International Journal of Management (IJM)

Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 109-122, Article ID: IJM_07_01_012

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IMPORTANCE OF PACKAGING WASTE

RECYCLING PLANTS IN REVERSE
LOGISTICS AND AN ASSESSMENT OF
PLANT SELECTION USING THE AHP
METHOD IN TURKEY
Assist. Prof. Mustafa Gersil
Business Administration Department,
Celal Bayar University, Manisa TURKEY
Lecturer Seckin Salvarli,
Izmir Vocational School
Dokuz Eylul University, IZMIR, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Reverse logistics is one of the adopted supply chain processes and
becomes more important because of economic and ecological conditions,
administrative and social responsibilities, sustainable development,
environment protection laws, and the aim of material and resource use.
Recycling is a term that means recyclable waste materials are processed with
various recycling methods and prepared to use in manufacturing as raw
materials. Especially, used materials such as paper, glass, plastics and metals
which are called 'packaging waste' are revalued in favour of economic. In
most of the countries, local authorities are responsible for waste handling
issues such as collection, transportation and disposal. In relation to waste
management, the whole cycle of generation of wastes, their storage, collection
and transport, and their eventual treatment and disposal are taken into
condsideration.
Izmir, the third largest city in Turkey, consists of the metropolitan
municipality and thirty district municipalities. According to the proposals and
thoughts taken from the authorities of metropolitan municipality and some
companies, in the last chapter of this study, an application to choose an
appropriate recycling center for packaging waste in Izmir city using the
analytic hierarchy process is carried out. The software of Expert Choice
which supports AHP has provided data to be analyzed statistically and the
results have been given in detail.
Key words: AHP, Packaging Waste, Recycling, Reverse Logistic

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Assist. Prof. Mustafa Gersil

Cite this Article: Assist. Prof. Mustafa Gersil. Importance of Packaging
Waste Recycling Plants in Reverse Logistics and an Assessment of Plant
Selection Using the AHP Method in Turkey. International Journal of
Management, 7(1), 2016, pp. 109-122.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=7&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION
What is of interest for logistics activities is its inclusion of forward flow of materials
in the supply chain. Yet, as reverse logistics picks reverse flow which commences
with the users as its topic of interest, its aim is to ensure the re-usability of products.
With environmental issues becoming more important lately, the concept of reverse
logistics is becoming a focus of attraction. As a result of the damage on and the
depletion of natural resources and with the growing interest on environmentconsciousness, today, demand for reverse logistics-related matters and recyclable
manufacturing systems is also on the rise.
In the process of reverse logistics, the importance of the supply chain will be
revealed more clearly with the return and recycle of products carried out in a more
planned fashion. In other words, reverse logistics that concerns issues of effective and
efficient re-collection and processing of wastes can be handled differently from waste
management.
With the growing importance of environment-related issues, the concept of
reverse-logistics, and as a result the issue of recycling are making it to the top of
agendas. On the other hand, businesses' aspiration to have the competitive upper hand
is another important factor in recycling practices. Forward flow of materials in the
supply chain is considered among logistics activities whereas the reverse flow that
starts from the consumers' end so that the products can be reused concerns reverse
logistics. Recycling systems and issues pertaining to reverse logistics will naturally
become further points of interest as natural sources are damaged and depleted and
environment-awareness increased. As a result, logistics structures to allow product
flow must be set up [Nakbolu, G., (2007); Yldz, D.,(2013) ]. As it is known, issues
such as product return, re-production, reuse, disposal, repair come under reverse
logistics. Product returns account for a considerable portion of organizational costs. In
order for an organization to have the competitive advantage, it will have to reduce
costs in product returns and related transportation and storage activities. And for that,
determination of appropriate recycling locations is important for reverse logistics
networks [Glsn, B., et al., (2008)].
Benefits of reverse logistics, generally, for businesses can be summarized as
follows [Dyckhoff, H., et al., (ed)., (2004 ); Nakbolu, G., (2007) ; Yldz, D.,(2013)
].

Recovery of value: This concerns the recovery of the product, with added value
during its production, that would perish if not reused.
Maximization of profit: This when raw material, labor, energy etc. costs are reduced
thanks to the recovery of the product.
Performance of environmental obligations: All liabilities that are also legally defined
are such as waste recycling, management of hazardous materials, etc.
Improvement of management of customer relations: In order to improve customer
relations, one must work on issues such as post-sale services and on the provision of
customers with return guarantee, etc.

