SEM 2 2015/2016

MTN3023
Computer Networking
Exercise and Homework Chapter 1
Name : EMMA SAFWANAH BINTI SAHIRIN
Matric Number :D20141067249
Lecture Group: D
Lecturer: Mr Nazre bin Abdul Rashid

R12. What advantage does a circuit-switched network have over a packet-switched network?
What advantages does TDM have over FDM in a circuit-switched network?
Answer: Circuit-switched networks have a huge overhead that is created to make sure that
message is delivered. In contrast the packet-switched networks are very quick but do
not offer the guarantee. TDM allows all the bandwidth to be used for a short period of
time. This is very versatile for burst packet sending.
R18. How long does it take a packet of length 1,000 bytes to propagate over a link of distance
2,500 km, propagation speed 2.5 108 m/s, and transmission rate 2 Mbps? More generally, how
long does it take a packet of length L to propagate over a link of distance d, propagation speed
s, and transmission rate R bps? Does this delay depend on packet length? Does this delay
depend on transmission rate?
1) How long does it take a packet of length 1,000 bytes to propagate over a link of distance
2,500 km, propagation speed 2.5 108 m/s, and transmission rate 2 Mbps?
Answer: (2500*10^3)/(2.5*10^8)=0.01s = 10ms
2) More generally, how long does it take a packet of length L to propagate over a link of
distance d, propagation speed s, and transmission rate R bps?
Answer: d/s
3) Does this delay depend on packet length?
Answer: No
4) Does this delay depend on transmission rate?
Answer: No

R19. Suppose Host A wants to send a large file to Host B. The path from Host Ato Host B has
three links, of rates R1 = 500 kbps, R2 = 2 Mbps, and R3 = 1 Mbps.
a) Assuming no other traffic in the network, what is the throughput for the file transfer?
Answer: 500kpbs

b) Suppose the file is 4 million bytes. Dividing the file size by the throughput, roughly
how long will it take to transfer the file to Host B?
Answer: (4*10^6)*8/(500*10^3)= 64 seconds
c) Repeat (a) and (b), but now with R2 reduced to 100 kbps.
Answer: 100kbps, 4*10^6*8/100*10^3= 320 seconds

P6. This elementary problem begins to explore propagation delay and transmission delay, two
central concepts in data networking. Consider two hosts, A and B, connected by a single link of
rate R bps. Suppose that the two hosts are separated by m meters, and suppose the
propagation speed along the link is s meters/sec. Host A is to send a packet of size L bits to
Host B.
a. Express the propagation delay, dprop, in terms of m and s.
Answer: dprop = m/s seconds
b. Determine the transmission time of the packet, dtrans, in terms of L and R.
Answer: dtrans = L/R seconds
c. Ignoring processing and queuing delays, obtain an expression for the end to-end
delay.
Answer: dend-to-end = (m/s + L/R) second
d. Suppose Host A begins to transmit the packet at time t = 0. At time t = d trans, where is
the last bit of the packet?
Answer: The bit is just leaving Host A.
e. Suppose dprop is greater than dtrans. At time t = dtrans, where is the first bit of the
packet?
Answer: The first bit is in the link and has not reached Host B.
f.

Suppose dprop is less than dtrans. At time t = dtrans, where is the first bit of the packet?
Answer: The first bit has reached Host B.

g. Suppose s = 2.5 108, L = 120 bits, and R = 56 kbps. Find the distance m so that
dprop equals dtrans.
Answer: Want
M = L/R s = 120/56x103(2.5x108) =536 km

P25. Suppose two hosts, A and B, are separated by 20,000 kilometers and are connected by a
direct link of R = 2 Mbps. Suppose the propagation speed over the link is 2.5 108 meters/sec.
a. Calculate the bandwidth-delay product, R dprop.
Answer: 160 000 bits

b. Consider sending a file of 800,000 bits from Host A to Host B. Suppose the file is
sent continuously as one large message. What is the maximum number of bits that
will be in the link at any given time?
Answer: 160 000 bits
c. Provide an interpretation of the bandwidth-delay product.
Answer: The bandwidth-delay product of a link is the maximum number of bits that
can be in the link
d. What is the width (in meters) of a bit in the link? Is it longer than a football field?
Answer: the width of a bit = length of link / bandwidth-delay product, so 1 bit is 125
meters long, which is longer than a football field
e. Derive a general expression for the width of a bit in terms of the propagation speed
s, the transmission rate R, and the length of the link m.
Answer: m/((m/s)*R) = s/R
P31. In modern packet-switched networks, including the Internet, the source host segments
long, application-layer messages (for example, an image or a music file) into smaller packets
and sends the packets into the network. The receiver then reassembles the packets back into
the original message. We refer to this process as message segmentation. Figure 1.27 illustrates
the end-to-end transport of a message with and without message segmentation. Consider a
message that is 8 106 bits long that is to be sent from source to destination in Figure 1.27.
Suppose each link in the figure is 2 Mbps. Ignore propagation, queuing, and processing delays.
a. Consider sending the message from source to destination without message
segmentation. How long does it take to move the message from the source host to the
first packet switch? Keeping in mind that each switch uses store-and-forward packet
switching, what is the total time to move the message from source host to destination
host?
Answer: It would take 4 seconds (8Mb/4Mbps) to reach the first switch, and 12 seconds
to complete
b. Now suppose that the message is segmented into 800 packets, with each packet being
10,000 bits long. How long does it take to move the first packet from source host to the
first switch? When the first packet is being sent from the first switch to the second
switch, the second packet is being sent from the source host to the first switch. At what
time will the second packet be fully received at the first switch?

Answer: 10000bits/2000000bps = .005sec or 5ms for the first packet to reach the first
switch, and 20ms for the second switch to be recieved
c. How long does it take to move the file from source host to destination host when
message segmentation is used? Compare this result with your answer in part (a) and
comment.
Answer: 799 * .005 = 3.995sec, as opposed to 12 seconds, so it would be better to
segment and save time
d. In addition to reducing delay, what are reasons to use message segmentation?
Answer: It cause free up space. Maybe to reduce packet loss
e. Discuss the drawbacks of message segmentation.
Answer: Could cause congestion with all of the extra packets