1.

Abstract

This experiment has been conducted using SOLTEQ Tubular Flow Reactor model: BP 101. The
objectives of this experiment is to examine the effect of pulse input and step change input in
tubular flow reactor and to construct the residence time distribution function by using this tubular
reactor. Based on the experiment, two experiment were conducted which is the first one is pulse
input experiment and the second one is step change input experiment. In the pulse input
experiment, the flow rate was set up at 700mL/min and was let it for one minute before reading
taken for every 30 seconds until the conductivity reading is 0.0. On the other hand, for the step
change input experiment, the conductivity were observe for every 30 seconds until the reading at
Q2 is constant. Based on the results obtained, graphs for outlet conductivity, C(t) against time
and distribution of exit time, E(t) against time is plotted. The graphs we get from this experiment
obeyed the theoretical graph where, the value of E(t) is depends on the value of C(t).

1.2

Introduction

A tubular reactor is a vessel through which flow is continuous, usually at steady state, and
configures so that conversion of the chemicals and other dependent variables are functions of
position within the reactor rather than of time (Mann, 2009). Flow in tubular reactors can be
laminar as with viscous fluids in small-diameter tubes and greatly deviate from ideal plug-flow
behavior, or turbulent, as with gases. Turbulent flow generally is preferred to laminar flow,
because mixing and heat transfer are improved. For slow reactions and especially in small
laboratory and pilot-plant reactors, establishing turbulent flow can result in inconveniently long
reactors or may require unacceptably high feed rates.
For the case of an ideal tubular reactor, the reaction mixture passes through in a state of plug
flow which means that the fluid moves like a solid plug or piston. Besides that, in the ideal
reactor it is assumed that not only the local mass flow rate but also the fluid properties,
temperature, pressure and compositions are uniform across any section normal to the fluid
motion (K.G.Denbigh & J.C.R.Turner, 1984).
However, many tubular reactors that are used to carry out a reaction do not fully conform to this
idealized flow concept. As for an ideal plug flow reactor, a pulse of tracer injected at the inlet
would not undergo any dispersion as it passed through the reactor and would appear as a pulse at
the outlet in an ideal plug flow reactor (Mann, 2009). The degree of dispersion that occurs in a
real reactor can be measured by following the concentration of tracer versus time at the exit. This
procedure is known as the stimulus-response technique. The nature of the tracer peak gives an
indication of the non-ideal that would be characteristic of the reactor.
The Chemical Reaction Engineering (CRE) that includes in its scope the design of reactors uses
information, knowledge and experience from areas such as thermodynamics, mass transfer,
chemical kinetic, fluid mechanics, heat transfer and economic analysis. The modeling processes
involved in CRE establishes idealized systems, with assumption of perfect plug flow reactor or
tubular flow reactor. However, in spite of the simplified mathematical treatment, many of cited
assumptions lead to real reactor behavior itself far from ideal (G. & S.D., 2012).

High temperature reactions Residence Time Distribution (RTD) analysis is very efficient
diagnosis tool that can be used to inspect the malfunction of chemical reactors. Residence time
distributions are measured by introducing a non-reactive tracer into the system at the inlet. The
concentration of the tracer is changed according to a known function and the response is found
by measuring the concentration of the tracer at the outlet. The selected tracer should not modify
the physical characteristics of the fluid and the introduction of the tracer should not modify the
hydrodynamic conditions (Lopes, et al., 2002).
In different applications of plug flow reactor, the performance can be monitored by tracer
studies. In water treatment, the most common tracer studies are pulse input and step input. Both
tracer studies give two-dimensional plots called tracer curves. These are concentration versus
time graphs, which can be compared with those suggested by models and standard equations.
Upon comparing the predicted and the actual graphs, the efficiency of reactor or a series of
reactors can be estimated (Teefy, 1996).
In case of pulse input, a known mass of tracer chemical is added immediately upstream of the
reactor inlet. Theoretically, all the mass is added in an infinitesimally small time. In step input
tests a constant dose of the tracer chemical is maintained immediately upstream of the reactor for
the duration of the experiment. Each of the two tests, pulse and step input, has some advantages
and disadvantages. For example, the amount of tracer chemical required will be more in case of
step input as compared to pulse input. This is especially important where costly tracer chemicals
are used for these tests. Mean residence time and mass recovery rates are easier to obtain from
pulse input tests than step input tests. Also, step input tests might require additional metering
pumps for the experiment (Teefy, 1996)

1.3

Aims

There are several objective for this experiment:

i.
To examine the effect of a pulse input in a tubular flow reactor.
ii.
To construct a residence time distribution (RTD) function for the tubular flow reactor.
iii.
To examine the effect of a step change input in a tubular flow reactor.

