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World
History Series
The
m
mm
%
Titanic
bv Victoria Sherrow
World
History Series
The
Titanic
Titles in the
The
The
The
The
The
The
Age of Augustus
Age of Exploration
Age of Feudalism
Age of Napoleon
Age of Pericles
Alamo
America in the 1960s
The American Frontier
The American Revolution
Ancient Greece
The
History of Slavery
Hitler's
Reich
East
Architecture
A/tec Civilization
The
Independence
Battle of the
Modern Japan
The Mongol Empire
The Persian Empire
Bighorn
The Black Death
Little
Prohibition
Revolution
The Civil Rights Movement
The Collapse of
Roman
Republic
he ( !uban Revolution
Ehe Earl) Middle Ages
Egypt ol the Pharaohs
Elizabethan England
The End <>l the Cold War
The Enlightenment
The French and Indian War
The French Revolution
The rlorious Revolution
The ( .real Depression
(
.reek
and Roman
Mytholog)
(
Ireek
Deal
Missile Crisis
Renaissance
Roaring Twenties
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Roman Republic
Roosevelt and the New
The Cuban
The
The
The
The
the
Traditional Africa
Traditional Japan
The
Women's
e
Suit iage
World
History Series
The
Titanic
by Victoria Sherrow
1,
San Diego,
92198-901
Sherrow, Victoria.
The
p.
cm.
(World history
scries)
Titanic,
(lib.
alk.
paper)
juvenile
Shipwrecks North Atlantic Ocean
1.
1.
Titanic (Steamship)
literature.
-Juvenile literature.
Titanic (Steamship)
G530.T6S48
91()'.9163
2.
Shipwrecks.]
I.
Title.
II.
Series.
1999
4dc21
98-43466
CIP
AC
BR BR
G5
T f
No
in
the
Inc.,
P.O.
Box 28901
S48
1999
1.
S.A.
pari ol this
Form
oi
photocopy, recording, or
an) information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher.
Contents
Foreword
INTRODUCTION
"Ship of Dreams
CHAPTER
"
14
CHAPTER 2
25
All Aboard!
CHAPTER 3
"Nothing
to
35
CHAPTER 4
43
Warning!
CHAPTER 5
52
To the Boats!
CHAPTER 6
Terrifying
CHAPTER
How
Hours
63
74
CHAPTER
8
Unending Fascination
87
Notes
Facts About the Titanic
99
02
03
LOS
Index
107
Picture Credits
112
Foreword
Each year on the first day of school, nearly
even history teacher faces the task of explaining why his or her students should
studv history. One logical answer to this
question is that exploring what happened
in our past explains how the things we
our customs,
ideas,
lenges,
modern
tive.
and
cre-
not invent
is
for study-
can benefit and learn. This idea, although controversial, has always been an
intriguing one for historians. Those who
agree th.it societx can benefit from the
pasi often quote philosopher George Santayana's famous statement. "Those who
eties
it.'*
Historians
.ire
who
condemned
subscribe to
Tin
Tiiwk
historical events
chart a different
in the future.
tory
is
ries
his-
For example,
women
Roman Empire, as
how slaves earned their freedom.
The numerous and varied aspects of everyday life in these and other societies are
explored in each volume of the series. Ad-
very
is
discussed in The
well as
cultures, to the
The
in a
modern
day.
is formatted
thorough, precise, and organized man-
Each volume offers the reader a comprehensive and clearly written overview of
an important historical event or period.
ner.
The
topic
under discussion
is
placed in a
broad
quotes are footnoted, familiarizing students with the citation process and allow-
historical context.
Italian Renaissance
cities to
develop
artistically.
if
their interest.
World History
Finally, the
books
in the
useful in a
number of ways.
First,
they allow
.1
on the
sus on
is
is
Where
appli-
included.
of his-
I'(
uti
woitn
^^^^^^i
1870
1899
1906
1907
1909
1911
1912
1985
1935
1986
1997
1909
The
The
1899
May
The
sets
1935
voyage.
The
1870
The White
Star Lint-
shipbuilding firm
Harland
& Wolff.
new chairman.
1906
tile
31, 1911
Titanic is
The
Titanic departs on
maiden voyage from
the port at Southamp-
day,
bourg, France.
Harland
&
Wolff.
1907
The
of nine warnings
regarding ice in that
region of the North
Titanic sinks at
about 2:10
At 4:10
survivors.
Olympic
is
retired
1985
Ajoint AmericanFrench oceanographic
expedition locates the
remains of the Titanic.
first
The Cunard
Line,
White
main com-
Star's
petitor,
produces the
Lusitania
nia, faster
Atlantic.
1986
oceanographers
aboard the submersible
Ali'in explore the
U.S.
Titanic.
1997
1908
berg causing
Th e
damage
White Star
liners.
j.
and
a.m.:
on
its
International Mercan-
1908
Gigantic.
fatal
to the hull.
fi 1
Tit a n ic
comes the
be-
largest gross-
Introducti on
cc
Ship of Dreams
On
work
at the
site
Amid
who
later wrote,
yy
word
Titanic
would come
to sig-
nify disaster.
moving
The
ship's
tall
The
as a house.
sixteen
triumph
ol
British
made
'
pi a< Ik all\
mi-
sinkable."
SHIPOI
)lil
wis
of workers built
it
launched
1911. People
to see
it
carry-
marked by
and cramped
up
to
transport increasing
numbers
of
Atlantic
regularlv for
its
many culmore
seen today. Thev could afand did. travel often, taking along
servants and masses of luggage. Wealthy
rarely, if ever,
ford
to.
staircase
10
Till
TlTANH
As a
result, the
sengers healthy.
One
New York
recalled being
Storms could be
from
"There was Lot
of crying and people were saying, 'We're never going to reach America.'"
The famous British author Robert Louis Stevenson, who habitually
their clothing.
Sweden
at the
traveled
terrifying.
Second
Class,
made
at sea:
.1
on
To descend on
<
Ship 01
>ri
vms
White Star, the shipping company that owned the Titanic, fwrni
so lavishly that
it
was
referred to as
Rhode
summer
in
New-
all
and
12
Tin
Titwk
and
seaside- towns.
service the)
ship
a floating palace.
travelers
fine meals
and
jewels.
to
buildings in growing
cities.
The
majority of
these workers
the
these amenities
them on board,
safety features,
and double
hulls.
passengers, profits
became
it
kings of finance
ex-
dustry.
Keen Competition
and
introduced
lit
for the
the-
ti-
tled
sail
on the
ship's
in
April 1912.
fatal
'Ship oi
)ri
ushei ing in
\m-
l.'l
Chapi er
A team of twenty
with an
flat
top.
lugging a wagon
James
had begun
Pirrie
his career as a
Canada
for Ireland,
tish
he rose
Pirrie
a two-year moderniza-
tion program.
J.
Bruce Ismay's
father.
Thomas
Ismav,
company
four
would
stress
embarked on
company
when
at
sea.
both
in 1902.
The
came from
Lord
Pirrie,
Tin
'I'll
\\K
tween
and
1901
Star a larger
the
were completed
ships
Adriatic
C.edric. Celtic.
be-
White
Line,
tania
German luxury
more
liners
intense, because
all
these factors
if
they
hoped
to stay
in business.
In 1907, Pirrie (who had been knighted in 1906 and was now Lord Pirrie) and
J. Bruce Ismay decided to build three gigantic new White Star ships that would
outclass the other transatlantic liners.
met
at Pirrie's
home one
They
evening to
dis-
The new
steam
in
million in gold.
shipping company,
at
Morgan, trying
tury.
monopolize
tin-
The
owned it J.
Morgan's group ol investors
approved plans for the three new ships.
at
its
disposal.
.i
I'.
Tw
l'i\
Ol
Sum
Lord
Building a Giant
Alexander
Harland & Wolff.
oversaw the interior design and
Pirrie "s brother-in-law
Carlisle also
Carlisle
To prepare
ships,
Harland
& Wolff
A spe-
room
at the
brightly
lit
to create
in
the
shipyard
first
ship,
Pinie's nephew,
who worked
their facilities.
One foreman
Andrews
worked
at
new
ships.
and ap-
made
ble bottom.
It
keel
The
skin
one inch
thick.
compartments,
Ulien
it
was launched
in
built. It took
steel,
and
16
I'm
Thwk
three
thousand
-workers,
end
were used
They started
to
at six in the
working
and held on
the hole.
to
The
in
it
man
beat
it
and flattened
into
on by special men
it
called "shell-riveters,"
in the rivets
They
were divided into the right-handers and the left-handers.
used a sledge hammer weighing about five pounds.
They'd do
provided it didn't rain.
about 200 rivets a day
.
with a
The
if
<
tion.
for
The
Olympic was
its first
two
Festive Launching
ceremony of breaking
pagne against the l><>\\
Otympii and.
with great
Tw EN n -Yw
later,
Tim
>i
(ham
Nonetheless, the
fanfare.
a bottle of
<
s\\n
>n
morning
the
'>\s
Si
<>i
1.
Rudder
2.
3.
Cargo Holds
4. Third
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1 1
18. First
22. Mail
23.
Squash Court
Passage
Class
Coal Bunkers
16. Dining Saloon, First Class
30.
15.
31
Aftmast
fifteen)
Room
13. Boilers
12.
IS
Class Berths/Steerage
Class
Class Reception
19. Turkish Bath
20. Swimming Pool
21 Watertight Bulkhead (one of
17. Dining Saloon, Third
28.
Second Class
@
33.
35.
Veranda Cafe
53. Bridge
37. Restaurant
38.
Dummy Smokestack
39.
Smoking Room,
First
Rooms
57.
Foremast
55.
and Staircase
Class
42. Maids' and Valets' Dining Saloon
First
Lounge
44.
Compass
45. Writing
56.
Deck
Promenade Deck
Third Class Open Space
54. Boat
Class
43.
61
Room
Gymnasium
47.
Smokestacks
Rooms,
Hatch
Way
Platform
46.
Room
36. Bar
Grand Staircase
Antenna Wire
34. Library
First
Forecastle
Class
T\\l
\n
l'l\l
19
This
is
a bedroom in one of
No
onboard
expense was
would accommodate
May
at
31,
the shipyard.
brought reporters and distinguished visfrom England, across the Irish Sea,
for the grand event.
Throughout the morning other spectators arrived, aboard railway cars and boats.
Thousands of men who had helped build
the ship sat on stacks of timber to observe
the launch. According to one eyewitness,
these workers "greeted their handwork,
itors
dropped
their
hoarse voices
tools,
and
The
raised
their
enormous
the
vessel could
be
slid
down
'
was
afloat.
honored
guests, in-
Grand Central
miracle had
port
officials, at
happened."
