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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
FIRST CYCLE
Page No.
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EXPERIMENT NAME
S. No.
2.
3.
Characteristics of CE Configuration
19
Characteristics of CB Configuration
25
31
35
5.
6.
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4.
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1.
15
SECOND CYCLE
7.
Rectifier (SCR)
45
51
8.
9.
39
55
61
67
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
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Number
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Colour
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The Resistor
7
8
9
This resistor has red (2), violet (7), yellow (4 zeros) and gold bands. So its value is
is usually omitted and the value is
270000 = 270 k . On circuit diagrams the
written 270K.
Small value resistors (less than 10 ohm)
The standard colour code cannot show values of less than 10 . To show these
small values two special colours are used for the third band: gold which means
0.1 and silver which means 0.01. The first and second bands represent the
digits as normal.
For example:
red, violet, gold bands represent 27 0.1 = 2.7
blue, green, silver bands represent 56 0.01 = 0.56
test
equipment
available.
It
provides
visual
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Major blocks:
3. Horizontal amplifier
4. Sweep generator
5. Trigger circuit
1. The cathode ray tube is the heart of the CRO providing visual
the tube easily. The main functional units of CRO are Electron gun
assembly Deflection plate unit & Screen.
in
determining
the
bandwidth
and
sensitivity
of
an
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4. Sweep generator and Trigger circuit (These two units) form the
The electron
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amplifier
circuits are
needed
to
increase the input signal to the voltage levels required to operate the
tube because the signals measured using CRO are typically small.
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Auto Triggering Mode: The time base used in this case in a selfoscillating condition, i.e., it gives an output even in the absence of
any Y-input. The advantage of this mode is that the beam is visible
.c
on the screen under all conditions, including the zero input. When
the input exceeds a certain magnitude then the internal free
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electron
beam
then
passed
through
two
sets
of
OPERATION:
The four main parts of the oscilloscope CRT are designed to create
and direct an electron beam to a screen to form an image. The
oscilloscope links to a circuit that directly connects to the vertical
deflection
plates
while
the
horizontal
plates
have
linearly
the beam, and the accelerating anode itself. The vertical and
horizontal deflection plates create electric fields that bend the beam
of electrons. The electrons finally hit the fluorescent screen, which
absorbs the energy from the electron beam and emits it in the form
of light to display an image at the end of the glass tube.
PRACTICE PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the CRO. Turn the AC-GND-DC to GND. Check if a
centrally in position on the screen.
om
horizontal trace appears after the CRO warms up. Set the trace
2. Become accustomed to the operation of the oscilloscope. Move the
.c
CRO.
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MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY:
3. Connect the signal generator output to one vertical input of the
4. Set the function generator in sinusoidal mode and adjust the
amplitude of the signal so that it just about fills the screen.
5. Set the signal generator dial at any particular frequency and
move the dial until you have only a few complete cycles across the
CRO face in the horizontal direction.
f = 1/T.
MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE:
8. Use the volts/div selector to convert vertical readings on the
oscilloscope into actual voltages.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(0 50mA) MC
Diode IN4001
(0-30V) +
+
RPS
I k
RPS
- (0-30V)
I k
(0 30V) MC
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(0 2V)MC
(0 500A) MC
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Diode IN4001
TABULATION:
Reverse Bias
Forward Bias
Sl.No
If (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Vf (V)
Sl.No
Vr (V)
Ir (A)
om
resistance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT
Diode
Resistor
Voltmeter
RANGE
Ammeter
Bread Board
Connecting wires
(NO.S)
1 k
(0 2V)
One from
each
MC
(0 30V)
QUANTITY
IN 4001
.re
jin
pa
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TYPE
.c
S.NO.
MC
(0 50mA)
(0 - 500A)
(0 30V)
One from
each
1
1
Required
FORMULA USED:
Where,
MODEL GRAPH:
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V Vs I
10
THEORY:
A PN junction diode conducts only in one direction. It is an
example of unilateral element. The V-I characteristics of the diode
are curve between voltage across the diode and current through the
diode. When external voltage is zero, circuit is open and the
potential barrier does not allow the current to flow. Therefore, the
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11
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12
PROCEDURE:
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RESULT:
13
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
(0 50mA)MC
K
IZ9.2
K
+
RPS
- (0 30V)
RPS
1 k
- (0 30V)
(0 10V) MC
1 k
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(0 2V) MC
(0 50mA)MC
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IZ9.2
TABULATION:
FORWARD BIAS
Sl.No
If (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Vf (V)
Sl.No
REVERSE BIAS
14
Vr (V)
Ir(mA)
Zener Diode
Resistor
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Bread Board
Connecting wires
THEORY:
MC
MC
RANGE
MC
QUANTITY
(NO.S)
9.2 V
1 k
(0 2V)
(0 10V)
One from
each
(0 50mA)
(0 30V)
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TYPE
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S.NO.