1.4

Theory

In the core of Chemical Engineering is the reactor design that includes most of all scientific
disciplines. The reactor are treated ideally. Unfortunately, it is observed in the real world a very
different behavior from that expected. Thus, to characterize non ideal reactor is used, residence
time distribution function E(t), mean residence time tm and cumulative distribution function F(t).
The residence time distribution is determined experimentally by injecting an inert species called
tracer into the reactor at some time and then measuring the tracer concentrations, C in the
effluent stream over time. The tracer must be a nonreactive species, easily detectable and should
have physical properties close to the reacting mixture. In other words, it should be soluble in the
system. In addition, the tracers behavior must reflect the material flowing through the reactor.
There are two methods used for tracers injection which is pulse input and step input. In a pulse
input, tracer is suddenly injected in one shot into the feed stream then entering the reactor in as
short a time as possible. Since the step input consider a constant rate if tracer addition from an
initial time, t=0, there is no tracer been added to the feed before it. The outlet concentration is
measured over time for both method.
In a pulse input, an amount of tracer N0 is suddenly injected in one shot into the feedstream
entering the reactors in as short a time as possible. The outlet concentration is then measured as a
function of time. The typical concentration-time curves at the inlet and outlet of an arbitrary
reactor are show in figure below:

Figure 1 RTD Measurement: Pulse input and Step input

We will analyze the injection of a tracer pulse for a single input and single output system in
which only flow carries the tracer material across system boundaries. We choose an increment of
time t sufficiently small that the concentration of tracer, C(t) exiting between time t and t + t is
the same. The amount of tracer material, N leaving the reactor between time t and t + t is then
N =C ( t ) v t
Where, v is the effluent volumetric flow rate. In other words, N is the amount of material
exiting the reactor that has spent an amount of time between t and t + t in the reactor. For pulse
injection, we define
E (t)=

v C (t)
N0

If N0 is not known directly, it can be obtained from the outlet concentration measurements by
summing up all the amounts of materials, N between time equal to zero and infinity:
dN =v C ( t ) dt
And the integrating, we obtain

N 0= vC ( t ) dt
0

The volumetric flow rate v is usually constant, so we can define E(t) as:
E (t)=

C (t)

C ( t ) dt
0

The integral in the denominator is the area under the C curve.

It is very common to compare RTDs by using their moments instead of trying to compare their
entire distributions. For this purpose, three moments are normally used. The first is the mean

residence time. Second is called the variance or square of the standard deviation where the
magnitude of this moment is an indication of the spread of the distribution. It is defined by:

= (tt m)2 E ( t ) dt
2

The third moment is also taken about the mean and is related to the skewness where the
magnitude of this moment measures the extent that a distribution is skewed in one direction or
another in reference to the mean. The skewness is defined by:

1
s = 3 /2 (tt m)3 E ( t ) dt
0
3

1.5

Apparatus

1.5.1 Apparatus:
i.
ii.

SOLTEQ Tubular Flow Reactor (Model: BP 101)

Stopwatch

1.5.2 Material:
i.
ii.
iii.

0.1M Sodium Hydroxide

0.1M Ethyl Acetate
0.1M Deionised Water

Figure 2 Tubular Flow Reactor (Model: BP 101)

1.6

Procedure

Experiment 1: Pulse Input in a Tubular Flow Reactor

1. The general start-up procedures as in Section 4.1 is performed.
2. Valve V9 is opened and pump P1 is switch on.
3. Pump P1 flow controller is adjusted to give a constant flow rate of de-ionized water into
the reactor R1 at approximately 700 ml/min at Fl-01.
4. Let the de-ionized water to continue flowing through the reactor until the inlet (Ql-01)
and outlet (Ql-02) conductivity values are stable at low levels. Both conductivities values
are recorded.
5. Valve V9 is closed and pump P1 is switch off.
6. Valve V11 is opened and Pump P2 is switch on. The timer is started simultaneously.
7. Pump P2 flow controller is adjusted to give a constant flow rate of salt solution into the
reactor R1 at 700 ml/min at Fl-02.
8. Let the salt solution to flow for 1 minute, then reset and restart the timer. This will start
the time at the average pulse input.
9. Valve V11 is closed and pump P2 is switch off. Then, open valve V9 quickly and pump
P1 is switch on.
10. Make sure that the de-ionized water flow rate is always maintained at 700 ml/min by
adjusting P1 flow controller.
11. Both the inlet (Ql-01) and outlet (Ql-02) conductivity a value at regular intervals of 30
seconds is start recorded.
12. The conductivity values is continue recording until all readings are almost constant and
approach the stable low level values.

