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Egypt
University Press Scholarship Online
DOI:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199587926.003.0008
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(p.169)
by the state to them was 2 dr. per artaba more than to other
farmers. It therefore appears quite understandable that the
local administrators of the granary of the dorea tended, on the
one hand, to concentrate on guaranteeing the availability of
wheat, since that was the primary interest both of the state
and of their master Apollonios and could be sold on the free
market. If on the other hand some speculation in oilseeds was
perhaps attempted, the deficit balance of outcome and income
could be better hidden by manipulating its equivalents with
other grains (as happened in the first two years, when a
surplus of oilseeds compensated for a loss of barley). The main
target in any case was to keep and procure as much wheat as
possible.
What, in my opinion, can be excluded is that the accounting of
Apollonios dorea granary can show us the survival of
pharaonic practice. The equivalence of different seeds with
wheat did not have an economic or monetary function, but
was directed towards justifying an internal granary budget.
There are other reasons for that conclusion too: the ratio
which we find between wheat and barley, which is 1 : 0.6, is
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(p.170)
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P.Tebt. III 832 and IV 1129 (but there are other texts
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(p.174)
leased by cleruchs, and the rent had first of all to cover the
rent in kind due to the state. This is particularly evident in the
first papyrus, P. Frank. 1 (Jan.Febr. 213 BC), which is
however a sort of antichretic lease of a whole klros of 30
arourai. Its rent is identical with the diartabieion that had to
be paid for it, viz. 60 artabai of wheat, so it was certainly quite
favourable to the lessees.27 Nevertheless, it is noteworthy,
first, that the fine for the lessee Neoptolemos, in case of
default, was extremely high (10 dr. per artaba, certainly a
consequence of an assessment of the risk of loss of the klros
by the tenant Apollonios). However, on the other hand it also
deserves note that if the debtor-lessor could not return the
sum lent (60 dr.) before the expiry of the lease deed, the
creditor-lessee could deduct from the rent in kind (60 artabai)
the amount of wheat whose price on the threshing-floor would
be equivalent to the loan. Hence, if the price were, as it
probably would be, slightly higher than 1 silver dr. per artaba
(the official price?), the creditor would get his loan repaid plus
a certain amount of new credit (that is interest) on the rent in
kind. Again it was the monetization of the value of wheat that
generated a form of potential speculation.
Even more interesting, as a lease, is BGU X 1943 (215/14
BC).28 In this text Pyrrhos sublets a part of the klros of a
certain Hermias to two men, one Greek, Klados, and one
Egyptian, Phamounis. The rent is fixed at 8 artabai per aroura,
seed included, that is presumably a net rent of 7 artabai, on an
extension of a klros, not yet delimited by the geometrai, and
therefore probably a fallow area (if the supplement
in line 5 is correct) which was to be sown with wheat. As
nothing is said of the rent due to the state, this should imply a
theoretical yield of 2 art. for the lessees (10 art. of harvest per
aroura, less 8 for the rent), and for the lessor one of 5 art. per
aroura (8 art., less the rent of 2 art. to the crown, and less 1
for seed). Hence, if Pyrrhos had to pay the diartabieion per
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in hay, rent
,
in barley, rent
; total
arurae 41 art; seed
art. of wheat.
(17) See Gara 1984: 1301.
(18) On this price and the use of deben in calculating the
adaeratio see the commentary by J. Shelton to P. Tebt. IV
1104, line 2. The same phenomenon, of a lower price for
wheat adaeratus, is attested in demotic texts, cf. Clarysse and
Lanciers 1989: 119.
(19) Rowlandson 2001: 147. On the other hand, von Reden
(2007: 152) seems to accept that in the second and first
centuries BC goods as a means of payment regained
importance because of the declining trust in coined money.
Distrust is probable, but it was not sufficient to demolish the
structural function of money, either in accounts or in actual
payments.
(20) Cf. Verhoogt 2005, App. II: 210 ff.
(21) See Gara 1984: 131. If the official price was 1200 bronze
dr. per artaba in this period (see below, p. 173 with n. 25), this
equivalence was made on a rather lower value, so that the
resultant salary was also lower.
(22) See now von Reden 2007, esp. 1512 and the relevant
chapter.
(23) P. Dryton 16, lines 1922: []
, []
[] .
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