1
Required
15
MODEL GRAPH:
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V Vs I
16
PROCEDURE:
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RESULT:
17
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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TABULATION:
Input Characteristics
Sl.No.
VCE (V)
VBE (V)
Output Characteristics
w
w
Sl.No.
IB (A)
VBE (V)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
IB (A)
IC (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
18
VCE (V)
VCE (V)
TYPE
Bipolar Junction
SL 100
Resistor
Voltmeter
MC
Ammeter
MC
Bread Board
Connecting wires
FORMULA USED:
Current Gain = IC / IB
19
QUANTITY
(NO.S)
1
1 k,
33 k
(0 2V)
(0 30V)
(0 500A)
(0 100mA)
(0 30V)
One from
each
One from
each
One from
each
2
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Transistor
RANGE
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
om
1
Required
MODELGRAPH:
Output Characteristics:
VCE Vs IC
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Input Characteristics:
VBE Vs IB
*** Note VCE1 < VCE2 < VCE3 Similarly IB1 < IB2 < IB3
20
THEORY:
A transistor is a three terminal device. The terminals are
emitter, base, collector. In common emitter configuration, input
voltage is applied between base and emitter terminals and output is
taken across the collector and emitter terminals. Therefore the
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PROCEDURE:
21
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22
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RESULT:
23
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
Input Characteristics
IB (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
VBE (V)
VBE (V)
IB (mA)
Sl.No
Sl.No
Output Characteristics
IE1 (mA) = _____ mA
VCB (V)
IC (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
24
IC (mA)
IC (mA)
Junction
SL 100
RANGE
QUANTITY
(NO.S)
1 k
(0 2V)
(0 30V)
(0 50mA)
1
1
2
(0 30V)
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TYPE
.c
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
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Transistor
Resistor
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Bread Board
Connecting wires
MC
MC
MC
FORMULA USED:
Current Gain = IC / IE
25
1
Required
MODEL GRAPH:
output characteristics:
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Input characteristics:
26
THEORY:
Bipolar
Junction
Transistor
(BJT)
is
three-terminal
BJTs
are
either
NPN
or
PNP.
They
om
somewhat
like
two
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of IE.
PROCEDURE:
27
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28
RESULT:
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were plotted.
29
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
Transfer Characteristics
Sl.No
VGS (V)
ID (mA)
VGS (V)
ID (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Drain Characteristics
VGS1(V) =_____ V
Sl.No
VDS (V)
VGS2(V) =_______ V
ID (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
30
VDS (V)
ID (mA)
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APPARATUS REQUIRED:
NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT
TYPE
QUANTITY
(NO.S)
1 k
D.C
(0 5V)
(0 100V)
(0 50mA)
One from
each
1
D.C
(0 30V)
FET
Resistor
Voltmeter
D.C
Ammeter
Bread Board
Connecting wires
BFW10/11
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THEORY:
RANGE
.c
S.NO.
1
Required
high input impedance and less noise, the Gate to Source junction of
the FET s always reverse biased. In response to small applied voltage
from drain to source, the n-type bar acts as sample resistor, and the
drain current increases linearly with VDS. With increase in ID the
ohmic voltage drop between the source and the channel region
reverse biases the junction and the conducting position of the
31
MODEL GRAPH:
Transfer Characteristics
Drain Characteristics
VDS(V) Vs ID(mA)
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VGS(V) Vs ID(mA)
32
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PROCEDURE:
1. Identify the terminals of the FET given and set up the circuit on
breadboard as shown in figure.
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RESULT:
33
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
VBB1 =
Sl.No
VE (V)
VBB2 =
IE (mA)
VE (V)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
34
IE (mA)
Voltmeter
MC
Ammeter
MC
Bread Board
Connecting wires
RANGE
Uni-Junction
Transistor
(NO.S)
1
.c
2N2646
(0 30V)
(0 50mA)
(0 30V)
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THEORY:
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QUANTITY
(UJT)
is
1
Required
an
electronic
semiconductor device that has only one junction. The UJT UniJunction Transistor (UJT) has three terminals emitter (E) and two
bases (B1 and B2). The base is formed by lightly doped n-type bar of
35
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36
base region. Because the base region is very lightly doped, the
additional current (actually charges in the base region) causes
(conductivity modulation) which reduces the resistance of the
portion of the base between the emitter junction and the B2
terminal. This reduction in resistance means that the emitter
junction is more forward biased, and so even more current is
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oscillator circuits.
