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1.
(a)
Explain, with reference to the standard electrode potential for sodium and hydrogen, why
sodium is manufactured using this method rather than by the electrolysis of aqueous
sodium chloride.
Na+(aq) + e
Na(s);
= 2.71 V
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(2)
(b)
A sample of the sodium chloride which was to be used in the process in (a)(i) was
contaminated with sodium carbonate. The carbonate ion can be removed from a solution
in water as insoluble barium carbonate and the remaining chloride ions can be analysed by
titration with silver nitrate solution using the reaction
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)
AgCl(s)
In such an analysis 5.65 g of the contaminated sodium chloride was dissolved in water and
made up to 250 cm3. A 25.0 cm3 sample of this solution was taken and mixed with excess
barium nitrate solution. After filtering and washing the residue, the filtrate was titrated
with silver nitrate solution of concentration 0.430 mol dm3; 19.7 cm3 of the silver nitrate
solution was required for complete reaction with the chloride ions.
(i)
Calculate the number of moles of Ag+ in 19.7 cm3 of the silver nitrate solution.
(1)
(ii)
Hence determine the number of moles of Cl ions in the 250 cm3 of the sodium
chloride solution.
(1)
(iii)
(1)
et
(iv)
(1)
(v)
Suggest an alternative method for finding the amount of sodium carbonate in the
sodium chloride.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
2.
(a)
(b)
Using the following data, construct a Born-Haber cycle for sodium fluoride and from it
determine the lattice enthalpy of sodium fluoride.
Process
Na (g) + e
F (g) 2F(g)
F(g) + e F (g)
Na(s) + F (g) NaF(s)
Na(s) Na(g)
Na(g)
+494
+158
348
569
+109
(5)
et
(c)
The table below gives some information about the hydroxides of the Group 2 elements.
salt
lattice enthalpy/kJ
moll
hydration
enthalpy/kJ moll
solubility in
water/g per
100 g of water
magnesium
hydroxide
2383
2380
0.9 104
calcium
hydroxide
2094
2110
156 104
strontium
hydroxide
1894
1940
800 104
barium
hydroxide
1768
1820
3900 104
(i)
(ii)
Suggest why the lattice enthalpies of the hydroxides of Group 2 metals become
more exothermic from Ba(OH)2 to Mg(OH)2.
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(2)
(iii)
(iv)
et
(v)
3.
(a)
Define the term standard electrode potential for a metal/metal ion system
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(2)
(b)
What would you expect to happen if a small piece of copper was placed in a aqueous
solution of iron(II) sulphate? Give your reasoning.
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(2)
(c)
The standard electrode potentials of the reactions involved in the first stage in the rusting
of iron are
Fe2+ (aq)+ 2e
O2(g) + 2H2O(l)+ 4e
(i)
Fe(s)
0.44 volts
4OH (aq)
+0.40 volts
Write an overall equation for the first stage in the rusting of iron.
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(2)
et
(ii)
Explain how magnesium metal attached to a sheet of iron prevents it from rusting.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
4.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
In the reaction
(iii)
Describe a chemical test you could carry out to show that iodine was produced.
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(2)
(iv)
Suggest, by reference to the ionic equation in part (ii), the ionic equation for
the reduction of KIO4 to iodine in the presence of excess acid and excess
potassium iodide.
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(2)
et
(b)
Cyanogen, (CN)2, is a gas which is soluble in water to give the weak acid hydrocyanic
acid, HCN
(CN)2(g) + H2O(1)
HCN(aq) + HCNO(aq)
2KCN(s)
(ii)
Suggest the equation for the reaction between potassium cyanide and concentrated
sulphuric acid when heated.
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(2)
(c)
Suggest why the molar mass of aluminium(III) chloride appears to vary between 133.5
and 267 depending upon the temperature.
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(3)
(Total 14 marks)
et