Experiment 2: Step Change Input in a Tubular Flow Reactor

1. The general start-up procedures as in Section 4.1 is performed.
2. Valve V9 is opened and pump P1 is switch on.

3. Pump P1 flow controller is adjusted to give a constant flow rate of de-ionized water into
the reactor R1 at approximately 700 ml/min at Fl-01.
4. Let the de-ionized water to continue flowing through the reactor until the inlet (Ql-01)
and outlet (Ql-02) conductivity values are stable at low levels. Both conductivities values
are recorded.
5. Valve V9 is closed and pump P1 is switch off.
6. Valve V11 is opened and Pump P2 is switch on. The timer is started simultaneously.
7. Both the inlet (Ql-01) and outlet (Ql-02) conductivity a value at regular intervals of 30
seconds is start recorded.
8. The conductivity values is continue recording until all readings are almost constant.

1.7 Result
1.7.1

Experiment 1: Pulse input in Tubular Flow Reactor

Flow rate : 700mL/min

Input type : Pulse input

Time (min)
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (min)
1.5
2.0
0.52.5
1.03.0
1.53.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5

Conductivity
E(t)
Outlet
0.0
0.0
0.9
0.2
1.3
0.3
Conductivity (mS/cm)
2.4
0.5680
Inlet
Outlet
2.9
0.6864
0.0
0.9
1.3
0.3077
0.0
1.3
0.2
0.0473
0.0
0.0
0.02.4
0.0
2.9
0.0
1.3
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0

Outlet Conductivity VS Time

3.5
3
2.5
2
Outlet Conductivity (mS/cm) 1.5
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (min)

Graph 1 Outlet Conductivity VS Time

E(t) VS Time
0.8
0.6
E(t)

0.4
0.2
0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

Time (min)

Graph 2 E(t) VS Time

time

Outlet

(min)

conducti

E(t)

tE(t)

(t-tm)

vity
0
0.5

(mS/cm)
0
0.0

0
0.2

0
0.100

0
-

(t-

(t-

tm)2E(t)dt

tm)3E(t)dt

0
2.0371

0
-6.5015

0.2

1.5

1.8

0.3
0.5680

0.300

3.1915
-

2.1733

-5.8493

0.8520

2.6915
-

2.7279

-5.9782

1.9639

-3.3220

2.1

0.6864

1.3728

2.1915
-

2.5

1.1

0.3219

0.8048

1.6915
-

0.4570

-0.5445

0.1

0.0473

0.1419

1.1915
-

0.0226

-0.0156

0.0

0.6915
-

3.5

0.0

0.0

0.1915
=
2.1236

=
3.4715

=
9.3818

= -22.2111

Mean residence time,

tE ( t ) dt=

t m=

3.4715

Second moment, variance ,

(ttm )2

= 9.3818
1
s 3= 3
Third moment, skewness,
2

(ttm )3
0

1
=

(3.0630)

E(t) dt

3
2

E(t) dt

-22.2111) = -4.1433

1.7.2

Experiment 2: Step Change Input in a Tubular Flow Reactor

Flow rate= 700 mL/min

Input type : Step change
Time (min)

Conductivity (mS/cm)
Inlet
outlet
2.3
0.0
2.7
0.0
2.7
0.0
2.8
0.0
2.8
1.2
2.8
1.8
2.8
2.0
2.8
2.2
2.8
2.3
2.8
2.5
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.7
2.8
2.8

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5

Conductivit
y (mS/cm)

C(t)

E(t)

tm

s3

Inlet

Outlet

Cit

Ci(t)/Ci(
t)

t*E(t)/
C i t

(t - tm) 2 *
E(t)/
C i t

(t - tm) 3 *
E(t)/
C i t

0.00

0.0

0.0

0.00000

0.50

2.3

0.0

0.000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0
0.000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
Graph
3
Outlet
conductivity
VS
Time
0

Time
(min)

0.00000

1.00

2.7

0.0

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.00000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0313