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PROCEDURE:
(VBB)
constant
and
varying
the
Emitter
Voltage
RESULT:
Thus the V-I characteristics of the UJT were obtained and the
37
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
Vf(V)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Sl.No
38
If(mA)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
TYPE
SCR
Resistor
Voltmeter
D.C
Ammeter
D.C
Bread Board
Connecting wires
TYN616
QUANTITY
(NO.S)
1 k
10 k/10 W
(0 300V)
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THEORY:
RANGE
om
.c
S.NO.
One from
each
1
(0 100mA)
(0 30V)
1
1
Required
junctions namely J1, J2 and J3. There are three terminals called
Anode, Cathode and the gate. The SCR resembles the diode
electrically, since it conducts the current in one direction only,
39
MODEL GRAPH:
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40
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off state.
current. The forward voltage drop across the device in the ON state is
around one volt. When the cathode voltage is made positive with
respect to the anode voltage junction J2 is forward biased and the
junction J1 and J3 are reversed biased. The device will be in the
reverse blocking state and only small leakage current flows through
the device. The device can be turned on at forward voltage less than
break over voltage by applying suitable gate current.
41
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42
The SCR can be used in motor speed control, phase control, lightdimming control, heater control, battery charger, inverters, static
switchers, rectifier power supplies and relay control.
PROCEDURE:
om
1. Identify the terminals of the SCR given and set up the circuit on
and
varying
the
Anode
Cathode
Voltage,
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and
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RESULT:
43
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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TABULATION:
Charging Time,
DisCharging Time,
tc(ms)
td(ms)
S.No.
44
Amplitude,Vc(V)
UJT
Resistor
Capacitor
CRO
Bread Board
Connecting wires
TYPE
RANGE
(NO.S)
om
2N2646
QUANTITY
One from
each
1
1
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15 k
220 k, 33
0.1 F
.c
S.NO.
1
Required
FORMULA USED:
E - Supply voltage
Ec-Capacitance voltage
THEORY:
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MODEL GRAPH:
46
generates
negative
going
spikes
across
R2. By
om
rapidly
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PROCEDURE:
terminal.
RESULT:
Thus the UJT relaxation oscillator circuit was constructed and
the output waveforms were noted. The corresponding graphs are
drawn.
47
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Reverse Bias Condition
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TABULATION:
Reverse Bias
Forward Bias
Sl.No
I (mA)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
V (V)
Sl.No
48
V (V)
I (A)
Dark Bright
S.NO.
om
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
TYPE
Photo Diode
Resistor
Voltmeter
D.C
Ammeter
D.C
Bread Board
Connecting wires
.c
RANGE
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1 k
(0 2V)
(0 30V)
(0 50mA)
(0 250A)
(0 30V)
QUANTITY
(NO.S)
1
1
One from
each
One from
each
1
1
Required
FORMULA USED:
THEORY:
49
MODEL GRAPH:
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V Vs I
50
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PROCEDURE:
1. Identify the terminals of the Photo Diode given and set up the
circuit on breadboard as shown in figure.
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RESULT:
51
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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Step-down Transformer
(12 0 12V)
P
D1
D2
D3
D4
230 V, 50 Hz
1 Supply
1 k
PY
CRO
SY
TABULATION:
Without Filter
Rectifier
Vm (V)
T
(mS)
VRipple
T (mS)
Charging
Discharging
Half Wave
Rectifier
Full Wave
Rectifier
52
VRipple
T (mS)
Charging
Discharging
om
filter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT
Diode
Resistor
Capacitor
Transformer
RANGE
IN 4001
Step-down
QUANTITY
(NO.S)
1 k
100 F,33 F
One from
each
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TYPE
.c
S.NO.
230 V /
(12 0 12) V
Bread Board
Connecting wires
THEORY:
Required
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:
the positive half-cycle of the input voltage, the diode is forwardbiased for all instantaneous voltages greater than the diode cutin voltage V. Current flowing through the diode during the
positive half-cycle produces approximately a half sine wave of
voltages across the load resistor, as shown in the Figure. To simplify
our discussions, we will assume that the diode is ideal and that the
53
MODEL GRAPH:
Vin (V)
Vm
Input Voltage
om
Time
Vout (V)
Vm
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Time
VRipple
0
Vm
Time
Time
Vm
Time
54
peak input voltage is always much larger than the V of the diode.
