1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Rain is the ultimate source of fresh water. With the ground area cities and towns, rainwater,
which runs off from terraces and roofs, was draining into low-lying areas and not
percolating into the soil. Thereby, precious rainwater is squandered, as it is drained into the
sea eventually.
Rain water harvesting is a system by which, the rainwater that collects on the roofs and the
area around the buildings is directed into open wells through a filter tank or into a
percolation chamber , built specifically for this purpose. Rainwater is collected directly or
recharged into the ground to improve ground water storage. Water that is not extracted
from ground during rainy days is the water saved.
1.2 REASONS OF SHORTAGE OF WATER
1. Urbanization
a) increase in per capita utilization
b) less peculation area
2. In places where rain fed/ irrigation based crops are cultivated through ground water
3. Decrease in surface area of lakes, talab, tanks etc.
4. Deforestation
a) less precipitation
b) absence of barriers
rain drops checked by leaves of tree
water slowly descends through twigs & trunk
Humus acts as reservoir
tiny creatures helps percolation

1.3 WHAT IS THE SOLUTION ?

2

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Rain water is the ultimate source of fresh water

Potential of rain to meet water demand is tremendous
Rain water harvesting helps to overcome water scarcity
To conserve ground water the aquifers must be recharged with rain water
Rain water harvesting is the ultimate answer.

1.4 NEED FOR RAIN-WATERHARVESTING

Major parts of our country have been facing continuous failure of monsoon and consequent
deficit of rainfall over the last few years. Also, due to ever increasing population of India,
the use of ground water has increased drastically leading to constant depletion of ground
water level causing the wells and tubewells to dry up. In some places, excessive heat
waves during summer create a situation similar to drought. It is imperative to take adequate
measures to meet the drinking water needs of the people in the country besides irrigation
and domestic needs. Out of 8760 hours in a year, most of the rain in India falls in just 100
hours.

To conserve & augment the storage of ground water

To reduce water table depletion

To improve the quality of ground water

to arrest sea water intrusion in coastal areas

To avoid flood & water stagnation in urban areas

1.5 VARIOUS METHODS EMPLOYED

Rainwater can be harvested in a variety of ways:
1. Directly from roof tops and stored in tanks.
2. Monsoon run off and water in swollen streams during the Monsoon and storing it
in underground tanks.
3. Water from flooded rivers can be stored in small ponds.
There are basically two models associated with Rainwater harvesting:

Urban model
Rural model

Urban model: this method mainly insists on directly harvesting water from roof tops. The
schematic diagram is as follows :

In domestic Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Systems rainwater from the house roof is
collected in a storage vessel or tank for use during the periods of scarcity. Usually these
systems are designed to support the drinking and cooking needs of the family at the
doorstep. Such a system usually comprises a roof, a storage tank and guttering to transport
the water from the roof to the storage tank. In addition, a first flush system to divert the
dirty water which contains roof debris collected on the roof during non-rainy periods and a
filter unit to remove debris and contaminants before water enters the storage tank are also
provided.
Rural model :
It is quite similar to urban model but has few more methods used to store water either for
agricultural purpose or for domestic use. In rural areas, houses have usually inclined roof
made up of asbestos sheets, bricks or cemented sheets. Thus water from the roof comes to
the edges easily and is collected using channels fitted and is brought to storage tank
through PVC pipes. The storage tank is made up of ferrocement. Cloth is the material used
as filter to clean out the water from the roof. This type of tank stores enough water for
drinking needs of a five member family for a month.

1.6 THE TYPICAL ROOF TOP RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

COMPRISES
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

Roof catchment
Gutters
Down pipe and first flush pipe
Filter unit
Storage tank
Collection pit

Roof Catchment:

The roof of the house is used as the catchment for collecting the rainwater. Roofs made of
corrugated iron sheet, asbestos sheet, tiles or concrete can be utilized as such for harvesting

the rainwater. But thatched roofs are not suitable as it gives some colour to water and also
the water carries pieces of roof material (such as palm leaves).
Gutters:

Gutters are channels fixed to the edges of roof all around to collect and transport the
rainwater from the roof to the storage tank. Gutters can be prepared in semi-circular and
rectangular shapes as shown in figures. Locally available material such as plain galvanized
iron sheet can be easily folded to required shapes to prepare semi-circular and rectangular
gutters. Semi-circular gutters of PVC material can be readily prepared by cutting the PVC
pipes into two equal semi-circular channels. Bamboo poles can also be used.

Downpipe:

Down pipe is the pipe, which carries the rainwater from the gutters to the storage tank.
Down pipe is joined with the gutters at one end, and the other end is connected to the filter
unit of the storage tank as shown in figure below. PVC or GI pipes of diameter 50 mm to
75 mm (2 inch to 3 inch) are commonly used for down-pipe.
First Flush Pipe:

Debris, dirt and dust collect on the roofs during non-rainy periods. When the first rains
arrive, this unwanted material will be washed into the storage tank. This causes

contamination of water collected in the storage tank thereby rendering it unfit for drinking
and cooking purposes. Therefore, a first flush system is incorporated to dispose off the
water from first rain so that it does not enter the tank. There are two such simple systems.
One is based on a simple manually operated arrangement, where by, the down pipe is
moved away from the tank inlet and replaced again once the first flush water has been
disposed. In another simple and semi-automatic system, a separate vertical pipe is fixed to
the down pipe with a valve provided below the "T" junction. After the first rain is washed
out through first flush pipe, the valve is closed to allow the water to enter the down pipe
and reach the storage tank.
Filter Unit:

The filter unit is a container or chamber filled with filter media such as coarse sand,
charcoal, coconut fiber, pebbles and gravels to remove the debris and dirt from water that
enters the tank. The container is provided with a perforated bottom to allow the passage of
water. The filter unit is placed over the storage tank. Commonly used filters are of two
types. One is a ferro-cement filter unit, which is comparatively heavy and the other is made
of either aluminium or plastic bucket. The latter is readily available in market and has the
advantage of ease in removing, cleaning and replacing. Another simple way of filtering the
debris and dust particles that came from the roof along with rainwater is to use a fine cloth
as filter media. The cloth, in 2 or 3 layers, can be tied to the top of a bucket or vessel with
perforations at the bottom.

10

Storage Tank:

Storage tank is used to store the water that is collected form the Rooftops. Common vessels
used for small scale water storage are plastic bowls, buckets, jerry cans, clay or ceramic
jars, cement jars, old oil drums etc. For storing larger quantities of water the system will
usually require a bigger tank with sufficient strength and durability.
There are unlimited number of options for the construction of these tanks with respect to
the shape (cylindrical, rectangular and square), the size (Capacity from 1,000 lt. to 15,000
lt. or even higher) and the material of construction (brickwork, stonework, cement bricks,
ferrocement, plain cement concrete and reinforced cement concrete). For domestic water
needs, taking the economy and durability of tanks into consideration, ferrocement tanks of
cylindrical shape in capacities ranging between 4,000 lt. and 15,000 lt. are most suitable.
Plain cement concrete and reinforced cement concrete are used for tank capacities usually
more than 50,000 lt. Brick, stone, cement brick may be used for capacities ranging between
15,000 lt. to 50,000 lt. The ferrocement tanks are usually constructed above ground level
because of the following advantages :
a) ease in finding structural problems/leaks,
b) easy to maintain and clean and
c) easy to draw water.
It is difficult to detect the leaks and take corrective measures in case of under ground tanks.
Water from under ground tanks cannot be drawn by gravity. Some kind of manual or power
lifting devices need to be used for drawing the water. Further, in coastal areas, under
11

ground tanks are prone to water contamination due to fluctuation in groundwater table and
leakage of stored water.
The storage tank is provided with a cover on the top to avoid thecontamination of water
from external sources. The cover will be in dome shape having a raise of about

20-30

cm. in the middle. The dome is provided with two circular openings, one for manhole and
another for accommodating the filter. A lid covers the manhole avoiding exposure of stored
water to the outside environment. The storage tank is provided with
pipe fixtures at appropriate places to draw the water, to clean the tank and to dispose of the
excess water. They are named tap or outlet, drainpipe and over flow pipe respectively. PVC
or GI pipes of diameter 20 mm to 25 mm ( inch to 1 inch) are generally used for this
purpose.
Collection Pit:

12

A small pit is dug in the ground, beneath the tap of the storage tank and constructed in
brick masonry to make a chamber, so that a vessel could be conveniently placed beneath
the tap for collecting water from the storage tank. A small hole is left at the bottom of the
chamber, to allow the excess water to drain-out without stagnation. Size of collection pit
shall be 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm.
1.7 EXPECTED BENEFITS
1) Prevents water wastage by arresting run off.
2) Prevents soil erosion and mitigates flood.
3) Sustains and safeguards existing water table through recharge.
4) Increases water availability and improves water quality.
5) Arrests sea-water intrusion and prevents salination of ground water.
6) Rainwater Harvesting technologies are simple to install and operate.
7) Local people can be easily trained to implement such technologies, and
construction materials are also readily available.
8) RWH is convenient in the sense that it provides water at point of consumption, and
family memebers have full control of their own systems, which greatly reduces
operation and maintenance problems.
9) Running costs are also almost negligible.