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Importance of Packaging Waste Recycling Plants in Reverse Logistics and an Assessment of

Plant Selection Using The AHP Method in Turkey

In order for products to be recovered and used as input in the economy, there are
three processes that reverse logistics focus on and which also relates closely to waste
management. These are: reuse, reproduction and recycling [ Setaputra, R., (2005)].
2. REASONS FOR RECYCLING OF PRODUCTS AND REVERSE

LOGISTICS
As stated in the respective literature, there are many reasons behind the inclusion of
products that are subject to reverse logistics, in the reverse logistics network. These
reasons are grouped, generally, on the basis of the source that returns the product (on
the basis of the supply chain hierarchy comprising of the producer, distributor and the
consumer). According to this grouping, returns that take place during production are
referred to as production returns, distributor returns if the return takes place during
the distribution of the product to the consumer and returns by the consumers that are
the users of the final product are referred to as consumer returns. In addition to such
grouping, there is also producers' recall of the products in cases when an problem
with the product is encountered or when the product is being replaced and also
functional returns arising from the re-usability feature of the product [Rogers, D.S.,
Tibben-Lembke, R., (2001) ; Brito, M.P., et al., ( 2002); Brito, M.P., Dekker, R., (
2002); Subramaniam, U., et al., (2004)]. Moreover, reasons for the return of products
that are subject to reverse logistics are provided in further detail, below:

a. Production Returns
Within this scope, issues such as the product being raw material surplus or being
production surplus are specified.

b. Distributor Returns
Here, four sub-headings that a have been specified, namely as wrong or damaged
delivery, products that have expired, stock surplus or unsold products and seasonal
fluctuations, stock adjustments.

c. Consumer Returns
Reasons in relation to this topic can be listed as return under guarantee, reuse of
products after repair, value gains (scrap value and consideration of other recovery
options), returns from after-use (such as second hand sales), returns at the end of lifecycle, legal regulations concerning hazardous materials or the customer considering
the product as damaged/deficient.

d. Producer's Recall of the Products

This reason is defined as the producer's recall of the product for a deficiency, or a
safety or a health related problem in the product.

e. Functional Returns
Packaging materials that are of reusable quality, containers, pallets, packages, boxes
are under this title.
Increased practice of reverse logistics also benefits from businesses' becoming
aware of the benefits of product returns in addition to product returns, customer
satisfaction or legal conditions mentioned above. As stated in the existing literature,
these benefits are listed as better relations with customers and partners in the supply

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Assist. Prof. Mustafa Gersil

chain, considerable cost savings and gains from replacement of the new product with
the used one [(Avitatthur, B., Shah, J., (2004)].

3. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

When classified as per their sources, solid wastes comprise, most generally,
substances such as:
- domestic solid wastes
- domestic wastes
- industrial wastes
- industrial solid wastes
- dangerous wastes
- medical wastes
- special solid wastes
In businesses where Environmental Management System is effectively
implemented in parallel to environmental awareness, waste management outcomes are
successful. As explained in the literature, basic aspects of the Waste management
System are specified as follows:

Prevention of wastes especially at the source,

Segregation of wastes generated at the source,

Bringing recyclable wastes back to economy,
Energy recovery,
Reduction of wastes to be stored,
Ensuring the storage of non-recyclable wastes in ways that are not detrimental to the
environment and human health.

3.1. Integrated Waste Management System

Volume and composition of wastes are diversified in tandem with fast-increasing
population and changing living standards, making control and management of wastes
even harder. As explained also by Kemirtlek, the issue of solid waste management
will become more important, even more complex, both today and in the future
considering pollution from solid wastes and the dimensions of existing as well as
potential related risks, diminution of natural resources, economic and other reasons. It
is for this reason that one must know very well all aspects of an integrated waste
management comprising of all stages from the generation of wastes to final disposal,
as well as the their inter-linkages [ Kemirtlek, A., (2007)].
A single approach in this regard might not be sufficient for provision of solutions
concerning wastes that are observed to lead to increased problems and impacts on the
environment becomes harder. At the end of the day, an effective waste management
system can be ensured by way of joining all methods. This approach named
'Integrated Waste management' has been embraced by all countries. All aspects of
waste management has been assessed as a whole to develop integrated waste
management sustainability of which would be ensured with environmental and
economic aspects. So, one cannot expect integrated waste management to relate to
only a single type of waste or a single source [Waste management Action Plan, (20082012)].