0.0008

0.0019

0.0047

1.8

0.000
0
0.000
0
0.000
0
3.000
0
5.40

1.50

2.7

0.0

2.00

2.8

0.0

2.50

2.8

1.2

3.00

2.8

0.0564

0.0018

0.0054

0.0162

3.50

2.8

2.0

7.00

0.0731

0.0027

0.0098

0.0342

4.00

2.8

2.2

8.80

0.0919

0.0038

0.0160

0.0638

4.50

2.8

2.3

10.35

0.1081

0.0051

0.0222

0.0999

5.00

2.8

2.5

12.50

0.1305

0.0068

0.0349

0.1743

5.50

2.8

2.6

14.30

0.1493

0.0086

0.0482

0.2650

6.0

2.8

2.7

16.20

0.1692

0.0106

0.0646

0.3867

6.5

2.8

2.8

18.20

0.1901

0.0129

0.0842

0.5460

=95.
75

=0.9999

=0.0531

=
0.2872

=1.5908

E(t) VS Time
0.2
0.15
E(t)

0.1
0.05
0
0

Time (min)

Graph 4 E(t) VS Time

1.8

Calculations

1.8.1 Experiment 1: Pulse input in Tubular Flow Reactor

C ( t ) dt
0

Area = (

t1

= Area under the graph

t2

f ( t 1 ) + f (t 2)
2

For time (0.5-1.0) minutes:

Area = ( t 2 t 1

E (t 1+t 2)
2

= (1.0 0.5)

0.9+1.3
2

3
= 0.55 g .min m

= (1.5 1.0)

1.3+2.4
2

= 0.925 g .min m

= (2.0 1.5)

2.4+ 2.9
2

= 1.325 g .min m

= (2.5 2.0)

2.9+1.3
2

3
= 1.05 g .min m

= (3.0 2.5)

1.3+0.2
2

3
= 0.375 g .min m

For time (1.0-1.5) minutes:

Area = ( t 2 t 1

E (t 1+t 2)
2

For time (1.5 2.0) minutes:

Area = ( t 2 t 1

E (t 1+t 2)
2

For time (2.0 2.5) minutes:

Area = ( t 2 t 1

E (t 1+t 2)
2

For time (2.5 3.0) minutes:

Area = ( t 2 t 1

E (t 1+t 2)
2

So the total area or

C ( t ) dt
0

= ( 0.55+ 0.925 + 1.325+ 1.05 + 0.375)

= 4.225 g.min/m3

E (t)=

C (t)

C ( t ) dt
0

For t = 0, C(t) = 0.0

E (t)=

0
=0
4.225

For t = 0.5, C(t) = 0.9

E (t)=

For t = 1.0, C(t) = 1.3

E (t)=

1.3
=0.3
4.225

For t = 1.5, C(t) = 2.4

E (t)=

2.4
=0.5680
4.225

For t = 2.0, C(t) = 2.9

E (t)=

2.9
=0.6864
4.225

0.9
=0.2
4.225

For t = 2.5, C(t) = 1.3

E (t)=

1.3
=0.3077
4.225

For t = 3.0, C(t) = 0.2

E (t)=

0.2
=0.0473
4.225

For t = 3.5, C(t) = 0.0

E (t)=

0.0
=0
4.225

For time (0 0.5)minutes

Area = ( t 2 t 1

E (t 1+t 2)
2

= (0.5 0.0)

= (1 0.5)

[ ]
0.2
2

= 0.05

For time (0.5 -1.0)minutes

Area = ( t 2 t 1

E (t 1+t 2)
2

0.3+0.2
2

= 0.125

For time (1 1.5) minutes

Area = ( t 2 t 1

E (t 1+t 2)
2

= (1.5 1)

0.3+0.5680
2

= 0.217

For time (1.5 2.0 )minutes

Area = ( t 2 t 1

E (t 1+t 2)
2

For time (2.0 2.5) minutes

= (2 1.5)

0.5680+0.6864
2

= 0.3136

Area = ( t 2 t 1

E (t 1+t 2)
2

= (2.5 2)

0.6864+ 0.3077
2

= 0.2485

For time (2.5 -3.0) minutes

Area = ( t 2 t 1

E ( t 1 +t 2 )
2

= (3 2.5)

= (3.5- 3)

0.3077+ 0.0473
=0.0888
2

0.0473
2

For time (3 -3.5) minutes

Area = ( t 2 t 1

E (t 1+t 2)
2

= 0.0118

E ( t ) dt
0

= Total area under the graph = (0.05+0.125+0.217+0.3136+0.2485+0.0888+0.0118)