13

1.8 SUITABILITY
1) The augmentation of municipal water supplies with harvested rainwater is suited to
both urban and rural areas.
2) The construction of cement jars or provision of gutters does not require very highly
skilled manpower.
1.9 DEVELOPMENT COSTS
1) The capital cost of catchment is highly dependent on the type of catchment ,
conveyance and storage tank material used.
2) Compared to deep and shallow tubewells, rainwater collection systems are more
cost effective, especially if the initial investment does not include the cost of
roofing material.
3) The operation maintenance costs are negligible.

PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF
14

WATER FOR
RAMASWAMY
BLOCK AND
GOLDEN JUBILEE
BLOCK IN THE NIE
CLOLLEGE,
MYSORE

2. PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF WATER FOR RAMASWAMY AND GOLDEN

JUBILEE BLOCK IN THE NIE COLLEGE.

15

2.1

ROOF TOP AREA AVAILABLE FOR RAIN WATER HARVESTING FOR

NIE COLLEGE:
SL

DESCRIPTION

AREA

NO
01.

Ramaswamy Block

Sq.mt
1585.66

02.

Golden

Jubilee 2058.29

Block
Total

2.2

REMARKS

3643.95

AVERAGE RAINFALL IN MYSORE:

Reffering :- Karnataka govt bureau of economics and statistics department.

Sl.No.
Year
Rainfall in mm
01
1999
874.7
02
2000
980.0
03
2001
731.8
04
2002
720.0
05
2003
760.0
06
2004
748.5
07
2005
730.0
08
2006
757.8
09
2007
666.3
10
2008
709.8
11
2009
797.9
12
2010
1010.0
13
2011
782.6
14
2012
882.8
15
2013
776.2
16
2014
1022.2
AVERAGE RAINFALL IN MYSOERE DISTRICT IS 809.43mm.
2.3

TOTAL QUANTITY OF RAINWATER AVAILABLE FOR HARVESTING:

Quantity of water collection,

Volume = Rooftop area x Average Rainfall
V = 3643.95 * 809.43/1000
= 2949.50cub.mt
Harvestable water = 2949.50 x 1000 x 0.8
16

= 2359603.4 litres/year.
Where,
0.8 is the run off co-efficient
The average annual rainfall in mysore- 809.43mm
The total area available for rain water harvesting 3643.95 sq.mt

2.4

TOTAL QUANTITY OF WATER REQUIRED FOR GOLDEN JUBILEE

AND RAMASWAMY BLOCK:

a) Golden jubilee block : 2 Tanks of 50000 litres capacity are used except for
drinking
50000 x 2 = 100000 liters / Day.
b) Ramaswamy block : Considering 40 liters/head/Day.
Total nos of staffs (Teaching & non teaching) = 36
40 x 36 = 1440 liters/day.
AS PER IS 1172:1993 INDIAN STANDARD CODE OF BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
WATER SUPPLY PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION FOR OFFICE IS 40 litres/head/Day.

Total Quantity of water required per day = 100000 + 1440 = 101440 liters.
TOTAL QUANTITY OF WATER REQUIRED ANNUALLY FOR GOLDEN
JUBILEE BLOCK AND RAMASWAMY BLOCK =101440 x 250= 25360000
litres
Therefore Thirty Seven Lakhs Twenty Five Thousand Six Hundred Litres Of Water
Required Annually.
2.5

PROVISION FOR STORAGE.

Considering 4 sumps of size 5 X 5 X 4.25 mt and 8 sumps of size 7 X 7 X 4 mt for

Ramaswamy block and Golden Jubilee block respectively.

17

2.6

LOCATION AND CAPACITY OF SUMP.

SUMP A;Located on parking area beside Ramaswamy block

Size - 5 X 5 X 4.25mt of 4 Nos = 400 cub.mt.
Capacity 400000litres.

SUMP B:Located near rear side of Golden Jubilee block

Size 7 X 7 X 4 mt of 8 Nos. = 1470 cub mt.
Capacity = 1470000Litres.

SUMP A
Located beside Ramaswamy block
Size = 5 X 5 X 4.25mt
Capacity = 400000 litres
Detail Estimation;Sl.