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Importance of Packaging Waste Recycling Plants in Reverse Logistics and an Assessment of

Plant Selection Using The AHP Method in Turkey

In another research, according to White et al., an effective and efficient waste

management system in general shall have the features below [White, P.R., et al.,
(1995)]:
1) It must be an integrated system
Integrate waste management shall be planned in a way that it includes all
substances that make up the composition of all wastes generated in a settlement area
and all sources of production.
2) It must be able to create economic value
Economic values to be reaped from the solid waste management system are
recoverable materials, compost and biogas that can be obtained (landfill and anaerobic
compost) and inputs from similar sources. Revenues to be obtained from these are
closely related to market conditions and the cost of the investment that will be made.
For this reason, the economic analysis must be carried out aptly during the planning
stage.
3) It must be flexible
Integrated waste management system has to be so flexible as to adapt to various
changes that can occur in the environment and in waste characteristics that occur in
relation to time.
4) Regional planning has to be carried out
Efficiency of planning depends on the amount of waste to be collected. Amount of
waste generation, on the other hand, depends on the population. It is for this reason
that regional planning has to be carried out in settlement areas other than metropolitan
areas. Some researchers recommend that the population linked to an integrated
management should not be less than 500.000 [Waste Management Action Plan,
(2008-2012)].
As a result, integrated waste management is a concept where the appropriate
method needed, technology and management programs are selected and applied in
connection with the targets. Integrated waste management covers issues prescribed in
the legislation and comprises of the steps below [Waste Management Action Plan,
(2008-2012)]:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Prevention of wastes
Reduction of wastes
Re-use
Recovery/Recycling
Pre-process (including incineration)
Final disposal

4. AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SELECTION OF A LOCATION

FOR A PACKAGING WASTE RECYCLING PLANT IN THE
PROVINCE OF IZMIR
4.1. AHP Management
AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) is a model developed by Saaty, a technique used
in the solution of a multi-criteria decision making problem [Saaty, T.L., (1980)]. As

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such, AHP is a mathematical method that can assist in the improvement of the
decision-making process by taking into consideration the priorities of the group or the
individual and by evaluating qualitative as well as quantitative variables together.
Those that work using this method are expected to make more effective decisions.

4.2. Literature Survey Concerning the Mathematical Modeling of the

Problem Concerning the Selection of a Location
As product returns demonstrate uncertainties in reverse logistics depending on the
product itself as well as depending on time, the fact that the network that will be
established will have a complicated structure is known to researchers. The
justification and determination of the location of regional collection centers within the
regional network organization that plays an important role within such a complex
structure are important [Kara, K., et al., (2013)].
In literature, there are studies making use of mathematical models concerning the
establishment of reverse logistics networks for the establishment of collection centers
for the inclusion in the reproduction process or for destruction of many expired
products, wastes, products returning from the end consumer, product packages and
packs as well as concerning the control of product movements within the scope of the
reverse supply chain. Majority of these studies are seen to be studies that focus on
international and private businesses [For example, Li, R.C., Tee, T.J.C., (2012); Dat,
L.Q., et al., (2012)].
The aim is to determine a location by way of handling the issue as to the locality
of special collection centers within a mathematical process. With this aim in view, a
study to optimize the determination of location for solid waste recycling plants shall
be carried out using the AHP model.

4.3. Implementation
In this study, an assessment has been carried out to determine the district that would
be the most appropriate for the establishment of a package waste recycling center in
the province of zmir has been carried out with a consideration for the AHP method.
There are 30 districts within the remit of the zmir metropolitan municipality and
these districts have been compared and contrasted against different criteria that have
been determined in order to decide on the most appropriate location. Accordingly, in
line with the solid waste master plan, the province of zmir has been handled as two
regions (North and South - Table 1) and then an aggregation has been performed to
evaluate alternative provinces [Waste management Action Plan, (2008 2012)].