= 1.0547

Residencetime , t m=

tE ( t ) dt
0

= 3.5(1.0547)= 3.6915

Mean residence time,

tE ( t ) dt =

t m=

3.4715

Second moment, variance ,

(ttm )2
0

E(t) dt

= 9.3818

1
3
s= 3
(t tm )3 E(t) dt
Third moment, skewness,
2
0

1
=

(3.0630)

3
2

-22.2111) = -4.1433

1.8.2 Experiment 2: Step input in Tubular Flow Reactor

Sample Calculation:

C (t)dt = C i t=Area
0

So based on the table, the area is 95.75m2

Example of calculation at t=2.50min
t m=

t E( t)
Area

t m=

2.50 0.0313
95.75
t m= 0.0008

2=

2
( tt m ) E(t)

Area

( 2.500.0008 )2 0.0313
95.75

2=0.0019

s=

s 3=

3
( t t m ) E(t )

Area

( 2.500.0008 )3 0.0313
95.75

s 3=0.0047

1.9

Discussion

In this experiment, the Tubular Flow Reactor was conducted to examine the effect of a pulse
input and step change in a tubular flow reactor and also to construct a residence time distribution
(RTD) function for the tubular flow reactor. The experiment was run at the 700 mL/min of flow
rate. While the experiment is running, the conductivity for inlet and outlet of the solution had
been recorded at the period of time until the conductivity of the solution is constant.
To construct a residence time distribution (RTD) function for the tubular flow reactor with pulse
input, first we find the area under the c curve by using a numerical evaluation of integrals. After

C ( t ) dt , we find the values of E(t). From that, we plot E(t)

that we used formula E ( t ) =C(t )/
0
as a function of time. This is the residence time distribution (RTD) function for the plug flow
reactor.
Besides that, we used graphical method to find E(t) for step input. The steps were more complex
than the steps use in finding the area under curve. Besides that, there are high probabilities that
some error may occur while trying to find the differentiation of conductivity when using this
method. The step input is usually easier to carry out than the pulse input. However, step input
involves differentiation of the data when to obtain the RTD that may lead to large errors.
When comparing the RTD function plot between experiment 1 and 2, we can see the different
between both graphs where the graph for experiment 1 is decrease smoothly until it reaches
constant point while the graph for experiment 2 increase as time increase. The residence time
distribution is plotted based on E(t) versus time from the data that had been recorded in the table.
From the graph plotted, it can be concluded that the residence time distribution is depends on the
outlet conductivity. However, as there were no valves or controllers to accurately regulate the
flow rate of deionized water, there were some fluctuations in the flow during the experiments

and the flow had to be adjusted manually during the experiments. These fluctuations could have
affected the retention time, thereby disturbed the peaks of the graph.
For the pulse input graph, the residence time distribution calculated is 3.6915 minutes. Besides
that, there were other three data that had been obtained and calculated which are mean residence
time( tm ), second moment, variance (2) and skewness (s3) that gave a values of 3.4715 min,
9.3818 min and -4.1433 min respectively. The skewness for the pulse input give a negative value
and it is called as negative skew.
Compare to the step change, the graph almost same to the outlet conductivity versus time which
the residence time distribution (RTD) is increase within the time. For the step change, the mean
residence time distribution that calculated is 0.0531 minutes. While the variance (second
moment), 2 calculates is 0.2872 min and skewness (third moment), s3 is 1.5908. The skewness
give a positive value and it is called as positive skew.
The two most important parameters that characterize a curve in graph are the mean time which
indicates when the wave of tracer passes the measuring point and the variances which indicates
how much tracer has spread out during the measurement time. As we compare the pulse input
and step change input, pulse input given higher mean time. So, we can say that step change input
help the tracer to spread out more amount than pulse input. As we see the time, pulse input
process was faster than step change input.
Residence time distribution has gained importance due to widespread acceptance of continuous
process in chemical manufacture and processing. RTD studies are quite useful for the
understanding of macromixing. The reason is it is, difficult to exact the position of fluid
elements during their residence in the system and it cant be extracted from residence time
distribution function.
The knowledge of RTD is directly useful in vessel design, improvement in performance and for
the first order kinetics conversion calculations. Detailed knowledge of residence time distribution
with the understanding of the overall flow pattern helps in development of a model of the system
and this model can be used for the handling complicated kinetics. The choice of RTD
characterizing parameters is often a matter of balancing complicity against the required degree of
precision. In this regards, mixed model approach has gained importance in RTD understanding.

According to this concept, a real reactor is considered as consisting of various flow regimes with
known resistance time distribution such as plug flow regions, perfectly mixed regions and
various types of flow.