Description

No

Length

Breadth

Height

Quantity

No.
01.
02

Earth work excavation

C.C.Bed 1:4:8

1
1

65.75
65.75

1.05
1.05

1.05
0.15

72.49 Cum
10.36 Cum

Remarks

18

03

Size stone masonry for

foundation in 1:6CM
a) First footing
b) Second footing
c) Third footing

04

Plinth concrete 1:2:4

05

First

class

66.65

0.75

0.45

22.50

67.10

0.6

0.45

18.12

67.55

0.45

0.45

13.68

Total

54.30 Cum

0.15

4.56 Cum

67.55

0.45

brick

masonry in CM 1:2.
a) walls
b) Brick columns

68.00

0.3

4.25

86.70

13

0.45

0.3

4.25

7.46
94.16 Cum

4.25

4.98

0.3

0.031

Deductions:
Columns
Openings from 1tank to

13

0.3

other tanks

06

0.3

3.14

0.0026/4

5.011 Cum
NET =

89.15 Cum

M20 grade concrete.

1.RCC Roof Slab

21.8

5.9

0.15

19.30

Deductions: MS cover

0.75

0.75

0.15

0.34

NET =

19.64 Cum

Plate
07

Inside Plastering

20

4.25

340.0 Sqm

08

Outside Plastering

54.2

4.25

230.35 Sqm

09
10
11
12
13
14

Flooring with CM 1:4

M.S. cover plate
P.V.C pipe of 2 inch dia
P.V.C pipe of 1 inch dia
Filter unit
T-bends

4
4
10.0
20.0
2
5

5
0.75
Rmt
Rmt

0.75

5
-

100.0 Sqm
2.25 Sq.mt
10.00 Rmt
20.00 Rmt
2 No
5 No
19

15
16

L-bows
Control Valve

10
2

10 No
2 No

Abstract estimate:Sl.No

Description

01.
02
03

Quantity

Unit

Rate

Amount(Rs)

E.W.E in hard soil

72.49
C.C.Bed in 1:4:8
10.36
SSMfor foundation 54.30

Cub.mt
Cub.mt
Cub.mt

135.00
5016.00
5148.00

9786.15
51965.76
279536.40

04

in 1:6CM
Plinth
concrete 4.36

Cub.mt

6058.00

26412.90

05

1:2:4
First class

brick 89.15

Cub.mt

3900.00

347685.00

06

masonry in CM 1:2
M20
grade 19.64

Cub.mt

15000.00

294600.00

07

centering...
Inside Plastering in 340.0

Sq.mt

160.00

54400.00

08
09

CM 1:3
Outside Plastering
230.35
Flooring with CM 100.0

Sq.mt
Sq.mt

166.00
260.00

38238.10
26000.00

concrete for RCC

slab,

beam

&

columns including

1:4
20

10
11

M.S. cover plate

2.25
P.V.C pipe of 2 10.00

Sq.mt
Rmt

4000.00
720.00

9000.00
7200.00

12

inch dia
P.V.C pipe of 1 20.00

Rmt

620.00

12400.00

13
14
15
16
17

inch dia
Filter unit
T-bends
L-bows
Control Valve
Miscellaneous

No
No
No
No
-

2000.00
75.00
50.00
620.00
Total=

2000-00
375.00
500.00
1240.00
3660.79
1165000.00

2
5
10
2
-

SUMP B
Located near rear side of Golden Jubilee block
Size = 7 X 7 X 4.00mt
Capacity = 1470000 litres
Detail Estimation;Sl.

Description

No

Length

Breadth

Height

Quantity

No.
01.
02
03

Earth work excavation 1

C.C.Bed 1:4:8
1
Size stone masonry for

154.83
154.83

1.05
1.05

1.05
0.15

170.70 Cum
24.38 Cum

156.48

0.75

0.45

52.82

157.30

0.6

0.45

42.47

158.13

0.45

0.45

32.02

Total

127.31 Cum

0.15

10.67 Cum

Remarks

foundation in 1:6CM
d) First footing
e) Second footing
f) Third footing

04

Plinth concrete 1:2:4

05

First

class

158.13

0.45

brick

masonry in CM 1:2.
c) walls
d) Brick columns

158.95

0.3

4.00

190.74

22

0.45

0.3

4.00

11.88

21

202.6 Cum
Deductions:
Columns

22
0.3

Openings from 1tank to

06

3.14

7.92

0.3

0.080

0.3

13

other tanks

4.00

8.00 Cum

0.0026/4
NET =

194.60 Cum

M20 grade concrete.

1.RCC Roof Slab

29.8

15.2

0.15

67.95

Deductions: MS cover

0.75

0.75

0.15

0.68

NET =

68.63 Cum

Plate
07

Inside Plastering

28

4.00

896.00 Sqm

08

Outside Plastering

88.80

4.00

355.20 Sqm

09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Flooring with CM 1:4

M.S. cover plate
P.V.C pipe of 2 inch dia
P.V.C pipe of 1 inch dia
Filter unit
T-bends
L-bows
Control Valve

4
8
20.0
30.0
4
10
15
2

7
0.75
Rmt
Rmt

0.75

7
-

196.00 Sqm
4.50 Sq.mt
10.00 Rmt
20.00 Rmt
4 No
5 No
10 No
2 No

22

Abstract Estimate:
Sl.No

Description

01.
02
03

Quantity

Unit

Rate

Amount(Rs)

E.W.E in hard soil

170.70
C.C.Bed in 1:4:8
24.38
SSMfor foundation 127.31

Cub.mt
Cub.mt
Cub.mt

135.00
5016.00
5148.00

23044.50
122290.08
655391.90

04

in 1:6CM
Plinth
concrete 10.67

Cub.mt

6058.00

64638.86

05

1:2:4
First class

brick 194.60

Cub.mt

3900.00

758940.00

06

masonry in CM 1:2
M20
grade 168.63

Cub.mt

15000.00

2529450.00

07

centering...
Inside Plastering in 896.00

Sq.mt

160.00

143360.00

08
09

CM 1:3
Outside Plastering
355.2
Flooring with CM 196.00

Sq.mt
Sq.mt

166.00
260.00

58963.20
50960.00

10
11

1:4
M.S. cover plate
4.50
P.V.C pipe of 2 20.00

Sq.mt
Rmt

4000.00
720.00

18000.00
14400.00

12

inch dia
P.V.C pipe of 1 30.00

Rmt

620.00

18600.00

13
14
15
16
17

inch dia
Filter unit
T-bends
L-bows
Control Valve
Miscellaneous

No
No
No
No
-

2000.00
75.00
50.00
620.00
Total=

8000-00
750.00
750.00
1240.00
1221.54
4470000.00

concrete for RCC

slab,

beam

&

columns including

4
10
15
2
-

CONSTRUCTION COST FOR SUMPS

Sl.no

Description

Amount/ Rs
23

01.

SUMP A

1165000.00

02.

SIZE = 5X5X4.25mt
SUMP B

4470000.00

SIZE = 7X7X4.0 mt
TOTAL AMOUNT = 5635000/-

Details after calculations:

Sl.No
Description

01
Ramaswamy block

02
Golden

Area in Sqm

1585.66

block
2058.29

Jubilee

24

Required quantity of 360000

25000000

water in liters
Harvestable water in 1026784.6

1332833.3

liters
Size of the Sumps in 5 X 5 X 4.25

7X7X4

mt
No of Sumps
04
Capacity of Sumps 375000

08
1470000

in liters
Total cost of sumps 1165000.00

4470000.00

in Rs.
Annual Maintenance 5000.00

10000.00

cost in RS.
Life of Sumps in 25

25

years
Initial

cost

Mysore

for
City

50000.00

connection in Rs.
Monthly
water

7000.00

Corporation

charges to Mysore
City Corporation in
Rs.

Future worth comparision : Assuming interest rate as 10% per compounded annually
In golden jubilee block most of the required quantity of water is supplying through
Borewell. Hence, it is assumed that the quantity of water supplying by Mysore City
Corporation is equal to the Harvestable water.
The amount paid for Mysore City Corporation towards the water supply is about
Rs.50000.00 for initial installations and

Rs. 7000/month for Golden jubilee and

Ramaswamy block.

25

1) Future amount (at 25 years) of Proposed Rain Water Harvesting:

a) Sump A :
F=P ( 1+i )

F=1170000 (1+ 0.1 )25

F = -1198213.00
b) Sump B :
F=P ( 1+i )n
F=4470000 ( 1+ 0.1 )25
F = -4577788.00
Total of Sump A and Sump B =5776000.00
2) Future amount (at 25 years ) of bill to be paid to Municipal:

(1+i )n1
F=P ( 1+i ) A
i
n

( 1+ 0.1 )251
F=50000 ( 1+0.1 ) 84000
0.1
25

F = -8802888.00

3) Pay back period =

Annual receipts = (8802888.00 - 5776000.00) / 25 = 121076.00
Annual Expenditures = 5000.00 + 10000.00
= 15000.00

26

t=

P
RC

t=

5635000.00
12107615000

27