Izmir
South
Izmir
North

Table 1 The Structure of the zmir Association

Bayndr
Beyda
eme
Karaburun Kemalpaa
Kiraz
Menderes demi
Seferihisar Seluk
Tire
Torbal
Urla
Aliaa

Balova

Bayrakl

Bergama

Buca
ili
Dikili
Foa
Gzelbahe Karabalar Karyaka Knk
Menemen Narldere

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Bornova
Gaziemir
Konak

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Importance of Packaging Waste Recycling Plants in Reverse Logistics and an Assessment of

Plant Selection Using The AHP Method in Turkey

Information available n the literature (Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4) as well as

views obtained from respective authorities in public and private bodies including the,
firstly, the zmir metropolitan municipality have been have been widely used in the
determination of the criteria that effect the selection of the location of the recycling
plant [Waste Management Action Plan, (2008 - 2012); TURKSTAT, (2012a); MoEU,
(2014)].
Table 2 Municipal Waste Basic Indicators, 2012
Total Population in Adress based Population Registration System
Total Number of Municipalities
Total Municipal Population
The Number of Municipalities Surveyed
Municipal Population Survied
The Number of Municipalities served by Municipal Waste Services
Population of Municipalities served by Municipal Waste service
Rate of Population served by Municipal Waste Services in Total
Population (%)
Rate of Population Served by Municipal Waste Services in Total
Municipal Population (%)
Amount of Municipal Waste Collected (Thousad tonnes/Year)
Amount of Municipal Waste Per Capita (Kg/Capita-day)
SUMMER SEASON
Amount of Municipal Waste (Thousand tonnes/Summer)
Amount of Municipal Waste (Thousand tonnes/day)
Amount of Municipal Waste Per Capita(Kg/Capita-day)
WINTER SEASON
Amount of Municipal Waste (Thousand tonnes/Winter)
Amount of Municipal Waste (Thousand tonnes/day)
Amount of Municipal Waste Per Capita(Kg/Capita-day)
The Medhods of Waste Disposal And Quantities
Metropolitan Municipalty Dump
Municipalities Dumps
Other Municipalities Dumps
Landfill
Composting Plant
Incineration
Pour out of Streams and Lakes
Let-in
Others
Waste Disposal Facilities
Rate of Population Served by Waste Disposal and
Recovery Facilities in Total Municipal Population (%)
Rate of Population Served by Waste Disposal and
Recovery Facilities in Total Municipal Population (%)

75 627 384
2 950
63 743 047
2 950
63 743 047
2 894
63 105 474
83
99
25 845
1.12
14 615
72
1.14
11 229
68
1.09
1 107
8 217
448
15 484
155
105
33
94
202
64
54

Source: TURKSTAT, 2012a

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Table 3 Figurative Indicators from the Districts of zmir
Rate of
Population
Served by Waste
Disposal and
Recovery
Facilities in
Total Municipal
Population
(%)

Amount of solids
collected by
Municipalies and
others

(ton/yr)

Amount of
solid waste
collected
per person

Total
municipal
population

Waste
Total
management
environmental
service
expenditures
expenditures

(kg/personday)

(thousand)

(mio TRY)

(mio TRY)

Aliaa
Balova
Bayndr
Bayrakl

100
100
100
100

28 706
49 870
9 460
115 650

1,38
1,76
1,11
1,03

77
78
41
309

4,4
6,4
1,7
12,2

Bergama
Beyda
Bornova
Buca
eme
ili
Dikili
Foa

100
100
100
100
97
100
100
100

23 278
4 743
152 685
160 346
37 022
38 930
19 448
12 251

0,93
2,28
1,01
1,05
3,52
0,68
2,43
0,83

101
13
423
446
35
169
35
32

2,1
0,45
15,8
14
3
15
0,8
0,47

Gaziemir
Gzelbahe
Karabalar
Karaburun
Karyaka
Kemalpaa
Knk

100
100
100
100
100
100
99

43 276
10 345
256 276
10 360
102 180
45 990
14 843

0,91
1,23
1,53
4,77
0,9
1,76
2,13

128
28
466
9
315
95
28

4,2
0,61
17,8
1,7
18
2,8
1,7

Kiraz
Konak
Menderes
Menemen
Narldere
demi
Seferihisar
Seluk

100
100
100
95
100
100
100
95

2 981
226 865
53 600
62 554
17 155
38 850
15 717
20 941

0,95
1,53
2,65
1,51
0,65
1,12
1,47
2,01

44
391
75
138
63
129
31
35

1,9
17,7
6,5
3,04
4,7
20,6
6,8
4

Tire
Torbal
Urla

100
100
100

33 520
36 500
26 780

1,7
0,86
1,62

80
138
55

7
2,9
4,3

Source: TURKSTAT, 2012b

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Importance of Packaging Waste Recycling Plants in Reverse Logistics and an Assessment of

Plant Selection Using The AHP Method in Turkey
Table 4 Distribution of Establishments Licensed/with Permit in zmir, 2014

Districts

CollectionSegregation
Businesses

Packaging Waste
Recovery Businesses

Non-hazardous
Waste Recovery
Businesses

Metal-Scrap
Processing
Businesses

Recovery
Companies

Aliaa

Bergama
Bornova
Buca
ili
Foa
Gaziemir
Karabalar

1
9
3
3
-

7
4
1
1
-

14
4
2
1
-

3
1
-

143
11
11
5
14

Karyaka
Kemalpaa
Konak

Menderes
Menemen
Torbal

1
3

16
5
37
10
-

5
3

7
6

Source: MoEU, 2014

In this way, criteria that are of importance in the selection of the location of the
center have been determined as environmental factors, technical and economical
factors and socio-cultural factors. With the help of existing data, that the sub-criteria
that have an impact on the main criteria specified have been considered to be
environmental expenditures, land and development status, proximity to main roads,
proximity to existing recovery plants, proximity to transfer/storage facilities, logistics
and service costs, amount of collected waste and the average amount of waste per
population and per capita; and thus 30 provinces in zmir have been compared. It is
known that in order for waste management to be efficient, the amount of waste to be
collected depends on the population. And since administrative, financial and technical
capacities become more important in waste recovery activities, districts with a
population of 50.000 with low amounts of waste have not been taken into
consideration in the selection of the location of the package waste recycling plant [
Waste Management Action Plan ( 2008 - 2012) ]. Districts that have not been
included in the study compose 9% and 8% of the total amount of waste that is
applicable for zmir and the population served, respectively. On the other hand,
districts Bayrakl , Bornova , Buca , Karabalar , Karyaka and Konak comprise 60%
and 59% of the total amount of waste that is applicable for zmir and the population
served, respectively. For this reason, in the study concerning the determination of the
package waste recycling plant, districts Bayndr , Beyda , eme , Dikili , Foa ,
Gzelbahe , Karaburun , Knk , Kiraz , Seferihisar and Seluk have been excluded
from among the alternatives and the selection has been made from among the
remaining 19 districts.
The objective, main criteria, sub-criteria and alternatives have been demonstrated
in Table 5. Within this framework, Expert Choice 11 package program was used to
establish the hierarchical structure.

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Table 5 The Hierarchical Structure Established for the Selection of the Location of the
Packaging Waste Recycling Plant in the Province of Izmir
Objective

Selection of the Location of the Packaging Waste Recycling Plant

Main Criteria Environmental Factors

Environmental
Sub-criteria
Expenditures
Land and Development
Status

Alternatives

Proximity to Main Roads

Aliaa,Balova , Bayrakl
,
Bergama , Bornova , Buca
ili , Gaziemir ,
Karabalar
Karyaka , Kemalpaa ,
Konak
Menderes , Menemen
Narldere , demi , Tire
Torbal , Urla

Technical and Economic Factors

Proximity to the Existing Recovery
Companies
Proximity to Transfer/Storage
Facilities
Logistics and Service Costs
Aliaa,Balova , Bayrakl ,
Bergama , Bornova , Buca
ili , Gaziemir , Karabalar
Karyaka , Kemalpaa , Konak
Menderes , Menemen
Narldere , demi , Tire
Torbal , Urla

Socio-cultural Factors
Amount of Waste
Collected
Population
Average Amount of
Waste per Capita
Aliaa,Balova , Bayrakl
,
Bergama , Bornova , Buca
ili , Gaziemir ,
Karabalar
Karyaka , Kemalpaa ,
Konak
Menderes , Menemen
Narldere , demi , Tire
Torbal , Urla

Diagram 1 The Overview of the Analytic Hierarchy Process Structure Used in the Study

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Importance of Packaging Waste Recycling Plants in Reverse Logistics and an Assessment of

Plant Selection Using The AHP Method in Turkey

Diagram 2 Overview of the AHP Analysis Results

In Diagram 1 and Diagram 2, the examples of the general outcomes of paired

comparisons that have been carried out between alternative districts on the basis of
level of importance of the factors. In Diagram 1 it is seen that the main criteria are as
follows: socio-cultural (0.648) factors are the first, technical and economic (0.230)
factors second and environmental factors (0.122) third. Then, as a result of the paired
comparisons that have been carried out among the sub-criteria of each criteria it was
seen that the value of those in relation to environmental factors was as follows:
Land and Development Status (0.540)
Proximity to Main Roads (0.297)
Environmental Expenditures (0.163)
The value of those in relation to technical and economic factors was as follows:
Logistics and Service Costs (0.429)
Proximity to Transfer/Storage Facilities (0.429)
Proximity to the Existing Recovery Companies (0.143)
the value of those in relation to socio-cultural factors was as follows:
Population (0.528)
Amount of Waste Collected (0.333)
Average Amount of Waste per Capita (0.140)
And in Diagram 2 the outcomes of the comparison of all districts that have been
included in the study as per sub-criteria are given together with their proportional
values. Then a comparison of the criteria and on the basis of these criteria a paired
comparison of the districts have been carried out.
Later, eigenvector values for environmental, technical and economic and sociocultural factors and the evaluation of location-selection criteria as a result of running
the program has been achieved. (Diagram 3)

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Diagram 3 Location-selection Alternatives for the Packaging Waste Recycling Plant

According to the AHP Method

As it can be seen in Diagram 3, Bornova and Karabalar are respectively the first
and the second most appropriate districts in terms of selection of the location of the
packaging waste recycling plant in zmir; and Narldere the third.

5. EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Mistakes made in the selection of the location of the packaging waste recycling plant
lead to outcomes such as failure to attain the desired environmental, social and
economic benefits. The considerable increase of the population density, hence the
amount of waste in metropolises is indicative of the fact that the selection of the
location of the waste recycling plant for managers and authorities is growing more
important recently. Solid wastes the generation of which cannot be prevented as per
waste hierarchy and that cannot be re-used have to be recycled and recovered.
Only half of the total of 5.5 - 6 tons of domestic packaging wastes consumed in
Turkey can be collected through paper/carton collection bins and street pickers.
However, the aim must be to increase the rate of collection of packaging wastes only
half of which can be processed by recycling plants to around 70% as is the case in the
EU states. It is estimated that in zmir, only 50% i.e. a mere 150-160 thousand tons of
packaging wastes are being collected.
All parties to ensure the sustainability of the recovery system must fulfill their
portion of obligations. Within the framework of the sustainable development
approach, waste management strategies that aim to transform packaging wastes into
economic inputs have to be promoted and disseminated and the best locations for
recovery plants have to be determined. For this, the role of metropolitan
municipalities is especially important.
When 750 tons of packaging wastes that constitutes 30% of about 2500 tons of
domestic wastes collected daily in the province of zmir are factored out of the
equation, municipalities will have transported 750 tons less waste. In other words,
municipalities will have a chance to save from transportation and storage costs, as
well as from time. On the other hand, packaging wastes fill up landfills quickly,
shortening the useful-life of these areas and as they require new landfills they
multiply municipalities' disposal costs. When packaging wastes that constitute half of
all wastes volume-wise are segregated at the source and recycled, this will almost
double the useful-life of landfills, hence significant cost savings for municipalities. It
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Importance of Packaging Waste Recycling Plants in Reverse Logistics and an Assessment of

Plant Selection Using The AHP Method in Turkey

is for this reason that the rate of segregation of domestic wastes at the source as well
as the number of collection/segregation plants must be increased.
In this study, three main criteria (environmental factors, technical and economic
factors and socio-cultural factors) have been determined to solve the issue pertaining
to the selection of the location of the package waste recycling plant. Following an
assessment of existing data and deliberations with and opinions and data collected
from authorities at the licensed waste recycling plant operators in the province of
zmir and also at respective departments of the zmir Metropolitan Municipality, the
sub criteria that impact the criteria set forth have been considered as environmental
expenditures, land and development status, proximity to main roads, proximity to
existing recycling plants, proximity to transfer/storage facilities, logistics and service
costs, amount of waste collected, average amount of waste per population and per
capita. These have been determined with a consideration for 19 districts among the
30 located in the province of zmir. The hierarchical structure thus established has
been broken broken down using the Expert Choice 11 package program and Bornova,
Karabalar and Narldere districts were seen to be the most appropriate three districts
according to the study-related diagrams, respectively.
Municipalities have to champion the efficient use of all resources, observance of
waste hierarchy so as to ensure the generation of the least possible amount of wastes
and their segregation and also raising public awareness on issues pertaining to
recycling of wastes. In order for the development of the packaging wastes recycling
sector, waste management strategies have to be scaled up in a way to incentivize and
encourage the private sector. Researchers to work on similar topics can identify
further criteria and extend the scope of the study by reaching out to decision-making
authorities.

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