As chairman of Harland & Wolff, Lord
Pirrie greeted the important guests and
led them to festively draped observation
stands, where they sat along the portside
bow of the ship. The owners were grouped
nearby. Pirrie had donned a yachting cap
for the occasion, which was also the date of
both his own and his wile's birthday.
The Titanic's hull gleamed with a fresh
coat of black paint. As the harbor was
cleared of other craft, workers completed
the final tasks that had to be done before
The
20
The
Ti
in a cheer.
\\k
same
hotel.
the
Pirrie
Hotel.
hosted a
J.
P.
Morgan. Later
where
work on
fitting-out berth,
its
and the
it
final
in a
superstructure
could be com-
and
'Practically Unsinkablc'
air ducts
of
soap, silverware, or
bed linens
name
"Titanic" in their
advertising.
as a
its
marvel
of
special safetj
cafes of Paris.
ment having
In
brief sea
trials.
its
own pumping
system.
The
on
When
the Titanic
was com-
it
as
"
White Star
itself
Twi \n
l'i\i
HOI
SAND Tons
oi
Sii
21
Class-Conscious World
aboard the Titanic mirrored die class-conscious world of 1912. Peomore apt to be judged in terms of their family background, social status, and degree of wealth. People who lacked wealth
or status tended to "know their place" and were more inclined to accept inequitable treatment as a fact of life.
In the United States, the very rich were the celebrities of their day.
Unlike Europe, there were no American royal families. Actors and athletes were not as famous as they are today. Curious people followed the
lavish parties, weddings, and other activities of rich Americans. The
press reported their comings and goings and described their clothing,
jewelry, homes, and yachts.
Author Robert D. Ballard in Exploring the Titanic has compared the
Life
own
on
different
First Class
The
ship.
They
most
were wealthy Americans, paid between SI, 500 and $4,350
(more than $55,000 in current money) for their suites. In those days
such an amount would have supported a British family comfortably for
ten years. Second Class tickets cost $65 and up, depending on the size
and quality of the room. Most Second Class passengers came from
Britain. Tickets in Third Class (steerage) cost about $35. Passengers in
the Third Class area of the Titanic were immigrants from Ireland, hah.
Syria, Armenia, China, Japan, Russia, Scandinavia, the Netherlands,
and other countries. Their occupations, as listed on the ship's manifest,
or passenger register, included bricklayer, baker, jeweler, shoemaker,
of
whom
tailor,
When
apartments
22
in
in the radio
mem-
to founder.
Modern shipbuilding
itself
The
public
seemed ready
to believe
that."
security.
tionately weaker.
perhaps,
became
and proporwere
running in 1912 were not the same risks
that had been run in 1892; or even in 1902:
as ships
but greater
faster, larger,
.
The
risks they
Prestigious Ticket
less vigilant.
judged not only by their family background, homes, friends, parties, and manner of dress, but also by the ships on which
they traveled. Therefore, it was no surprise
that fashionable travelers sought passage
the Titanic.
scribed the
mood
One
at that
time:
ten years.
^T^SBfe'
size
luxury;
est satisfaction
able,
and above
that
all
such
such
a sale
built
comfortboat had
the
unsink
able lifeboat. 9
When would
the
Titanu
sail?
coal
Tw
EN n
l'i\
<>i
sum
23
giAir
Thomas Andrews
department worked hard
during the first week of April to prepare
the great ship and her crew. He personally
The Queen
of the
the meantime,
In
and
his design
Ocean
TITANIC
who
things as racks, tables, chairs, berth ladders, electric fans, saying that except
LENGTH
8S2'. FT.
WHITE STAR
BEAM
Saturday, April
will sail
,
To
"
Titanic
is
his wife,
he
satis-
92'. FT.
from
NEW YORK
Careful Inspection?
20th .*
The White
Star Line
announced
that the
New York.
'
first
shift
and
only voyage of
24
Tin: Titanic
to
New
stops before
York.
Chapter
All Aboard!
looked so colossal and so queenly. Passengers waved farewells from her decks
and windows, and a mob of jolly stokers yelled from the fo-castle side. One
of these he must have been a Cockney played a mouth organ and waved
his old cap. He seemed a inci i\ soul.
-'
came to
watch the historic departure and to bid
farewell to crew members, many of whom
lived in this seaside town. A newspaperman
Residents of Southampton
The vision of the great liner as shemoved away from Southampton quay
forms an imperishable memory. She
its
was
so large that
it
could
passengers
out
to the
had
i<<
be ferried
luxury liner in
smaller ships.
\\
\i.
AHI>!
and
At the
same
Some
unlucky.
had heard
that a
it
and
Herbert Lightoller
Olympic. Charles
was second
gone
officer.
many
to sea as a
posts
was stowed in the ship's cargo compartment. However, most of the crew laughed at
that
such
talk.
Endless Chores
As the ship steamed out of port, the crew
members were hard at work throughout it.
flu- White Star Line had assembled 892
top employees for this voyage, many of
hem transferred from the Olympic and
other major liners.
In charge was Captain Edward J. Smith,
who had been the master of the Olympic.
was said that Smith might retire after
It
this voyage or perhaps after commanding
the maiden voyage of the next great WhiteStar liner, the Gigantic A group of five offiI
cers,
vised
\eai-old
crew
Thirty-eight-
26
Tin: Titanic:
ship's furnaces to
moved
Among
members were
Maritime
Graham
historian
and barbers.
Maxtone-
John
if
ing bathroom;
its
adjoin-
(or,
summonses,
ran
flowers, turned
arranged
errands,
down beds
at night,
seasick.
If
picture of the
or boat, deck:
people
to ride the
mechanical
The Titanic'
was a
captain,
Edward
Smith
J.
(rifjfrt)
well-respected
experience.
at sea he
in
an accident
supervising the
lift-boys
isstie
wafting passengers
down between
up and
and
his assistants,
an interpreter,
barmen,
violinist
Wallace
Hartley,
atten-
florists,
and
dozens of others.
Six lookouts were on board. Working
in pairs, they kept watch at all times from
Select Gathering
When
he- trio
Two
five
one with
were
on hand
to entertain passengers.
lv
it
\i
\i;
It
stewardesses]
to
and
be consulted about
knew no bounds."
our of the
show
of the
Titanic
's
survivors,
Titanic was
Two
of the
Titanic.
First
,1
superior vessel
in ever)
respect. At
own in England.
Thomas Andrews, who had supervised
lor a trip ol their
the smallest
(let. tils ol
the ship
and making
28
fin Ti
\\K
Jes-
forty-eight-year-
Now Madeleine
winter
and Ida
in
had helped build the famous Macy's department store in New York
City and another store called Abraham &
among
were
unassuming couple was popuwho knew them from previous voyages on White Star ships.
Artists, writers, and fashion designers
wife, singer
Straus. This
From
producer Henry
bound
for Balti-
had
Astor had brought along some flutes and clarinets made l>\ Ins
brother George, who owned a small musical instrument factory in ondon. After he disembarked, Astor sold these instruments in Baltimore
1
move
to
bought
Asia.
real estate
When
he died
and
in
to
ships to
1848
With the
at
sail
profits
owned
entire streets in
properties.
Some
New York
City,
in
esti-
including thousands
ol rental
housed poor immigrants in the slum sections where people wencrowded into dark, windowlcss rooms with no running watei oi heat,
The Astors rented these buildings to other people, who in tin n en ted
them to the poor. After the New York Tenement louse- Commission <>l
i
I.
\sim
so the)
\i
\\u >\iii>!
2J)
voyage commenced." Beeslev met the Re\erend Ernest Carter and his wife Lilian:
the three spent much of their time together talking about their education, work,
one of the
richest
men
wife,
in the -world.
Madeleine) was
He perished
in the
1.
500
and
families.
brother.
so the passengers
to
be carried out
in smaller-sized
adelphian.
came aboard
in
Cherbourg
and
Among the
contents were
sev-
of gloves, and
those
days
numerous other
items. In
William Howard
after a vacation
sis-
shipshape condition."
30
The
Titanic
Jr.
and
Class passengers
who boarded
in
Cher-
returning
home
to Philadelphia; in the
millionaire
New
and former
many -well-to-do
on theTitanic. When he was offered
Isidor Straus, a
York merchant
i)i
and
joined her
husband
on the deck.
in a
lounge
set aside
Last Stop
There were three well-known cardsharps on the Titanic, all traveling under
false names in pursuit of fortune. Other
gamblers may also have been aboard but
ship.
made money
Under
prac-
whh
li
the Titanic
to
On
hursday, Vpril
11.
\i.i i\i,i
i!
31
The
Millionaire's Captain
for
and then
as a
commander
War
at the
ing in
numerous
positions
Celtic.
less,
year.
A number
of wealthy passengers were in the habit of booking passage on his ships because they liked and respected Captain Smith. The
fiftv-nine-\ ear-old skipper was regarded as a calm, fair-minded person
on
members
his ships
praised his
When anyone
me how
asks
When
tlie
32
The Thank
to the Titanic.
and other states, including one coufrom Spain. Several large families were
York,
ple
Alma and
and Augusta Goodwin, had their six children, and John and Annie Sage of England
came aboard with nine. Irish emigrant
Margaret Rice and her five sons Albert,
George, Eric, Arthur, and Eugene were
also on board. (All these people died when
the ship went down.)
The
fifty-five
passen-
on the
Titanic.
or
their plans. In
celled
dream
would
sink.
'Firm as a Rock'
As more and more steam reached its
engines, the 'Titanic gathered speed. She
moved out to sea at a last pace lor 1912,
about 21 knots. One knot which incisures 6,076 feet, or slightly more- than one
mile on land is one nautical mile pel
Kail
liehr.
hath profes
mi
to
1915,
win
the
'..S.
Men
\ Singles Title in
l,
I.
and 1916.
Cancelled Plans
A number of people who
on the
planned to travel
show up or
Some
of them simply
had been
were ordered
to leave.
Carlson, had
hoped
They were
filled and
An American, Frank
make
the
to
trip.
\i
\i<
\i
.;:;
This
is
the children
ground on
play-
110
it
hour.
The
fastest ships
late twentieth
faster
than the
operating in the
the southern
faded into the distance as the
ship moved away. In farewell. Third Class
passenger Eugene Daly stood on deck playing the sorrowful song "Erin's Lament" on
his bagpipes. Tearful emigrants took one
last look at their homeland as the ship
swept proudly out to sea, her name glitterIrish coast
34
Tin
TnwK
much
set sail in
when
April of 19] 2.
on the bow.
From Queenstown.
Mrs.
J.
H. Loring
its
appointments, ending
think
will
is
like a
millpond."
"
Chapter
"Nothing to Mar
Our Pleasure"
some
large
and sumptuous
hotel.
21
Once
fectly.
off,
first
days aboard:
Floating
Hotel
so luxurious, so
steady, so
starlit
nights,
fresh
and smooth
beginning of I heir
Is
deck
seas tli<a
to
enjoy
marked
tht
ill-fated voyage.
favoring winds;
sentiments, saying,
fine
At
all
\( n
\l
\i;
)i
l'i
\si ia
35
of the crew,
cult to get
getting
Many
first
and
Second Officer
Lightoller.
known
to
it
is
difficult to
like
ally
...
before
It
took
me
ground
all
the
fourteen days
staterooms on
The
(Tins
.1
l\
private
promenade deck
stroll
that
was
36
Tin
The
devoted
along
arrangements, and
lost.
Tn
\\K
at home. The
on B Deck was both elegant and inviting, its walls adorned with
trellises and climbing leaves. A less formal
veranda cafe contained red and brown
cushioned wicker furniture. The First Class
reading room, densely carpeted in dusty
lose, with complementary pink draperies
on the windows, contained numerous books
and current magazines. A fine oil painting
called "Plymouth Harbour" hung over the
nun hie fireplace.
were used
to
frequenting
Parisian-style cafe
A major
saloon, located
Two
stair-
case.
sets
The
First Class
its
dine in the
Titanic.
more
the
so large
and
opulently
ocean-going
on an
vessel.
\(
>l
lll\(.
>
\l
\l;
>i
I'l
First Class
for
Second
Class.
gifts,
furnishings.
and souvenirs.
on
linoleum
floors,
and mahogany
their
the port
The
(left)
ship.
complemented
and green silk
draperies. Enclosed promenades were on
and mahogany
furnishings,
Immense
classes of passengers.
eggs, 75,000
38
Tin
Til
wit
The Second
Titanic
were
Class public
rooms on the
on
that
equipment and a
latest exercise
to
fully
use
to
it.
was
own
congregate
to
nationality.
cialize in
Next
those in their
so-
Herr Hoffman, an
to
on board
help passengers communicate, bul most
interpreter, was
festive as
Ihnd
stem
ol
the
at
the
Class
promenade deck
star-filled
sk\
ai
the
left in its
white
<>t
wake.
Pleasant Hours
Except
lot
mealtimes, passengers
|||\<
\l
\i:
)i
i;
I'l
<>n
the
Breakfast
Titanit
In
\m
i;
'.<>
KM.,
39
as
many
they
Ji
the sun rose higher in the skv." Evening
brought other wonders as vivid sunsets
tinted the skv. Seemingly endless stars
gleamed at night.
On the third day out. many passengers
spent hours sitting on deck chairs, resting,
air,
skies.
Second
Class passenger
Lawrence
toast,
sandwiches, and
in
round
narrow streaks, and
40
and
'I'm
Titanic
many daks.
the enclosed
Class dining
fine china
and
socializing, -writing
her maiden voyage the Titanic contained the most up-to-date wireequipment. In this respect she surpassed the safety regulations, because the capacity to send and receive telegrams called Marconigrams,
after their inventor, Guglielmo Marconi
was not required in ships at
less
that time.
Telegraphy had made great strides since 1843 when the first electelegraph was laid along the Great Western Railway in Britain. During the mid-1 800s, messages traveled along cables. Then a long cable
was laid across the Atlantic in 1865. Alexander Graham Bell found a
way to transmit sound along wires, and the German physicist Heinrich
Hertz was able to generate radio waves using electrical discharges.
These developments laid the basis for the telegraph. The term telegraph
was coined in 1792 when a Frenchman named Claude Chappe devised
an upright semaphore post with movable arms that sent messages using
tric
a code.
moved to London, where he could demonand publicize his amazing device. In 1898 the British royal yachl
became the first ship to use Marconi's wireless telegraph. Three years
later, wireless signals were sent across the Atlantic. By 1912. when the
Titanic sailed, hundreds of ships were using Marconi's device.
John G. Phillips and Harold S. Bride operated the Titanie's wireless.
Both men had been trained at the Marconi school in Liverpool,
England, and were experienced telegraphers.
working
down
it
that morning.
He
The
worked seven
and repaired
at last,
dinner and,
coffee and
in Paris.
Livel)
the
later, oil
passengers enjoyed
walk
liqueurs
in
'i
HINC in
\I
\i;
<
)i
<>i
the
conversations ensued
N<
promenade
in
R Pi
s.u
as
sipping
palm court
the smoking
\m
Rl
many
and jewels.
room, where
men congregated
after din-
reading material.
many
to
them-
moved
in the
same
close friends.
On
Schedule
42
Tin
In \\K
worked
especially hard
as
engine power and began traveling faster. The officers noted that the ship
was behaving admirably at the higher
speeds and was making excellent progress.
Between noon Thursday and noon Friday,
April 12, the ship logged 386 miles.
creased
its
the
Titanic received a
The
La
Touraine.
ship said that the La Touraine had encountered ice in nearby waters. The message did
not seem to affect any decisions aboard
the Titanic, which continued to increase its
speed. During the next twenty-four hours,
the Titanic covered 519 miles. The passengers were able to observe that the ship was
moving faster. At this rate, they thought.
they might even arrive in New York earlier
than they had anticipated.
Chapt er
Warning!
Bell was at
erators
take
had
to
tions
On Sunday
Titanic received
It
arrived at
Captain E.
Caronia,
of the Titanic.
He
sliced fruit,
line of officers
lifeboat
drill
of the Titanic
The
wireless operators
John
to his assis-
it
to
members could
also read
in-
and
it.
Wahnim:
on board.
received two
and
privv to these
in ages past."
Catholic
noon
sults at
in
the
they dined on
consomme
as
Fermier. cock-a-
la
vegetable
44
ThkTitank
Full
Speed Ahead
smoking room.
Second
when
and
of the Titanic
'5
one
None
decks.
ahead of them
in the ice-filled
Treacherous Ice
concert was
but the
lounge,
Class
Second
the
in
given
Third Class passengers had to create their
own music.
evening,
dining
room
after dinner.
Design engineer
center
in the
Afterward, people gathered in the reception room and the palm court to sip
coffee and hear classical music. Because it
was Sunday, no dancing was permitted.
Instead, a hymn sing was held in the
all
a treai
indicating
arrive that
herous
field
aptain
the
talked about the Titanic
Smith saw
sions of her so
was seen to read one <>! them, a message from the Baltit For Smith, then pul it
in
"I
far,
human
On Sunday we had
a delightful day;
the rime
The
vibration as
at least
four
oi
came throughout
ings that
the-
day.
Bruce
Isni.i\
in his
Around
ships in the
bergs
la.)
vi< initj
thai
three large
ice-
nearby.
position oi
Titanu
at
that
tunc-.
message to Fourth 01
ii, ei
[oseph Boxhall, who was on naviga
rcn members in the
lion u.iu h, and othei
aptain Smith was still ai dinner.
bridge.
he captain had authorized m\ iiu rease in
Bride delivered
this
\\
MAIM
15
re-
Floating Hazards
Icebergs are
arise in the
common
northern glacier
temperatures
rise in
ice.
sea,
tin-
Titanic hit
worked against the ship that night. The sea was calm
and there- was no moon. In a rough sea, waves foam tip around the
bases of the bergs, making them more visible. Moonlight would also
Several factors
Second Officer
dark.
More than
likely, this
was
two hours before the collision. The small portion visible above the
ocean's surface would have been dark because of containing water.
Such icebergs are even more difficult to see until the water drains out.
bringing back their usual white color.
46
I'm
Tirwii
on
them
to
smaller bergs.
The new
to the
He
told
ice, especially
shift
reported
ice
It
and great
number
who
gers
would
later describe
it
The
passen-
as unusually
When
deck before
found the
Little
She
surviu
The
to
the disaster.
later wrote:
come up
had asked
Murdoch
to
thai
soon and
to ice
be awakened
left
When
First Officer
William Murdo< h
ing the
duty.
pei son 01
it
analyzed
ai efull)
la\
.\\\(\
ahead.
to give
the
lookouts
\i
.1
the tune.
very cold.
Among
thai
was
\\ \i;\i\..'
nal that
seemed
overworked
to
come from
nearby.
An
35
I am busy."
The other operator
stood by waiting for a response from the
Titanic but at about 11:30 that operator.
who was working alone on that ship, gave
up and turned off his wireless and got
shut up.
now no
this time,
ing
room
wireless operator
Phillips,
V relay
the
warning sent
by
Up
another specific person. Captain Smith had
posted only one incoming message, the
9:00 a.m.
The temperature
P.M.
Caronia.
fell steadily.
At 10:30
the Titanic as
that
48
Tin-:
Titanic
alert the
men
in the boiler
rooms and
hundred
It
penetrating the
first
room number
six.
cre-
rivets,
Damage Below
The
exact nature and extent of the problem was not immediately known at the
above
\\
VKNINC!
fifth
19
compartment
diis
allowed water to
spill
over E Deck.
It
"A
several tons
Some people on
noise
and
left
their staterooms.
Thev saw
sort of shock"
At the time of the collision, the passengers and crew either heard and
or nothing at all. depending on where thev
felt different sensations
were in the ship. Some passengers remained asleep, having heard and
felt nothing. Others noticed a slight movement or heard scraping or
grinding. Passengers on the upper decks did not know that an iceberg
had struck the lower part of the hull, causing damage more severe than
anything the builders of the Titanic had envisioned.
Some people on board felt a slight jarring sensation and heard a
noise. Second Class passenger Kate Buss, who was awake reading, heard
a noise that reminded her of a skate scraping on ice. In the smoking
room just above Deck A people felt a jolt. Hugh Woolner would later
describe that moment to a friend, writing, "There came a heavy grinding sort of a shock, beginning far ahead of us in the bows and rapidly
passing along the ship and away under our feet." The men rose from
their seats
happened.
an iceberg.
Men working in the boiler rooms near the collision heard the loudest noises, which they described as crunching sounds similar to thunder. Stewardess Violet Jessop and her cabin mate heard a crunching
sound, then felt the ship stop.
Down
and
felt,
in.
found
that the
50
The Titanic
ice
A.
made
Rough water splashing against
easier to detect.
nervous, and
no signs
pened to the great
Some Third
Class
passengers even played with the ice, throwing chunks of it around as if taking part in a
ship.
snowball fight.
the icy deck.
tall
in the water,
Deeper
knew
seemingly invincible.
people
better.
Some
of the stokers
in
the
something
to
be wrong.
damage
while Smith
ship's
Andrews, was
down
(hid
designer,
summoned and
["nomas
he, loo,
rushed
\V\iixix<.'
Chapter
To the Boats!
5
The
designer,
ship's
Thomas Andrews,
gave Captain Edward Smith the devastating news: the Titanic had only an hour, or
enough to save less than half the passengers and crew. As captain, he knew that he
himself was obliged to go
ship
if
Harold
down
with his
('.attain,
a steamer on
its
first to receive
way
to the
Titanic' s
larpathia,
distress rails.
in the wireless
dered them
to send out distress calls reporting the accident and describing their
location in the North Atlantic, which Fourth
The
from the
Titanic
52
Thk Titanic
Just
Out of Reach
Less than twenty miles from the endangered decks of the Titanic another ship stood in the Atlantic close enough to come to their aid, it
Californian, had also noticed another ship in the distance and wondered about it.
Captain Stanlev Lord of the Californian later said that the ship he
saw did not look like a passenger liner but rather like a medium-sized
He
When
wrongly concluded that the rockets were set off for some other purpose, perhaps a festive event. Some crew members said they thought
they saw the other ship steam away, heading southwest.
Ernest Gill, a crew member on the Californian, later gave sworn testimony that he and some other crew members thought the rockets
they'd seen were a sign of distress that their captain should heed, (.ill
also swore that he heard the second engineer of the Californian sa\.
"Why the devil didn't they wake up the [Californians] wifeless man?"
Gill knew he would lose hisjob after he gave his statement, but he commented anyway that "no captain who refuses or neglects to give aid to a
vessel in distress should be able to hush up the men."
damaged.
W."
code
letters
calls, to
keep up their
ti\
the new
for
its
two
men were
joking
.is
He m
la
accident
nt I).k k this
captain?
Titanii
it\
had kept
(all.
simplii
same
\<>ui
Titanir's radio
ma) be
loi
by Morse code.
The
sage bj sine
his
"'
last
Quick, Danger," and MGY, the code symThev tapped out these
letters in the series of dots and dashes used
spirits. In th.it
Do you
He was
technically
headset on while
iottam was shoe ked.
his
(
message: "Shall
tell
require assistance?"
answei ed,
im
Hie
->
an) ships
lose
enough
kcis to signal
he
lights
Uo\|s'
53
to help.
in
III
sent
them
at
The
and
rockets, fired
and
shower of
white stars. Officer Boxhall was convinced
that the ship in the distance was close
tails
left
Meanwhile, the Titanic was steadilv dvAs each compartment filled with water,
it overflowed the bulkheads (compartment
walls) and the next section began to flood.
ing.
After the
are sinking." 43
Of
was
the Mediterranean.
filled,
at the
bow
Soon
to act in this
down
"Get the
Lifeboats Ready'
to
fore requested
we
compartments
(the front).
enough
first five
Its
bound
east for
captain, Arthur H.
after midnight, Captain Smith ordered the crew to uncover the lifeboats. At
12:30, the captain ordered all the passengers on deck so that the lifeboats could be
loaded and then lowered over the sides of
The
ship's barber,
Thomas Andrews
up on deck.
skirt ice
hands
five
lifebelts."
August H. Weikman,
he saw
to
man
14
The Carpathia
eighi miles
Titanic -when
its
rrns fift\-
away from
it
the
responded
distress signal. It
would
54
Tin Ti
\\u
Titanic's
lifeboats.
to
Even with
in the
28
life
Many who
good.
show
ing
signs of panic.
life
Some
in the cold
air.
in-
captain."
to
was prepared
sinking?"
Is
Sinking?
said,
As she
later wrote.
Of course
Titanic couldn't be
a thing as sink.
up
"From the
17
warm
coal
<>i
it
hi
Boats!
Another American
valet Victor Giglio
clothes
millionaire,
and without
lifejackets.
in their best
Guggenheim reportedly
his
evening
told a steward,
"We've dressed in our best and are prepared to go down like gentlemen." If the steward survived, requested Guggenheim, he should tell
Mrs. Guggenheim that her dead husband had done his duty.
When Mahala Douglas urged her husband, Walter, to join her in
her lifeboat, he refused, saying, "No; I must be a gentleman." Douglas
did not survive.
The poignant
Mr. Straus, old
story of Isidor
and rather
feeble, was
urged
but he refused special treatment. His wife, who had started to enter a
boat, then got out, saying, "We have been living together manv years
go."
ground. All these men perished. An article in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle
said. "Not one can sav that they attempted to get into the lifeboats or
thought of themselves lor a single instant."
56
power and
I'm Titanic
end.
Desperate Effort
With the aid of male volunteers, crewpeople into the boats. It was
necessary to step in carefully lest one topple the boat while it was suspended in
midair. According to the etiquette and common practice of that era, the women and
children were saved first. To the men he
saw standing on the boat deck, Thomas
Andrews was heard to say, "Now, men. remember you are Englishmen. Women and
men helped
had never used these lifeboats or this particequipment before. Neither passengers
nor crew were well prepared for catastrophe. No lifeboat drills had been held on the
Titanic, and the passengers had not been
ular
their wives
and
children
31
children
first."
Many
and remained on
of
the deck
T<
hi
Hums'
57
Among the
///
continued
to
band on
the
Titanic
band
survived.
permitted
in
twenty-eight persons
An
was
in
still
who wished
find only
to board.
Drew
in ie Jim said
58
'Good
The Titanic
bye.'"
pro-
vided for sixty-eight lifeboats, which would have held 3,538 people. But
the owners decided these boats would take up too much space and de-
from the
tract
many
to carry nearly as
meet
lifeboats.
needed
when
British
on
full.
The
number
of
life-
boats required
owners,
nies'
who
a passenger liner
To do so would mean giving up space devoted to sports facililounges, and other amenities, and would also make the deck look
lifeboats.
ties,
less inviting.
Policy makers
need
lifeboats for
steamships did not sink during storms or in turbulent waters, as olderstyle vessels sometimes did. And with radios on board, ships could call
for help. If a disaster occurred, lifeboats would be needed only to convey groups of people from the sinking ship to the rescue ship.
if
more
lifeboats
ardesses
ets
lifejack-
to
lower
the-
boats,
coining
down on
top
ol
them.
To
in
rewman
Boms'
5!)
Then
managed
as lifeboats
became
wanted
and four
lifeboats
remaining boats.
sixteen standard,
A
70
fee 1,
the
wooden
if there
the crew
and the
more people
scarcer
DECK_
above
wafer
"b'deck.
from which many
The Agony
of
It'
It was about 1:10 a.m. when the first lifeboat pulled away from the Titanic. The
calm surface of the sea allowed the boats
to land relatively easilv. Even so. Violet Jessop said that her boat hit the water with
"a terrific thud, a bone-cracking thud."
As the water rose up the deck and
reached the bridge, Archibald Grade and
some crew members who had been loading the lifeboats walked toward the stern.
As he recalled.
a few steps
when
women
gers
60
The Tn
\\K
who had
just
come up from
the
?>*..
Ci-.<.n
......
Sut->'
Kerairtv
\_
->f
1
'
X
uv
$z*\
At*** A*Mjh
77ms
is
4^
is*Jt+~
// ^ s?*4y
ytf-^^PT"
<V%/XW-
hundred passengers
onboard.
the
power on the
Lively music
Titanicvfzs lading.
filled
None
millionaires
stood on the boat deck, watching. Another group, made up of Archibald Butt,
Clarence Moore, Francis Millet, and William
down
with a
tot, later
iie.n
load.
lull
"1
recalled,
funnel,
.1
men were
saw
.i
and went
trying
l<>
collapsible boat
it.
IweKe
down
to the
to
<>\ei
boost
it
and
feel,
.i
hand and
\i
hibald
.i
ovei she
(
>i
went"
a< ie
was
me
women
<
Hums'
he
.Hid
(il
He
later de-
boarded
I
was
now working
sinking
lifeboats
bow
the
Two
who were
Catholics.
The
Catholic passen-
water
boat
actually more of
a raft
had
out delay." 60
everv
man
Grade offered
that will
62
TiikTitwk
left.
for himself.""
Chapter
Ct Terrifying Hours
poured over
washed out to
them.
Some
victims were
By about 2:17
Her
blinked
lights
sea; others
also disappeared.
clearly:
it
suddenly went
and
out.
ing
people were
at the Stern,
in their wax.
Irowds
<>l
lie
esui
and some
of
the
in u.
last
moment,
using Archibald
Gnu
ie's
la\
to
swim
i<
the
up
<
Tl RRIFYINC
II.
63
As
the front
compartments
stem
Titanic
Some
saw
the
at just before
under
2:30 A.M. on
Lawrence Beeslev's
"Motionless"
when
He
Just before
final
seemed
Titanic
with
its
its
plunge
at
Some people
next.
lence
what happened
claimed the ship
shoulders.
it
called
it
We
their
.
like this:
to fall in masses,
hundred and
till
it
fifty
feet of
who could
it
She
The Titanic
motionless!
.As
reached a
sixty-five
For
04
as
si-
fifteen
it.
were motionless
and buried
seemed
said
in the lifeboat
we watched
one or
said that
all
moment,
lifeboat was
"When
later said.
the call
covered
heard someone
my
came that
and then
face
"
broken.
In Collapsible Boat C. Bruce Ismav also
looked away
call,
She's
Mahala Douglas said, "I heard no exI watched the boat go down, and
the last picture to my mind is the immense
mass of black against the star-lit sky, and
plosion.
then
nothingness."'
Another
as the wa-
17
survivor,
^Cries of Death'
Archibald Gracie,
entirely disappeared
surface of the
of any wave.
lowed her up
longings was
The
left
Numerous
a\\<\
peared.
heard
thin veil of
at that time:
It has always seemed to me that it was nothing but the engine's and
machinery coming loose from their place and bearings and falling
through the compartments, smashing everything in then way. It was
partly a roar, partly a groan, partly a rattle and parti) a smash, and
went oil sik eswas not a sudden roar as an explosion would be;
it
it
sively for
some seconds,
chinery dropped
oi
the ship.
But it was a noise no one had heard before and no one wishes to
hear again. It was stupefying, stupendous, as it came to ns along the
water. It was as if all the heav) things one could think oi had been
thrown downstairs from the top <>f a house, smashing e.u h othei
and the stairs and everything in the way.
Tl
I,
KM JIM.
II
<>">
who remained
survived.
down.
However, few boats did come back. In Boat
Eight, Seaman Thomas Jones suggested
that they return for more, but the three
men rowing that boat refused, claiming
that their boat would be overturned as people scrambled to climb in. Gladys Cherry,
an English passenger who agreed with Seaman Jones, later claimed that he told them,
"Ladies, if any of us are saved, remember
I wanted to go back. I would rather drown
with them than leave them." Molly Brown
met the same resistance when she urged
her fellow survivors in Boat Six to row back
that returned after the ship went
71
to the scene.
-was
//?
assistance there
to ask for
to
cries
cries
suffering, the
the wails
lit-
last
And
then
with
to
it
men
clung
to this
66
TheTitaxk
it.
all
of
this,
there
fell
on the ear
human
the
cries of
in the
of the
The
lives
of all of
us.
the
men
White
in
later
complained
that
but seamen, with the exception of oneman. The women all rowed, ever)
ever)
thing about
failure, right
it.
Fifth Officer
bad;
until sunrise
to
Harold Lowe
to the site
took
six
some empty
or seven
at
the
lifeboats
and found
7"
Tense Hours
The
Titanic?, survivors
as they floated
small
wooden
on the
faced
icy
many dangers
North
Atlantic in
Few
J.
lights.
women and
lour
Ti
liiiii
vim.
1<
us
(>7
tiller.
men
ing
in
as that
ice-
The people on
the
two collapsible
We
all
sure.
the
heaw
came
weight
so loaded
it
carried that
it
be-
over their heads as they also prayed during these harrowing hours. Finding themselves to be a mixture of Catholics and
Take Us
Off!
Protestants, the
Prayer" over
the experience.
68
The Titwk
866 were
who came
a
mine under
when
vein of gold.
Molly Brown.
.i
<
visited
l>i
iefl) aftei
the
Titanic disaster.
Many stories, often spurious, sprang up about the viva< khis \1>II\
and her husband. J. J. Brown was a mine superintendent, not a wild
and crazy prospector as some s.iid. he real-life Moll) Brown w.is an
I
intelligent
woman who
in
legend.
ft
i.
mi vim; Mmi
i,-.
<i>
Spirited
Commander
tea. coffee,
to avoid all
confusion."
Rostron had to avoid the treacherous ice floes throughat full speed. He posted extra lookouts with
superior eyesight throughout the ship. Thev spotted six icebergs. Interestingly, these bergs were first seen from the bridge, not the crow's nest
in the bow where the regular lookouts were.
Above
all.
The
Carpathia arrived
on the
site in
of the iceberg that stood above sea level was onlv about one-ninth the
si/e oi
its
meaning
The Titwk
been calm
all
night, but
now
it
was becom-
ing increasingly choppy. Ruth Becker recalled that "our tiny boat
like a cork."
bounced around
7"
The
Carpathia.
Having finished
vivors, Officer
his
to get
people safely aboard the Carpathia. Spotting Collapsible Boat D lying low in the water, he decided to tow them to the rescue
ship. Collapsible Boat A was also in bad
shape, with more than a foot of water inside, and it could not move. Boat A had
originally held about thirty people, but
only one woman and a dozen men remained. Lowe sailed over and took them
on board. A woman who survived aboard
Boat Fourteen later said that "Mr. Lowe's
manly bearing gave us all confidence. As I
look back now he seems to me to personify
now
B feared
the
men
could climb
in.
rail
larpathia
"s
the Congressional
Medal
of
Honor
of the
ill
fated Titanic.
were
sale, Lightoller
As each
li
was then
rescue ship,
ers
its
cold,
were pulled up
in nets 01 slings.
<>i
hose
both
The men
was awarded
so
half
lull,
so
all
siav together.
i.i.n
vinc;
1'
remain
in their cabins.
women
disheveled
When one
noticed
but
white.
his hair
ocean.
First Class
seemed most
in
mitories.
Its
own rooms
who
now
Widener,
the
ice.
group
in a brief
memorial
site.
still
alive.
Sad Journey
With
flag
its
flying
at
the
half-mast,
know-
site,
California)!,
was
on
cargo ship
trav-
its
way.
It
was
a 6, 223-ton
Communicating bv
left
with
its
it
would
after the
passengers to
New
abandoned
debrisdeck chairs,
and
floating
72
futile
bunk, staring straight ahead, shaking all over like a leaf. ... I am almost
certain that on the Titanic his hair had
for America.
his
Till
TlTANK
its
radio
When
New York
Bruce Ismay." 83
One
porters
lifeboats.
site
and found
and dead
li
i.
is
The Carpathia
ui
bodies.
vinc;
1'
Chapte
on a
had
As the
the Titanic
Titanic
White Star office to verify ruthe ship had sunk and people had
ried to the
mors that
been evacuated
tell
line,
declared,
front-page head-
but the
vice president
Its
line's
publishing a report.
lines
in lifeboats,
officials
We
believe that
Beneath the headlines was a photograph of the ship and another of Captain Edward Smith. In the story, which
took up the first twelve pages of the newspaper, the Times published a partial list
missixg."
of survivors.
Confusing Reports
During the
trip to
New York,
the Carpathia
Newspaper headlines
rumors
circulated.
Some
74
ThfTI!
VNIC
S1
life.
"All the
News That's
Slyje $e*tr
Fit to Print."
Jktk
Sim^
TITANIC SINKS
866
Col. Astor
Isidor
and Bride,
rule
v* %^
uFsrJnouoKrTj
the
to
Bottom
2:20 A
at
Put Ovor
Otllcelof
NewiotHIa Father
A.^J^KLM
"SSSSrl
he0 OF THE LINE ABOaKD
SEl
"g
Pp ^
..*-
^e^H
SEAP.CH
FM
OIMEPS
\iii
n'-
[a-U,
'
~.
The Lost
Titani c
-V-
The
headline announcing
tfu
itanif
disaster.
low
ui
in
Iiiin
75
The Musicians'
Plight
musicians aboard the Titanic went down with the ship. The
two pianists had remained with their colleagues even after their instruments were washed away. As the ship neared its end. Wallace Hartley
told the men to save themselves if thev wished, but all eight remained
All eight
and continued plaving. After the disaster, thev were widelv praised. People from around the world sent s\mpathetic messages to their families.
In The Night Goes On. Walter Lord describes the problems these men
and their families endured. Early in 1912. C. W. and F. X. Black had gained
the exclusive right to provide all the musicians who worked on passenger
ships. They told die steamship companies that their agencv would charge
less than what the companies had been paving directly to die musicians
the union rate of 6, 10 shillings a month and a uniform allowance. After
all die lines had signed contracts with die Blacks, the shipboard musicians
found themselves forced to work for the agencv and their pav dropped to
4 a month with no uniform allowance. The steamship company gave
them a token shilling even month so that thev would still be considered
crew and have to heed the captain's orders like anv other crew members.
The musicians" union had tried in vain to improve this situation. In
March 1912. the musicians working on the Ofympu approached Bruce
Ismav for help. Instead. Ismav told them that if their union did not want
them to travel as crew members, thev could be listed as passengers. Second Class. This then created new problems for the musicians, who were
treated as passengers when the ship docked in New York and had to ap-
officials.
Alter the ship sank, the bereaved families thought thev were enti-
ded
to
company
btit
denied any liability to compensate the families, as did the agency's insurance company In vain, the musicians' union urged the White Star Line to accept
a moral duty to pav the families. But the British courts upheld the decisions of the company and the Black agency
Help for the musicians came in 1913 from the Titanic Relief Fund.
People from all over the world had been donating money to help needv
survivors and the families of people who died on the ship, and this fund
was set up to manage those gifts. It was ultimately decided to give the
musicians' families the same benefits as those of the crew members.
the
76
The Titanic
also
to his
streets
ple.
interest in an 1898
Morgan Robertson.
Arrival in
New York
faint
In cities
all
H(>
States, flags
were lowered
numerous
social events
to half-mast,
and
were cancelled.
People began to wonder whether the ship
had been doomed from the start. They
recalled the near collision between the
more than
thirty thou-
had
to
in peace.
An
made
exception was
for the
the docks in
sir the
lined
up near
Manhattan
Carpathia
man
Many people
ol April
to
deliver
the survivors.
iii >w
mi
A Hoodoo Area"
Ships crossing the North Atlantic avoided
the area where the Titanic had sunk. Cap-
area. Best to
8
some
visible
Still
site.
liner told
what she
saw:
striped pole,
waters.
Crowds gather to read bulletins of the sinking of the
Titanic posted on the comer of the Sun Building in
New
York
A woman
City.
names
and pointing
disem-
flash
cameras
as they
A week
passed before an
official list
appeared
in
of
Then
and
stores.
New
78
The Titanic
dressed
group,
all
byjust bevond
a
dozen men
all
A Grim Task
After the Titanic sank. White Star officials
burial
on
land.
child's
Dear Sir. I have been informed by Mr F Blake Superintendent Engineer of the White Star Line Trafalgar Chambers on the 10th thai
the Body of my Beloved Son Herbert Jupe which was Electrical Engineer No. 3 on the Ill-Fatted Titanic has been recovered and Hurried at Sea by the Cable Steamer "Mackey-Bennetf and thai his
Silver Watch and Handkerchief marked H.J. is in your Possesion.
He bought him half a dox of the same when he was al Belfast with
the R.M.S. Olympic to have a new blade put to one of hei Perpellors we are extremely oblidged for all your Kindness to m\ Precious
Boy. He was not married and was the Love of our Hearts and he
loved his Home But Cod gave and God has taken lim Blessed be
the Name of the Lord. He has Left an Aceing Void in our Home
which cannot be filled.
I
Please
J.
His Father
is
is
HowCoui.dI
hi--
Haitkn
Among them
and a gold
The watch was given to
twenty-year-old Vincent Astor, his son and
primary heir, who treasured it all his life.
hundred
five
watch,
dollars in cash
ticking.
still
home and
turned
quest.
It
them
had been set up as a temporary mortuary, where a coroner issued
death certificates. Friends, relatives, and
representatives arrived to identify and claim
and Otherwise"
English
"To the
mere
last
of commercial
and
Rei'ieic.
in the irresponsible
in a building that
will
stand for a
human
presumption." 91
the bodies.
The
on May
technicians
paragraphs of the
Continuing Interest
The
velopment
new de-
and maga-
tions and
meanings
lies.
some
attack-
sailor Joseph
cle called
SO
The Titanic
Senator William Alden Smith of Michigan chaired the subcommittee, which heard
testimony from surviving passengers and
crew members and people with specialized
knowledge. Rev witnesses included Bruce
Ismav. director of the White Star Line, Captain Arthur Rostron of the Carpathia, and
members of
Second Officer
Lowe, lookout Fred Fleet, and wireless operator Harold Bride. Survivors from the
members
First,
testified
3,547 people.
Why
to
row
it.
mained on deck.
Further testimony revealed weaknt
in the ship's design
ss
pumps were
down
after
warnings?
set
wondered
ship, so
nobody
if its design
and
stiij)
sank,
many
1/
made
all
some people criticized him for seeming to try to blame the dead captain. By
night,
time,
their
low (mi
I.
This
II
uti n?
A Long-Standing Debate
Both the American and the British inquest heard a great deal of testimony about the location and activities of the Californian. Had this ship
been closer to the Titanic than the Carpathian Did it see the signal rockets but ignore them?
After the Californian arrived in Boston harbor on April 19, Captain
Stanley Lord explained why his ship had not heard the distress messages sent by wireless the preceding night. He also said that the Californian had had to dodge numerous icebergs on its way to the site of
the disaster. Even in daylight, it had taken three full hours for the ship
to make its way through the ice field.
For more than a week, little was written about the Californian and
her whereabouts the night of the sinking. Then curious reporters
probed more deeply and found out that Captain Lord had been sleeping after a long day at work and had not been on deck when the
Titanic 's rockets were fired, which some crew members on the Californian said they had seen. People also wondered why the ship's scrap log
(a rough record in which the officer on duty describes the weather,
speed, course of the ship, and any sightings or unusual events) had vanished. The ship's regular log did not mention any distress rockets from
the Titanic.
The
U.S. Senate
Committee concluded
saw the rockets, and "failed to respond to them in accordance with the dictates of humanity, international usage, and the requirements of law." The British inquest reached
than nineteen miles from the
Titanic,
"When
she
first
Cali-
showed
82
The Titanic
new evidence
had
also
been
in
People speculated that the crew memhad not received the proper training
to operate this enormous ship. It was suggested that the captain and crew did not
really know how long it would take the
bers
The
eight hours.
weeks of trials.
public was amazed to hear that
there had never been any lifeboat drills, and
several
The
came out
It
also
were
dren
and saved
lost
57 survived; 4
survived;
Second
lost
and 6
survived. In
lost
Class,
and 75
survived; 89
76 survived; 52 children were lost and 27
survived. Of the crew members, 670 nun
were lost and 192 survived; 3 women crew
members were lost and 20 survived.
Clearly, a higher percentage of Third
Class passengers died. Had these people
been treated fairly, or had they been ignored or even barred from reaching the
class.
nautical affairs.
Telegraph
One
(London)
America has
effectively illustrated
mind
to grasp
It is
method of
satisfactory
Kiss
chil-
in lifeboats without
The
women up from
tified that
said that
ond
bin
women and
24 sur-
387
British Investigation
all
Third
The
lost and
and 140
154
no children were
vived. In
were
118
Class,
survived; 13
vived;
men
women were
many
the steerage
of the Third
lass
women
and some
wear lifejackets
Man)
even refused to
at
which steamships
trav-
Onl)
two
survivors
How
testified
Sii
Col id This
before
Cosmo and
m
S.'l
These children
on
//jf
-were
Titanic when
it
sank.
The
and
his
Critical Reports
The committee
also
concluded
that the
produced
of
testi-
84
The Titanic
and Second
num-
Class passen-
danger
as
soon
as the others.
The
inquest
recommended
that
wireless operators to
disaster,
con-
No
tion.
lives
have been
lost
because of ice-
sunk
Hans
New Laws
to
Protect Passengers
after strik-
gers
One
in that accident.
and resourcefulness,
has not been able to control, regulate, or
The U.S. Navy once tonentirely avoid.
in all his ingenuity
to
hundred
contributed to
its
operation.
The International Ice Patrol was eventually moved to Groton, Connec ticut, after
it ultimately came under the direi lion of
Titanic hit
standing
in size,
was small
to
fifty
one
safe speeds,
related matters.
medium
Smith
bill,
more than
rying
passengers
litt\
i<
carry a
at least one
rooms must be
hours a day, and
hundred
miles. Wireless
have
a\\(\
All
nations are
mm
expei ted to
make
board
and that lifeboat drills are carried out Each
passengei oi Mew membei must have a
specific seat in a lifeboat, win* li must have
sine
ih.it
room
(
foi
every person
lews must
he
li
li
i\\
<>n
oi
in
Tills
Mil
s:>
keels (bottoms),
new
regulations
came
in,
the
The
was
theatrical
producer Henry
B. Harris,
who
Legal Battles
it
would be
undignified.
Numerous
had
rare edition of
more than
Other passengers
and fine jewelry.
The
lotte
Cardeza of Philadelphia
S6
ThfTitank
and
filed,
both
in
its
705 survivors.
Chapter
Unending Fascination
The
emerged
Changed Lives
ful journey,
at sea.
This
is
to the
the
monument
people
lost
had
One
local
newspaper
erected
on the
Titanic in Southampton,
England.
Many
of the ship's
\l
name
their
own
lost
Dmn.
survivors. She
and though
her brother
and mother
also survived,
Dean
new
ship leaving
to
the Titanic':"
had
When
lost a total
Seven memorials were built in Southampton to honor the engineers and other seamen who had died on the Titanic.
A memorial was also built in New York,
and Ida
for Isidor
Strauses had
ment
made
Straus.
Although the
lavishly
Mrs.
it
go on
New
years.
and other
at sea.'""
was dedicated
on
the Strauses'
Straus's
to
88
keep
hu
it
maid
coat, their
as a gift.
Tin: Titanic
tapestry in 1913.
She
later
became
money
the
New
produced new
in a dar-
Dunkirk
beach
at
against
German
on
In 1940,
a French
after losing a
battle
and
plays
who
when
When
in
stroke in 1937.
The White
the
Two
years later,
ing W^orld
and
later
legs
were
titles, in-
The
and 1916.
officers
who
command
He
a destroyer
World War
I.
on the Celtic in
the early 1920s. However, he continued to
love sailing his own yacht and was among
retired as chief officer
sank.
its
eventually
tence.
German ocean
and more
Mary,
eclipsed
its
lux-
Queen
own and
it
Cunard
Line.
i\
io\
S9
more
attention to
the
If
Mary
if
only
last
bridge ...
Renewed
Interest
enough
re-
Night
to
continued
Remember.
to interest
Debbie Reynolds.
Three years later
in 1963,
Historical
Society.
The
sinking
itself
presented unanswered
Had
ken up before
it
sank?
The
it
bro-
evewitnesses'
accounts differed. Sixteen of twenty people who described the sinking believed the
people with
formed the
solved for
Titanic
new
lifeboat afterward.
if
tight
lifeboats ...
The
ship
exactlv
more than
seventv vears.
society,
Deep-Sea Exploration
Graham
says
that
the
story
combines
on her maiden
many
90
TheTitwk
"if onlys":
wondered
and
cables.
A Megahit Movie
many books, poems,
about the sinking, was made into
a movie in 1930. A German film about the Titanic, made during World
War II, featured a fictional German officer who was made into the
"hero" of the disaster. In Twentieth Century Fox's 1953 film Titanic, several well-known actors portrayed fictional characters. Three years later,
large audiences tuned in for a television production based on Walter
Lord's 1955 book, A Night to Remember. By popular demand, this program was broadcast twice in a five-week period. Lord's book was then
made into a movie, released in 1958. The year 1979 brought a television movie, S.O.S. Titanic. In 1980 the subject reappeared in movie theaters when Raise the Titanic, based on a Clive Cussler novel of the same
name, was released.
The 1997 feature film Titanicwas the most expensive of the movies
made about this maritime disaster. This fact-based film portrayed main
of the real-life passengers. Several of the main characters were invented.
however, and the main story line involved a fictional romance between
Jack (an artist traveling in steerage, played by Leonardo di Caprio) and
Rose (a socialite in First Class, played by Kate Winslet). With its spectacular special effects and popular musical score, Titanic became lieThe dramatic
songs, plays,
and
all
mark
in
L998.
film received eleven Academy Awards, tying the all-time record set
by the 1959 film Ben Hur. Throughout the world, people have been
moved by the story and have seen the film in record numbers.
The
in the idea
of finding
dous value
that
would
the Titanic.
Those who
wanted to explore for the Titanic were
motivated more by historic and scientific
goals, as well as a desire simply to accomplish this amazing feat. The- ship's cargo
list did not mention any items of tremenscientific or historical reasons.
likely
remain
inta<
made
ever sleadiei
and
new
kinds
ol
instruments.
Id
he\
learned more and more about the thousands of plants and animals that inhabited
I'm NDING F\s< i\\im\
S)\
U.S. Navy,
their meetings.
new
hull
made
of a titanium
allov.
so that
it
underwater pressure, allowing it to plunge to depths of thirteen thousand feet. This reinforcement process was called Project Titanus. As
Ballard described
it:
could dive
me
alone.
knew
Now
that
thoughts of
had
to find
thai ship.
coast ot Ecuador,
nally
92
Tin
came
Tirwu
true in L98
tist
However, chemists
might take years to produce so
much hydrogen. In the end Woolley, like
Pierce, was unable to assemble the investors or equipment he needed to try out
his scheme.
Others continued to dream of finding
the Titanic. Several groups made plans for
such an expedition during the 1970s but
faced a shortage of funding and other obelectrolysis of seawater.
said
it
stacles,
vage
equipment.
made
specific plans to
it
One
sal-
it
would be quite
difficult in the
rough
Several parties
underwater.
with a
He came up
.<
University he also
f.
tiled in Jul)
1983.
gas
That's Itr
Woods
In 1985, the
would
Oceanography
rise after
to try
One
named Dou-
,i
Iole
Mass.u luiseiis|
is
scien-
opei
l>\
the
Navy,
li
Institution, whi< h
he expedition possible
been estimated
al
["he COSl
$6 tO $1
I'm \di\(.
has sun
5 million.
I'\s< is
93
set
out
On
board was
Dr. Robert D. Ballard, leader of the American group that would later operate the
first, in
The
forty-two-
year-old Ballard, a
geophysicist, was
studied
many
According
one
time.
12 years." 102
and nature."""
In August,
ARGO, was
used
more
Jean
That
The remote-controlled submersible,
was turning
Titanic
vessel carried
its
in the
car.
a video system
di-
and
Xo
mud and
the miles of
moved
among
September
1,
ent passed
by.
room glimpsed
of
human
they saw a
as
The group
in the
Then, around
huge object that thev
origin.
one of the
control
Titanic's boilers.
ple
when
94
Till
TlTAN'K
it
the wreck
ing
were able
to
photograph
area, tak-
set
of breakfast dishes
lies
among the
it
wreckage of the
ocean
floor.
color film.
After the Knorr returned, Ballard spoke
at a press
The
on a
canyon below.
the ship
sits
up-
May it
way and may God
oceanographers returned
to the
It
bottom
in
took about
two and a half hours for it to reach the sitewhere the Titaniclay, in dark, freezing-cold
water. Along the way, they encountered
sharks and many hazards. The crew moved
cautiously, paying close attention to their
Once
tists
site,
the scien-
105
mote
control.
At
first,
//was used
to
photograph the
In July
1986,
fifty-six
researchers from
Grand Ballroom,
the
photographed
Grand
Staircase.
No wood remained.
UNI \DI\(.
I'\S( i\ \i
io\
95
Graveyard or Salvage
Il
vkfl
,
'"
^K
K^i
77/r
6ow
o/'/Ar
to the
Many feel
a hallowed
the ship
is
shoe;
""
Memorial so that
move
her.
and should
moment
in
Titanic,
time."
t.
Ballard's
'
Site?
it
an International
would be
illegal to reits
contents
up durhad
and coins, were displayed in Paris in September 1987 and have since been shown
around the world. Critics have said that it
is immoral to remove and display objects
from the Titanic, especially for profit.
piracy."
Scientists
Some
ing this
visit. It
seemed
"7
She
also
The metal
96
The Titanic
had
is
a gravesite that
all
time.
Decisive Event
Some
The
touch the
great stage
would be a
"it
times that
loomed ahead.
""
11
it
i\
\iio\
'
Notes
Introduction:
''"Ship
of Dreams"
1.
From Lawrence
17.
the Titanic.
Archie Butt.
Garden
1989, p. 57.
Maiden
Abbot, The
F.
City,
Letters of
Quoted
Marcus, The
in
Voyage, p. 73.
2.
New York:
Michael Davie,
3.
of a Legend.
New York:
Chapter
1:
Quoted
in
4.
Titanic:
Knopf, 1987,
18.
Quoted
19.
Quoted
in
Chapter
Twenty-Five Thousand
Tons of Steel
Tom
20.
The
ings:
John
P.
7.
the Reality.
Quoted
Voyage.
New York:
in
Norton, 1987,
9.
Quoted
in
Quoted
Quoted
22.
Quoted
24.
in
in
15.
in
2: All
Don
Aboard!
Lynch, Titanic:
Illus-
p.
the
1.
Quoted
Quoted
in
4:
Warning!
Dobbs
p. 33.
p. 10.
published in
Titanic:
Survivor's Story,
27.
Quoted
28.
Grade, Titanic
29
Quoted
in
in
Davie, Titanic,
p. 3.
p. 31.
p. 3.
Beach, p. 17.
p. 97.
vivor, p. 117.
oj
26.
An
Quoted
30.
Sw
ings,
vivor, p. 117.
16.
Loss
14.
in
The
25.
House, 1997,
Dodge,
Chapter
Chapter
trated History.
>\2 Senate
The
Quoted
Reach, p. 63.
Reach, p. 54.
12.
Mar
to
p. 14.
Reach, p. 54.
11.
7C's
Reach, p. 53.
23.
p. 80.
Reach, p. 51.
10.
New
Washington
21.
8.
"Nothing
3:
"Titanic." Riverside,
p. 59.
New York:
p. 486.
and
Titanic lino:
Investigation.
Quoted
Reach, p. 15.
Quoted
Bullock,
Our Pleasure"
6.
F.
p. 161.
5.
Shan
Thomas Andrews,
|)|>.
Quoted
31.
Sw
la
32.
in
it
Hun
186-87.
in
"Report
<>u
a." p. 29.
Quoted
in
Titanic,
Noti
<)<)
33.
vivor, p. 124.
Quoted
34.
Marcus,
in
p. 127.
Quoted
35.
New York:
ings, p.
in
p. 69.
Grade,
'Titanic,
57.
Quoted
60.
Quoted
61.
Quoted
in
Lynch,
39.
Quoted
in
Titanic, p. 92.
ings, p. 85.
40.
Quoted
in
Lynch,
41.
Quoted
in
Titanic, p. 21.
42.
Quoted
in
Titanic, p. 21.
43.
Quoted
44.
Quoted
in
Quoted
in
Quoted
ings, p.
63.
Quoted
64.
Quoted
65.
Quoted
in
Titanic, p. 108.
New York:
Lynch,
Masters.
Hewn
Stories.
66.
Quoted
67.
Quoted
488.
ings, p.
68.
Quoted
5< \-5
71.
Titanic, p. 96.
Quoted
in
72.
Quoted
in
73.
Quoted
74.
Quoted
in Kuntz,
ings,
in Jessop with
p. 153.
'Titanic p. 33.
pp. 42S-29.
75.
Gracie, 'Titanic
76.
Quoted
77.
Quoted
Maxtone-Graham.
Anthony
491.
Quoted
48.
Hours
Quoted
4S2.
Quoted
6: Terrifying
62.
Reach, p. 21.
47.
in
38.
46.
Quoted
Chapter
45.
L">.
410.
ings, p.
p. 130.
ings, p.
59.
77.
Quoted
37.
Quoted
36.
in
pp. 47-48.
56.
Jessop
with
Maxtone-Graham,
p. 95.
in
Marcus,
in
Titanic, p. 36.
Titanic
p. 169.
Survivor, p. 126.
50.
Jessop
with
Maxtone-Graham.
78.
Quoted
79.
Quoted
in
Titanic
Survivor, p. 129.
Quoted
51.
in
in
Quoted
53.
Quoted
New York:
in
The Astors.
p. 143.
54.
Ships.
pp. 233-34.
55.
Jessop
with
Maxtone-Graham,
Survivor, p. 132.
100
Tin:
Titwk
.4
Titanic
Night
to
.4.
Night
to
Remem-
1953. p. 117.
Remember,
p.
7.
81.
Quoted
82.
Quoted
in
83.
Quoted
in
Titanic, p. 27.
Virginia Cowles,
Knopf. 1979.
Walter Lord.
80. Lord.
Reach, p. 23.
52.
ber.
Lord.
Sight
to
Remember, p.
18.
19(^97.
Chapter
7:
84.
Quoted
S3.
Quoted
p. 130.
How
in
in
Lord.
.4
Night
to
p. 28.
Remember,
86.
Quoted
in
87.
Quoted
in
Cowles, The
p. 13.
Astors, p. 144.
88.
Quoted
in
Titanic, p. 98.
89.
Quoted
in
Titanic, p. 99.
90.
Quoted
14-15, 1912. p.
91.
Quoted
2.
in Jessop with
Maxtone-Graham,
92.
Quoted
in
Marcus,
The Maiden
Voyage,
p. 205.
98.
Quoted
p. 16.
p. 10.
102.
p. 238.
103.
104.
Quoted
105.
Quoted
106.
Lynch,
Titanic, p. 118.
Titanic."
95.
Quoted
96.
Quoted
Chapter
97.
Quoted
Unending Fascination
May
19JS7.
Quoted
108.
Quoted
in
Lynch,
109.
Quoted
in
Richard
107.
in J. D.
p. 462.
p. 60.
8:
In
Titanic Sur-
100.
Quoted
71-72.
Maxtone-Graham.
101.
94.
vivor, p. 11.
93.
in
in
19,
Perry,
1997,
Summers.
New York:
Titanic, p. 208.
(>. P.
)'(
lonnor, The
('olden
1.
pp. 208-209.
110.
Quoted
Noti
101
am
its
other working
day.
feet
her widest
Titanic
part
(the
middle),
the
tons of baggage.
15
feet
was comparable to
for power.
The
Three million
The
ship together.
The Titanic
were used
first
1-ston building.
rivets
tons.
102
The
an
boilers
feet high.
to back.
At
The
to
hold the
coast of
Newfoundland.
78 miles long.
downed
Books
Robert D. Ballard, Exploring the Titanic.
New York: Madison, 1989. Absorbing
firsthand account of the 1985 and
1986 expeditions that succeeded in
locating, then exploring, the remains
of the Titanic.
Numerous
illustrations,
sinking, rescue,
remains
the
its
"Titanic legacy."
ocean
in
1980s,
floor.
Robert A. Rosenbaum,
Tom
ings:
and the
colorful foldout
The
Senate Investigation.
New
six
1912
York: Pocket
hundred pages
who
testified
True Ship
ed.,
Book
Best
New York:
Stories.
of
Doubleday,
and the
Californian;
and
Frank Sloan,
sinking
includes
Night
to
some
Remember.
New York:
and the
and
rescue;
others.
Clear,
the voyage
<>l
the Titanic
of
York: Franklin
young people.
interesting coverage
ei\ .ind
Walter Lord,
New
'Titanic
exploration
<>l
in
Titanic
14-15,
The
()//icnil
\eu
1912.
Story,
York:
April
Random
final
it
resean
h.
House, L997.
productions
ol
telegram
foi
i
I
help,
i,i
in
i;
and more.
III
\DI\(.
0.1
Articles
tion
Robert
1).
104
The Titanic
site in
the
that en-
manned
submersible Atvin.
We Found
Titanic,"
December
1985.
Works Consulted
Robert D. Ballard,
Titanic.
New York:
explore the
site
and
Houghton
The Loss of
and
Its Lessons.
Mifflin, 1912.
the
the Titanic
John
P.
S.S.
Evenhanded,
the wreckage.
swim
F.
Bullock,
Thomas
Riverside, CT: 7
Titanic Hero:
Andrews, Shipbuilder.
The
passen-
managed to
going down with
&
to safety .liter
the ship;
life
talented, courageous
he helped
the
lifeboats.
Shan
New
Reality.
Titanic:
and
Boston:
who was
in the mid-1980s.
and diagrams.
Lawrence Beesley,
and
math, inquests,
vivors,
Wolff
Reach:
York: Beaufort,
to create.
Virginia
wealthy, influential
American family
wreckage
ol
and
its
tragic
the-
ship's
histor)
maiden voyage.
their
family
port,
Rhode
Max tone-Graham,
Dobbs
Ferry,
Island.
Michael Davie,
and
Life
the-
after-
Charles
Ships.
oi a
sin
II.
\\< iliks
lONSl
l>
Of
officer,
and 1914.
It
includes a seaman's
between 1890
outlook on steamship travel and methods of navigation before and after the
fornian.
the Cali-
Dav, 1965.
An
Titanic disaster.
An
New
extensive ac-
count of the Titanic's only voyage, beginning with the morning of April 12,
1912. Contains many quotations and
analyses and coverage of both the U.S.
and
The author brings out facts and littleknown evidence that would show that
British inquests.
guilts
of miscon-
J.
D.
Sea," People,
May
Anthony Masters,
New
A collection
of
who
An
sur-
is
an
book about
Joseph
J.
Thorndike
History of Wealth.
S. Miller, Sail,
Steam,
book
Byron
Jr.,
New
and Splendour.
Books, 1977.
fasci-
and
other wealthy
First Class
passengers on
the Titanic.
Jack Winocour,
Richard O'Connor, The Golden Summers.
New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974.
A look at the lifestyles and private
lives of the wealthy and socially prominent people who made up Newport
106
The Titanic
as Told by
Its
ed.,
The Story
Survivors.
of the Titanic
New York:
Dover,
Harold Bride.
Index
Academy Awards,
91
94-96
Aks, Leah, 58
29-30, 88
45
Baltic (ship)
Americans
barbershops, 37-38
Carlisle,
Barker, Reginald, 44
Carlson, Frank, 33
Carter, Ernest
and
22
industrial revolution,
12-13
14, 44,
80-83
77-78
Alexander Graham, 41
Bell, Joseph, 43
Bell,
Andrews, Thomas
Bowen, Martin, 95
Boxhall, Joseph Grove,
45,51,52,54
28, 45,
Night
to
59
Remember (Lord)
Argo (submersible), 94
I,
29
80,88
American,
29,30,31-32
as survivor, 71
85,
72,78
Bride, Harold
S.
Ocean, 10-13
North Atlantic
see also
Ocean
Atlantic (play), 91
look, Selena, 18
Cottam,
Cunard
(
Clive,91
ussier,
Britain
Daily Telegraph
83-84
oceanographers from, 93
British
72-7!')
81
Edward, 34
Daly,
Eugene, 86
Daniel. Robert, 89
Davie. Michael,
family,
12, 17
88
s
deep-sea exploration
(JJ0.69
Brown, Molly (Margaret),
31,58
as survivor, 66, 69,
(London). 83
Daly,
Dean
Astor, Vincent, 80
96
Conrad, Joseph, 80
University, 93
as wireless operator, 4
as wealthy
Columbia
77,78
Atlantic
Collins. John, 63
26,
As tor, George, 29
22
61,62
Astor, Ava, 28
Cherry, Gladys, 66
Clarke, J. Fred. 79
90,91
86
Chappe, Claude, 41
Cherbourg. France 30-31
class status,
anchors, 14
57
Lilian.
Chalmers, Alfred. 59
agency, 76
and
Carter, William,
64,65
22,29
see also immigrants
Alexander, 16
30, 72
55,
66-67, 71
investigate disaster,
74,
o(
di
90
Buss, Kate, 50
Butt, Archibald, 30,61, 78
eanogi aphei
api
i".
eonardo, 91
distress signals, 52
82, 95
Dodge, Washington
Km
10'
Henry
Harris.
Harris. Rene.
56, 65
Drew. Marshall, 58
Cosmo and
Duff-Gordon,
Lucile, 31,
83-84
B.. 29. 86
29.86.88-89
as stewardess.
Hart, John. 83
as survivor, 60, 89
Jones. Thomas, 66
Jnpe, Herbert, 79
Hertz, Heinrich, 41
Hoffman, Herr, 39
How Women May Earn
immigrants,
Hnme,John
La
Law, 79
13,15
impede rescue
82
70,
80
Madeleine
lifeboats.
warnings
crew's nnfamiliaritv
drills
11,
12-13,
as survivors,
on
Gattie, Luigi, 37
Gilded Age,
Ismav.
88
J.
death
Grimm, Jack, 93
Guggenheim, Benjamin,
as survivor, 63,
S
31,
56. 78
as
37, 39
manager of White
Star
Ismav.
Nova Scotia, 79
Harland& Wolff Shipyards,
14, 16,61,95
Thomas,
TiikTitank
26,
71.80
[alifax,
108
90-91.94
86
gymnasiums,
71.80.89
89
5455
Bruce, 45
of,
60,81
after collision, 52
68
84
lifejackets.
Ireland, 10, 14
sc
Marine (IMM), 15
Augusta, 33
laws for. 85
filled to capacity, 61.
67.
International Mercantile
of.
remained onboard, 59
46, 85
10, 12
new
not
Finest, 53
50. 60-62,
31-33, 34
Titanic, 22,
U.S.,
Giglio, Victor, 56
84
57-60
68
Immigration Commission,
gamblers, 31
conducted. 43-44.
57. 83.
loading/lowering
15,29
Futrelle, Jacques, 31
with. 57
immigrants, 10,
94, 96
71.72.73
102
57-62
Ice
Patrol, 85
size of, 46, 85,
Franklin, Philip, 74
Gill,
Observatory, 93
Lee, Reginald. 47
efforts,
and International
Fleet, Frederick, 47, 48,
Edward A., 30
Kent.
kitchens. 38
Living (Candee), 29
10, 11.
12-13, 15
12,
28
Harvard University 88
England. See Britain
as
Hart, Eva, 96
English Review, 80
Europeans
Jessop. Violet. 47
Jarrv, Jean. 9
28-29. 88
Mahan. AT..
81
Maritime
ocean
liners. See
steamship
lines
Museum
The.
oceanographers,
(Halifax), 79
90-97
9,
equipment
26-27, 90
of,
96
94
and Annie. 33
Sage. John
SAR equipment.
95-96
find Titanic, 92, 94-95
jr>
86
Ryerson, Emily,
collect artifacts,
Maxtone-Graham, Job n
93
94
Scripps Institute of
Oceanography, 93
Oelrichs, Blanche. 97
seasickness. 35
passenger
shipbuilding industry,
Moody, James, 48
Moore, Clarence, 61
Morgan, J. P. (John
Philadelphia Maritime
Association, 82
Shipbuilder (journal), 9
influenced by wealthy, 13
shipping industry, 10-13
48-49
death
as wireless operator, 4
43, 47,
Adriatic,
76
Society,
Bremen, 89
Project Titanus. 92
Californian,
Newsom, Helen, 89
reading rooms.
New
80
York American,
74
Li bra it,
88
78
International Ice
Patrol, 85
Nye, Elizabeth, 58
York, 77
<
Reynolds. Debbie. 90
Cedric,
32,89
Duke ofArgyll, 20
Celtic,
sons), 31
1.
Robertson, Morgan. 77
rockets, 53-5 1. 82
Europa, 89
Roebling, Washington
Gigantic,
Augustus,
dm ing
Florida,
>"
Rostron, .Arthur
1.,
1.
i\oi
s.
70. 71
72. 73
Rothes,
investigation, so
.">:'>.
IS
New
reaches
13,
Carpathia, 52-5
operators
74,
IS.
investigation of, 82
31
31
SO
15.
83
Caronia,
newspaper reporting,
26, 32
Britannic, 15.
Queenstown, Ireland,
Foundation, 93
t,
93
National Science
Atlantis 77,95
72.
National Geographic
26
Arabic.
William James
laws.
A Iferine. 80
48
Pierce, John, 93
Pirrie,
and immigration
ships
72
of,
15.
16-17,20-21
Museum, 90
John G.
Pierpont), 15, 20
of,
42
22,
Phillips,
61,76
union
list.
onnless. 67-68
5,
Hans HedXofU
Knorr, 94-95
La
*~"
Touraine, VI
Laurentu
/
26
Suroit,
usitania,
09
Mauritania, 15
Megantic, 15
Stead, W.T., 34
Mesaba, 47
steamship
Mackay-Bennett, 78-80
Afrm'o,
80
avoid
14
of disaster, 78
new
17,20.21,
pay,
regulations
safety of,
23
improvements to, 86
Man. 89-90
13,15
Teutonic,
Stevenson, Martha, 64
14
Virginian, 72
Skoog,
10,
13,23
Steffanson, Bjornstrom, 50
12,
Republic, 14
Alma and
William,
stewards/stewardesses,
32-33
Smith. Edward J., 23, 87
averts earlier crash,
cancels lifeboat
and Ida,
28-29,31,56,78
memorial to, 88
Straus, Isidor
26
drill,
43-44
45-46
inspects Titanic, 43
receives iceberg
engines
97
62
54
orders lifeboats, 54
criticism of, 81
as survivor, 72,
89
artifacts of.
97
Thayer, Mrs., 72
Titanic. 9. 12.
P.,
in
13.35
96-97
fatalities
SOS
distress signals,
110
Tin: Titanic
53
from,
9.
32-33.
72,83
families of. 76. 78, 79,
80,86
recovered from ocean,
78-80
Third Class passengers
as,
83
13.20.
33
sendees available
to. 26.
staterooms
36
Cherbourg, France,
30-31
84
smoking rooms.
41- 12
27,31
48,81
25-26,
48-49
operators
of,
27-28,31,33-34
diagram of, 18-19
dining rooms on. 27,
39^41,44
83,
49-51,58
unidentified. 79, 80
Sweeney, Dick, 17
swimming
59
lifeboats,
Smith. Lucien
52, 54-55, 83
Strange, Michael, 97
31,32
as captain, 27,
81
83
departures
Rappahannock, 48
43,
in,
76
for,
Queen
of,
unfamiliar with
86
routes moved south, 85
14,25,26
rivets in. 17
weaknesses
accommodations
and musicians'
29
Carolina,
cost of, 14
crew
on, 59
Normandie, 89-90
Oceanic,
site
lifeboat
Noordam, 44
A'or//?
Majestic, 14
as International
construction
of,
9-10, 14,
Memorial, 96
16-17,20-21
launching
anchors
life
in,
14
17.20
memorial
72,
on, 74
monuments
88
to, 87,
date
Twain, Mark, 10
of, 9,
64
80-85
investigations into,
58,61,76
union of, 76
newspaper of, 35, 43
oceanographic
expeditions to, 90-97
debate concerning,
96-97
prior
speed
sent telegrams, 43
44
learns of sinking, 73
safety record of.
21,24,41
trials for,
83
27, 30, 33
rooms
in,
38
37-38
of, 13, 46, 54,
63-65, 85
Titanic (film), 91
Fund, 88
The Death mid I i\i t>\
Titanic Survivoi
s'
a Legend (Davie), 17
Titans, 9
13,
47-48, 52-5
13,
I.
nings,
repot
Woods
geiK e
1
For,
85
sinking. 72. 7
workload
of, 83,
Deep
loir
I
12.
15-48
new regulations
Woods
90
Titanic:
Winslet, Kate. 91
45-48
signals,
30.
89
send distress
52-54
61
1.
(RAM.
Williams, Dick
wireless operators,
41,43
49
30.
33,
Widencr. George,
receive warnings,
of, 24,
67
83
60-61,83,84
37,44
89
80-81,83-84
in lifeboats, 65-68
about, 90, 91
22
of,
lawsuits against, 86
theatrical productions
seasickness of, 35
H., 54, 63
during investigation,
number
86
83,84
36,
decline
file lawsuits,
58-59
Weikman. August
71-72, 73
60-62
57-58, 83
sinking
New York,
board Carpathia,
Second
Waldorf, William. 29
10,37,62,95
63-72, 80
77-78
28-33
sea
33-34
arrive in
route
of,
Vulcan (tugboat), 26
102
staircase on,
children
90
The,
48
survivors of,
in lifeboats,
weather conditions
54,
Turkish bath, 37
conflicting reports
services for,
95
abot aloi
[ole
Institution
84-85
Siibinri
\.
h eanographii
(M
\. 93,
95
Woolley, Douglas
Woolnei. Hugh,
Wreck
i
oj tin
Robei tson
).
50
"".
Titan,
The
77
Isdi
II
Picture Credits
Cover photo: Popperfoto/Archive Photos
Library of Congress, 16
AP/Wide World
Bert
From Braynard,
cards, a
Dover Publication,
81,84
8c
Photos. 78
Pach/Corbis-Bettmann, 15
Popperfoto/Archive Photos,
12, 42.
30,36.37.51
112
55
Underwood 8c Undenvood/Corbis-Bettmann,
Tm
Among
Titanic
33. 34,
World
History Series
With
its
Lib ra nj Jo u ma I
The
lias
won acclaim
following
is
in
leading review
volumes are
lists
comprehensiveness of these
format includes a large
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ISBN
l-5bDDb-M72-2
90000
"781560"064725