Hence, we assume that the zero of the rectified voltage coincides
with the zero of the input voltage. On the negative half-cycle of the
input voltage, the diode is reverse-biased. Ignoring the reverse
leakage current of the diode, the load current drops to zero,
resulting in zero load voltage (output voltage), as shown in
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Figure. Thus, the diode circuit has rectified the input ac voltage,
FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER:
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shown in Figure, with the Vo being the output voltage. Since the
area under the curve of the full-wave rectified signal is twice that
of the half-wave rectified signal, the average or dc value of the
full-wave rectified signal, Vdc, is twice that of the half-wave
rectifier.
55
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56
PROCEDURE:
1. Circuit connections were given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Input waveforms magnitude and frequency was measured
with the help of CRO.
3. Supply is switched ON and the output waveform was obtained
in the CRO.
waveforms
magnitude
measured.
and
time
period
was
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4. Output
5. Graphs were plotted for Half wave and Full wave rectifier
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RESULT:
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outputs.
Thus the output of Half wave and Full wave rectifiers were
57
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
With CE
f (Hz)
Vo (V)
S.No
Frequency,
58
Gain (dB)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT
TYPE
RANGE
(NO.S)
Bipolar
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
One
from
each
One
from
each
1
Bread Board
Connecting wires
.c
BC107
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47 k,10 k,
2.2 k,820 ,
680
22 F, 10 F ,
15 F
(0 30V)
1
1
Required
Junction
QUANTITY
om
S.NO.
FORMULA USED:
THEORY:
59
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MODEL GRAPH:
60
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Where,
61
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62
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its large voltage and power gains. In addition to this, its input
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PROCEDURE:
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RESULT:
the amplified input signal is obtained and the graph was plotted.
63
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
Output in volts
Time, T (ms)
Sl.No
Amplitude=_____V
1.
:-_________Hz
:-_________Hz
64
Frequency, f (Hz)
EQUIPMENT
Transistor
Resistors
Resistor
TYPE
RANGE
BC547
QUANTITY
(NO.S)
.c
NAME OF THE
S.NO.
om
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
one from
each
Capacitors
1F,22F
one from
each
Capacitor
0.01 F
CRO
RPS
(0 30V)
Bread Board
Connecting wires
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47k,
10k,2.2k,680
4.7k
1
Required
FORMULA USED:
Output frequency, fo
1
2RC 6
THEORY:
An oscillator is an electronic circuit for generating an AC
65
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MODEL GRAPH:
66
om
are chosen such that the phase shift of each RC section is 60.Thus The
RC ladder network produces a total phase shift of 180 between its
input and output voltage for the given frequency. Since CE Amplifier
.c
produces 180 phases shift. The total phase shift from the base of the
or
0.
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transistor around the circuit and back to the base will be exactly 360
This
satisfies
the
Barkhausen
condition
for
sustaining
oscillations and total loop gain of this circuit is greater than or equal
to 1, this condition used to generate the sinusoidal oscillations.
PROCEDURE:
3. By using CRO the output time period and voltage are noted.
4. Plot all the readings curves on a single graph sheet.
RESULT:
Thus the RC phase shift oscillator using BJT was obtained and
the output waveform was plotted.
67
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Characteristics of PN Junction Diode
1. Define depletion region of a diode?
2. What is meant by transition & space charge capacitance of a
diode?
3. Is the V-I relationship of a diode Linear or Exponential?
Ge diodes?
5. What are the applications of a p-n diode?
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4. Define cut-in voltage of a diode and specify the values for Si and
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controlled?
breakdown has?
10. By what type of charge carriers the current flows in zener and
avalanche breakdown diodes?
3. Characteristics of CB Configuration
1.
2.
68
3.
4.
5.
6.
What
are
the
input
and
output
impedances
of
CB
configuration?
7.
Define (alpha)?
8.
9.
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4. Characteristics of CE Configuration
What is the range of for the transistor?
2.
What
are
the
input
and
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1.
output
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configuration?
impedances
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
69
of
CE
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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1.
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1. What is the peak inverse voltage (PIV) & write its value for Halfwave and Full-wave rectifier?
4. What is the difference between the half wave rectifier and full
wave Rectifier?
71
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oscillations?
72