1.10

Conclusion

As a conclusion, from the experiment, we were able to examine the effect of the pulse input and
step change in a tubular flow reactor and we also can differentiate both of the effect. Besides, we
also able to construct the residence time distribution (RTD) function for the tubular flow reactor.
The outlet conductivity, C(t) that had been calculated for pulse input is 4.225 and for step change
is 95.75. The distribution of exit time, E(t) is calculated for each 30 second until 3.5 minutes
interval. The sum of E (t) for pulse input and step change are 1.0547 and 0.9999 respectively.
The mean residence time, tm for pulse input is 3.4715 minutes and step change is 0.0008 minutes.
The variance, 2 and skewness, s3 are also calculated. For pulse input are 9.3818 and -4.1433
while for step change are 0.0019 and 0.0047. Graph for outlet conductivity, C (t) against time
and distribution of exit time, E (t) against time are plotted. The graph plotted almost the same as
the theory which stated that exit time, E (t) is depends on the value of C (t).

1.11 Recommendations
After we have finished this experiment, we find that are several factors in this experiment that
can be fixed to make sure that the experiment runs better. In our point of view, there are few
recommendations and precautions that have to be considered during the experiments in order to
get an accurate value and readings of data. Firstly, before carry out the experiment, make sure
that the reactor does not have any leaks and valve is closed and opened as needed, controlled the
valve carefully and slowly when adjusting the flow rate. This is to make sure that the flow rate is
stabilized and the experiment will run smoothly.
Other than that, before started the experiment, make sure that all valves are properly open to
carry out the experiment. Make sure to perform general start-up and shut down procedure so that
the equipment will run smoothly and is in the best shape to operate. This will affect the reading
of the experiment and reduce the performance of the unit if the components are not in satisfied
conditions.
The reactor also needs to be ensure that there is no leakage at the valve on the unit. The leakage
will cause the result to tremendously change which in turns will alter the results for this
experiment.
Besides that, each flow rates of the feed also should be constantly monitored so that it remains
constant throughout the reaction to prevent any changes that can affect the result. It is
recommended to run several trials on the reactor to get more accurate results by taking the
average value from each different molar rate.

1.12

Reference

Fogler, H. S., 2014. Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering. 4th ed. London:
Pearson Education.
G., K. N. & S.D., D., 2012. RTD Studies in Plug Flow Reactor and Its Stimulation with
Comparing Non Ideal Reactors. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, pp. 42-48.
Jr., L. d. S. & Lorenz, L., 2014. Residence Time Distribution for Tubular Reactors. pp.
1-6.
K.G.Denbigh & J.C.R.Turner, 1984. Chemical Reactor Theory: An Introduction.
Briston: Cambridge University Press.
Lopes, J., Lemos, F., Pinheiro, C. & Ribeiro, F. R., 2002. Teaching Residence Time
Distributions in the Laboratory. s.l.:Tempus Publications.
Mann, U., 2009. Principles Of Chemical Reactor Analysis And Design. 2nd ed. New
Jersey: A John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Monge, F. et al., n.d. Tubular Flow Reactors. Chapter 9, pp. 1-55.
Richardson, J. F. & Peacock, N. G., 1994. Chemical Engineering. USA: Elsevier Ltd..
Teefy, S., 1996. A protocol and Case Studies. Tracer Studies in Water Treatment
Facilities.
Thoenes, D., 1998. Chemical Reactor Development form Laboratory Synthesis to
Industrial Production. s.l.:Kluwer Academic Publishers.

1.13 Appendix

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY iii (CHE 574)
NAME
: NUR IZZATI BINTI AHMAD TARHIZI (2014233914)
GROUP
: EH220 4A
EXPERIM
: TUBULAR FLOW REACTOR
ENT
DATE
: 19 APRIL 2016
PROG/CO
: EH220
DE
SUBMIT
: MADAM NURHASHIMAH BINTI ALIAS
TO
MISS SITI KHATIJAH BINTI JAMALUDIN
N
Title
Allocated
Marks
o
Marks (%)
1 Abstract
5
2 Introduction
5
3 Objectives
5
4 Theory
5
5 Procedures/Methodology
10
6 Apparatus
5
7 Results
10
8 Calculation
10
9 Discussion
20
10 Conclusion
10
11 Recommendations
5
12 References
5
13 Appendices
5
TOTAL
100
Remarks:

Checked by:

Rechecked by:

Date:

Date: