Presentation On LM 79 & 80

MeetingandMeasuring
ENERGYSTAR Requirements
LED Testing Standards Overview

Presented by: Andrew Bierman, MS and Jean Paul Freyssinier, MS
with contributions from Yiting Zhu, PhD and N. Narendran, PhD
Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Outline
Background
Relative vs. absolute photometry
LED photometric testing standards:
IES
IES
IES
IES
LM-79-08
LM-80-08
TM-21-11
LM-82-12
General questions and answers

Relative and Absolute Photometry

Relative Photometry:
Output is relative to an easily-measured

condition
E.g., bare lamp operated on a reference
ballast, base up at 25C
Specific lamp performance doesnt matter
Absolute photometry:
Output is measured in calibrated units

under specific operating and environmental
conditions
Orientation
Input voltage
Ambient temperature
CFL
Lamp and system performance matters


Absolute is more difficult because:
Need to maintain flux standards and calibrate equipment
Calibrate with incandescent, measure other SPDs and directional light
sources
Sampling concerns
How many? How to choose? Are samples representative?
Must reproduce environmental and operating conditions

while maintaining calibrated equipment
Temperature, input voltage or current (driver)
Comfortable and accurate at 25 C, but

how to take measurements at 85 C?


Relative photometry is used to simplify testing
Works well when the system is well defined and characterized
E.g., linear fluorescent lamp systems
Flux = (rated lumens) x (ballast factor) x (luminaire efficiency)
Does not work well for making comparisons across different

systems
E.g., CFL replacements for incandescent lamps
Geometry issues, lack of reference ballast definitions, temperature
effects
Useful for measuring variations under different testing

conditions
Light output over time
Elevated temperature
Standard Test Methods for LED Products

Standard
Method
Purpose
IES LM-79-08
Absolute
Light output, efficacy,

color for LED products
IES LM-80-08
Relative
Light output over time,

temperature for LED
packages
IES LM-82-12
Relative
(references LM-79)
Light output, efficacy,

color over temperature for
light engines
IES TM-21-11
Calculation, modeling
Extrapolating LM-80 test

data to predict life
ANSI/UL 153:2002 (Secs. Portable Electric

Luminaires
124-128A)
ANSI/UL 1574:2004 (Sec. Track Lighting Systems
54)
ANSI/UL 1598:2008 (Secs. Luminaires
19.7, 19.10-16)
Methods for in-situ

temperature method
(ISTM) testing for
EnergyStar

IES LM-79-08
Approved method: Electrical and Photometric

Measurements of Solid-state Lighting Products

Scope LM-79-08
Solid-state lighting products for illumination purposes
Complete systems with electrical drivers and heat sinks
Powered by AC mains or dc voltage
Measurements under standard conditions
Total luminous flux

Electrical power, input voltage and current
Luminous intensity distribution
Chromaticity, correlated color temperature (CCT), Color Rendering Index
(CRI)
Luminaires (including light source) and integrated LED lamps

e.g., recessed down lights (must include light source)
e.g., A-lamp replacements
Methods for individual product performance. Does not cover how

individual variations affect performance.

Ambient Conditions
Air Temperature
25C 1C
Measured at the same height as the fixture
Shielded from direct radiation
Thermal Conditions for Mounting SSL Products

Heat conduction through supporting objects must be negligible
If sample is provided with a support structure used for thermal
management, then the sample shall be tested with the support structure
attached
Air Movement
Keep airflow around SSL sample to a minimum
Should only be natural convection air current from sample operation

Power Supply Characteristics

Waveshape of AC power supply
Shall have a sinusoidal shape with 3% distortion of the
fundamental frequency
Voltage regulation
0.2% of the rated value
For a product rated at 120V
119.76V < Vin < 120.24V

10
Seasoning of SSL Products

No seasoning of samples prior
to testing
The test committee determined
this method would produce the
most repeatable results
Initial lumen
maintenance of LEDs
Other light sources

Incandescent lamps: 0.5% of
rated life
Fluorescent lamps: 100 hrs
with 3-hr on and 20-min off
cycle
HID: 100 hrs with 11-hr on and
1-hr off operating cycle

11
Stabilization of SSL Products

Stability based on both input power
and light output
Stability is when the variation of at
least 3 readings over a period of 30
min, taken 15 min apart, is less than
0.5 %

12
Test of an SSL Downlight Product

12.6
10.50
10.45
Input Power (W)
10.35
12.4
10.30
12.3
10.25
10.20
12.2
10.15
10.10
12.1
10.05
10.00
12
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time (min)
13
Relative Light Output
12.5
10.40
Input Power
Light Output
Test of an SSL Downlight Product

12.6
10.45
1.4%
Input Power (W)
10.40
10.35
12.5
12.4
0.9%
10.30
12.3
10.25
Efficacy by 2.3%
Over next 12 hours
10.20
10.15
10.10
12.2
12.1
10.05
10.00
0
200
400
600
800
12
1000
Time (min)
14
Relative Light Output
10.50
Input Power
Light Output
Operating Orientation
Shall be evaluated in the orientation recommended by the
manufacturer for an intended use of the sample
Stabilization and photometric measurements of SSL
products shall be done in such operating orientation
Note:
The light emission process of an
LED is not affected by orientation
Orientation can change the thermal
conditions for the LEDs used in the
product, and so
The light output may be affected by
orientation of the SSL product
15
Electrical Settings
Operated at rated voltage according to its normal
use
No pulsed operation
If the product has dimming capability,

measurements shall be performed at the maximum
input power condition
If the product has multiple modes of operation
including variable CCT, measurement may be made
at different modes of operation (and CCTs) if
necessary, and such setting conditions shall be
clearly reported
16
Electrical Instrumentation
Instrumentation Calibration
Uncertainties (u)
Expanded uncertainty: 2-sigma, 95%
confidence
ac voltage and current u 0.2%

ac power u 0.5%
dc voltage and current u 0.1%

17
Test Methods for Total Luminous Flux Measurement
Two options
1. Integrating Sphere
a) with spectroradiometer
b) with photometer head (requires spectral mismatch error
correction not trivial)
2. Goniophotometer
a) Most use photometer head
b) Spectroradiometer needed for color measurements

18
Sphere geometry
4 Geometry
total SA of product should be <2% of

the total SA of the sphere wall (20 cm
cube for 2-m sphere!)
longest dimension of a product should
be < 2/3 sphere diameter
2 Geometry
opening diameter should be less than

1/3 of the sphere diameter
mounted within the circular opening in
such a way that its front edges are
flush with the edges of the opening
IES-LM-79-08

19
Goniophotometer
Primarily used for the measurement of the
luminous intensity distribution of lamps and
luminaires
www.npl.co.uk
www.intertek-etlsemko.com

Goniophotometer measurements
LM-79 specifies type C goniometers
Burning position of the sample is
unchanged relative to gravity
Minimal impact of thermal
performance of sample
Two sub-types
Moving detector
Moving mirror
The speed of rotation should be such

as to minimize the disturbance of the
thermal equilibrium of the sample
Relative photometry method,
commonly used in traditional
luminaire testing, cannot be used for
SSL products with integral lamps

21
Colorimetric calculations
The chromaticity coordinates (x, y) and/or (u, v ), and
correlated color temperature (CCT, unit: kelvin) are
calculated from the relative spectral distribution
Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, Colorimetry, 3rd edition,
CIE 15:2004
The Color Rendering Index (CRI) is calculated according to

the formulae defined in
Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage, Method of Measuring and
Specifying Colour Rendering of Light Sources, CIE 13.3-1995

22
Spatial non-uniformity of chromaticity

Products may have variation of color with angle of emission
Spatial non-uniformity of chromaticity shall be evaluated
The spatial non-uniformity of chromaticity, uv , is determined as
the maximum deviation among all measured points from the
spatially averaged chromaticity coordinate
distance on the CIE (u, v ) diagram
For this evaluation, accuracy only in chromaticity differences

is critical, and thus, measurements may be made with a
tristimulus colorimeter if a spectroradiometer is not available
If uv < 0.001 a single, directional measurement with a
spectroradiometer suffices for color. Else
23
12.2 Method using spectroradiometer or colorimeter spatially

scanned
Manually positioning the
instrument for given directions
at a constant distance
Shall be measured at
10 intervals for vertical

angle over the angle range
where light is intentionally
emitted from the source
Minimum two horizontal angles

=0 and 90
The chromaticity measurements

need to be made only for the
angles where the average
luminous intensity is >10% of
the peak intensity
IES-LM-79-08

24
Method using spatially scanned spectroradiometer

or colorimeter
May be used when
Sphere-spectroradiometer system is not available
Test sample is too large for a sphere-spectroradiometer system
Can be achieved most efficiently by mounting the colormeasuring instrument on a goniometer

Called gonio-spectroradiometer, or gonio-colorimeter
Luminous intensity distribution and chromaticity coordinates

can be measured at the same time
taking readings at appropriate angle intervals over the entire angle
range where the light is intentionally emitted from the product
Then, the spatially averaged chromaticity is obtained from all
measured points by spatially-integrated tristimulus values
25
IES LM-80-08
Approved Method for Lumen Maintenance

Testing of LED Light Sources

Scope IES LM-80-08

Measuring lumen maintenance for LED
Packages
Arrays
Modules
Does not provide guidance or make any

recommendations regarding predictive estimations or
extrapolation beyond that from actual measurements
(TM-21 covers this)
CREE
LED Supply
CREE

27
Definitions
LED light source
An LED package, array, or module that is operated via an auxiliary driver
Lumen maintenance
Luminous flux output at any selected elapsed operating time
Usually expressed as a percentage of the maximum output)
Lumen maintenance life

Elapsed operating time at which the specified lumen maintenance is reached
Rated lumen maintenance

L70: time to 70% lumen maintenance
L50: time to 50% lumen maintenance
Case temperature
Temperature of the thermocouple attachment point on the LED source
defined by manufacturer

28
LED Life Definitions

70% for general lighting, illumination (L70)
L70 (hrs) = 30% reduction in light output
50% for decorative lighting, indicators (L50)

L50 (hrs) = 50% reduction in light output
Light Output
100%
70%
50%
0%
L70
Time
L50

29
General Conditions
Conduct test in clean environment
Individual labeling of LED sources
Representative sampling of LEDs and report sampling
method
Minimize vibration (although not nearly as sensitive as other
lamp types)
Minimize airflow, but do not allow thermal stratification
Operating orientation and spacing
Orient as specified by manufacturer
Space to allow air flow around units
30
Temperature and humidity

A minimum of 3 case temperatures
55C
85C
The third is at the discretion of the manufacturer
Temperature tolerance +0, -2 C

Air temperature surrounding case within +0, -5C
Relative humidity < 65%

31
Electrical and instrumentation

Current maintained 3% during life test
0.5% during photometric testing
Thermocouple accuracy limits: 1.1C or 0.4%

Elapsed time uncertainty within 0.5%
Photometric measurements performed at 25 2C
Test duration
At least 6000 hours, preferably 10,000 hours
Photometry every 1000 hours minimum
Operating cycle
Constant current (no modulation, e.g. PWM)

32
IES TM-21-11
Projecting Long Term Lumen Maintenance of

LED Light Sources

IES TM-21-11
34
Scope:
Provides a recommendation for projecting long
term lumen maintenance of LED light sources
using LM-80-08 lumen maintenance data

IES TM-21-11
Projection method:
Data: LM-80-08 report
6000-hour data with 1000-hour interval
Less than 1000-hour interval is encouraged
Data beyond 6000 hours is encouraged
Sample size:
20 units for a multiplication factor of 6
10-19 units for a multiplication factor of 5.5
Not applied for sample size less than 10
units
Normalization:
Normalize all collected data to 100% at 0
hour for each DUT
Average
Average the normalized measured data of
all samples
IESTM2111
Miller,C.,2011.IESTM2111Overview,HistoryandQ&ASession.EPAENERGYSTARLampRoundTable,SanDiego,CA,Oct.24,2011.

IES TM-21-11
6 times rule based on confidence band, which is determined
by:
Number of samples
Uncertainty of measurement system over time

IES TM-21-11
Projection method (contd):
Data used for curve-fit
6,000 h <Test duration (D)< 10,000 h
Last 5000 hours of data is used
Data before 1000 hours shall not be used
since many LEDs experience rapid changes
during the first 1000 hours
Test duration (D)> 10,000 h
Last 50% of the total test duration shall be
used
Tuttle,R.etal.,2011.TM21Update:MethodforProjectingLumenMaintenanceofLEDs.CORM2011TechnicalConference.

(Miller,2011)
IES TM-21-11
Data used for curve-fit
show that using 1000-6000 hour data vs.
5000-10,000 hour give different lifetime

predictions
later data show more characteristic decay
curve of interest
Non-semiconductor related decay
(encapsulant, etc.) occurs early on
Later decay is semiconductor
degradation-related and can be
considered as classic exponential decay
Long duration data sets (>10,000 h)
show better verification

(Miller,2011)
IES TM-21-11
Projection method:
Curve-fit
(t ) B exp(t )
t=operatingtimeinhours
(t)=averagednormalizedluminousfluxoutput
attimet
B=projectedinitialconstantderivedbytheleast
squarescurvefit
=decayrateconstantderivedbytheleast
squarescurvefit
IESTM2111
IES TM-21-11
Curve-fit
Forexample:
Lp
B
ln(100 )
p
B
ln( )
L70 0.7
Lp =lumenmaintenancelifeexpressedin
hourswherepisthepercentageofinitial
lumenoutputthatismaintained.
IESTM2111
When>0,theexponentialcurvefitdecaystozero,
Lp>0(validcalculation)
When<0,theexponentialcurvefitincreases,Lp<0
(invalidcalculation,6timesrulewillapply)
IES TM-21-11
Temperature interpolation
Interpolate Lp (@Ts,i=70C) between Ts,1 (55C) and
Ts,2 (85C)
55C
70C??
85C
Arrheniusequationtocalculateinsitudecayrateconstant.
Ea
i A exp(
)
k BTs ,i
(AfterTuttleetal.,2011)
A=preexponentialfactor;
Ea =activationenergy(ineV);
Ts,i =insituabsolutetemperature(inK);
kB=Boltzmannsconstant(8.6173x105 eV/K)

IES TM-21-11
(projection based on in-situ temperature entered)
Table 1: Report at each LM-80 Test Condition
Ts,1 (C)
Description of LED Light Source

Tested (manufacturer, model,
catalog number)
55C
Ts,1 (K)
Sample size
Sample size
Sample size
B1
Number of failures
DUT drive current used
in the test (mA)
Test duration (hours)
Number of failures
in the test (mA)
Number of failures
in the test (mA)
Ts,2 (C)
85C
Ts,2 (K)
B2
Ea /kb
B0
Tested case
temperature (C)
B
Calculated L70(Dk)
(hours)
Reported L70(Dk)
(hours)
55C
Test duration used for

projection (hour to hour)
Tested case
temperature (C)
www.energystar.gov/
TM21calculator
Calculated L70(Dk)
(hours)
Reported L70(Dk)
(hours)
(AfterTuttleetal.,2011)


Tested case
temperature (C)
85C
Calculated L70(Dk)
(hours)
Reported L70(Dk)
(hours)
Ts,i (C)
70C
Ts,i (K)
55C Projected L70(Dk)

70C?? (hours)
Reported L70(Dk)
85C (hours)
www.energystar.gov/TM21calculator

IES LM-82-12
Approved method: Characterization of LED

Light Engines and LED Lamps for Electrical and
Photometric Properties as a Function of
Temperature
LED Light Engines
LED Lamps

Decorative luminaires
Commonly used in residential and
hospitality applications
Can provide a coordinated look
while serving different functions
Sconces, chandeliers, pendants, table
and floor lamps
Available in a variety of shapes, styles
and finishes
Combine fashion with function,

.according to the American
Lighting Association
www.americanlightingassoc.com/about_news_detail.php?id=2

LED industry trend

Manufacturers often design families of decorative luminaires:
Sconces, pendants, table and floor lamps
These luminaires can provide a coordinated look while serving
different functions
A large number of decorative luminaires can use a common

light source (LED light engine).
Photometric testing of complete fixtures is not a feasible
concept for such luminaires.

Why LM-82-12?
1
Luminaire
photometry is less
meaningful for
end-users of
decorative
luminaires
CIE Chromaticity Diagram 1931
0.9
Black Body Locus

White Shade
0.8
Blue Shade
Amber Shade
0.7
Decorative Glass Shade
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
Glass shade
Vin (V)
Pin (W)
(lm)
White
Blue
Amber
Highly decorative
120.1
120.1
120.0
120.1
4.48
4.48
4.48
4.48
165.0
129.9
82.6
34.9
Efficacy
(lm/W)
36.8
29.0
18.4
7.8
0.1
0.2
0.3
WACLightingluminairestestedbyLRC
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1
x
CCT (K)
CRI
0.3929
0.3468
0.4507
0.4499
0.3876
0.3698
0.4129
0.3942
3761
4998
2851
2711
73.6
72.0
69.0
78.1
AlexBakerandTaylorJantzSell,2011.ENERGYSTARLuminairesSpecification.ENERGYSTARLuminairesConferenceCall,March9,2011.
ASSIST,RecommendationsforTestingandEvaluatingWhiteLEDLightEnginesandIntegratedLEDLampsUsedinDecorativeLighting Luminaires,Volume4,Issue1,revisedApril,2009.

IES LM-82-12
ASSIST recommends formed the basis for LM-82-12.
LED performance (luminous flux, life) largely depends on the
LED junction temperature, which varies depending on how the
LED is integrated into the luminaire and the installation
environment.
LM-82-12 requires testing the performance of the LED

light engine and the integrated lamp as a function of
temperature, so the performance at in situ temperature
can be predicted:
Power (W)
Luminous flux (lm)
Color
LM-82-12 vs. LM-79-08

LM-82-12
LM-79-08
Scope
LED light engines

Integrated LED lamps
LED luminaires
Integrated LED lamps
ENERGY STAR
Luminaires v1.1
For non-directional luminaires

LED light engines
For directional luminaires
At different temperatures
(*UUT Tb: Tb2C)
25C1C
Testing ambient
temperature
GU24 integrated LED lamps
*UUTstandsforunitundertest;Tb standsforUUTmanufacturerspecifiedtemperaturemonitoringpointtemperature

IES LM-82-12
Thermal environment
Mounting the UUT to a thermoelectric cooler (TEC)
Mounting the UUT in a temperature chamber that only
controls the local environment around the UUT
Temperature measurement
Tb: UUT
Td: driver
Td:driver
Tb:UUT
www.cree.com
http://m.grainger.com/mobile/details/;jsessionid=A011BDF9B
AE709D7BBC43E004EB6A7FF.prgav06?R=4HGL3

Thermal test chamber: LED light engines
LED/LED array
Temperature
sensor (Ts)
Heat Sink
Driver
Temperature
sensor (Td)
Heater
Insulation
Test chamber painted white on the outside
ASSIST,RecommendationsforTestingandEvaluatingWhiteLEDLightEnginesandIntegratedLEDLampsUsedin
DecorativeLightingLuminaires,Volume4,Issue1,revisedApril,2009.

Thermal test chamber: LED light engines

Example inside integrating sphere

Proposed method
First, the LED light engine performance is measured as a
function of temperature.
LED light engine is placed inside a thermal test chamber.
The heater is turned on until Ts reaches 40% (and 60% and 80% )
of Tj max (specified by the LED manufacturer)
Photometric and electric quantities and life are measured at these
three temperatures.
Flux (lm)
Life (L70) (hrs)
CIE x,y
Ts (C)
Ts (C)

Ts (C)
Proposed method
Estimating light engine performance in a
luminaire
Thermocouple
(Ts)
Temperature Ts is measured while the light engine is

operating in a luminaire in its operating environment.
The performance parameter is estimated from the
plots generated during the engines characterization.
Flux (lm)
Life (L70) (hrs)
CIE x,y
Ts (C)
Ts (C)

Ts (C)
Tinsitu
Tinsitu
Troom Troom+25C Troom+T
Simple curve fit

Linear
Exponential
Etc.
Tinsitu
Tinsitu
CCT(K)
P(W)
(lm)
IES LM-82-12

Tinsitu
IES LM-82-12:Test report

Test date, facility, equipment, and operator
UUT description (manufacturer, description, catalog number)
If applicable, UUT driver description (manufacturer, description, catalog number, input and output parameters)
Description of test method including testing configuration.
Internal procedure reference
Troom
Initial Temperature
Troom+25C
First Elevated
Temperature
(Initial+25C)
Measured temperature of Tb (or Td)

Input power (W)
Input voltage (V)
Input current (A)
Luminous flux (lm)
Luminous efficacy (lm/W)
CIE chromaticity (x,y or u,v)
(optional)
Correlated color temperature (K)
(as optional)
Uncertainties
Troom+T
Second Elevated
Temperature (per Test
Requesters)
Summary
Heat management is critical to LED performance
Short and long term: color shift, lumen depreciation
Performance of bare LEDs is not predictive of the

systems performance
Testing luminaires under realistic conditions (as a
function of environment temperature) provides
more useful information to end users and designers
SSL testing standards aim to measure LEDs and
LED systems under repeatable conditions, but still
may not provide all the information needed in the
field.
Acknowledgements
NYSERDA for sponsoring this event
Acuity Brands Lighting for
hosting the event
Jessica Lloyd
LRC faculty, staff, and students

ASSIST program sponsors
Thank you


Presentation On LM 79 & 80

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Presentation On LM 79 & 80

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

MeetingandMeasuring

LED Testing Standards Overview

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

LED photometric testing standards:

General questions and answers

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

Relative and Absolute Photometry

Output is relative to an easily-measured

Output is measured in calibrated units

Lamp and system performance matters

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

Relative and Absolute Photometry

Must reproduce environmental and operating conditions

Comfortable and accurate at 25 C, but

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

Relative and Absolute Photometry

Does not work well for making comparisons across different

Useful for measuring variations under different testing

Standard Test Methods for LED Products

Light output, efficacy,

Light output over time,

Light output, efficacy,

Extrapolating LM-80 test

ANSI/UL 153:2002 (Secs. Portable Electric

Methods for in-situ

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

Approved method: Electrical and Photometric

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

Measurements under standard conditions

Total luminous flux

Luminaires (including light source) and integrated LED lamps

Methods for individual product performance. Does not cover how

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

Thermal Conditions for Mounting SSL Products

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

Power Supply Characteristics

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

Seasoning of SSL Products

Other light sources

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

Stabilization of SSL Products

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

Test of an SSL Downlight Product

Input Power (W)

Relative Light Output

Test of an SSL Downlight Product

Input Power (W)

Relative Light Output

If the product has dimming capability,

ac voltage and current u 0.2%

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

Test Methods for Total Luminous Flux Measurement

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

total SA of product should be <2% of

opening diameter should be less than

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

The speed of rotation should be such

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

The Color Rendering Index (CRI) is calculated according to

Capturing the Lighting Edge August 13, 2012 New York, NY

Spatial non-uniformity of chromaticity

For this evaluation, accuracy only in chromaticity differences