useful to work in surds, rather than using an approximate

SMA Negeri 2 Sekayu ___Lydia Valensia

How did we get the

Mathematics is the way

If it is a root and irrational, it is a surd.

SMA Negeri 2 Sekayu ___Lydia Valensia

Mathematics is the way

a means the positive square root of a, while

the negative square root of a.

Have a look at the following examples:

Evaluate the following surds without the use of a calculator

The question can be

2. Evaluate the following surds, without the use of a calculator.

The question can be

The question can be