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1.
cell.
b)
2
3
( INTRA BSC ( BTS BTS)-----1 . transfer between BTS under control of same Bsc
Measuring the quality of radio connection
Power levels
2. EXTERNAL HANDOVER.
It is defined as sequential change of carrier frequency on the radio link between mobile &
base station.
Frequency Diversity
Interference Averaging
capacity
Freq hopping implement will enable more aggressive freq reuse pattern, that leads to
It can add more transceiver in the existing sites , while maintaing the net work quality/
Freq hopping compressing the available spectrum to make room for extra capacity
.
10. Define the freq. hopping parameters?
Frequency Hopping Parameters
GSM defines the following set of parameters:
Mobile Allocation (MA): Set of frequencies the mobile is allowed to hop over. Maximum of 63
frequencies can be defined in the MA list.
Hopping Sequence Number (HSN): Determines the hopping order used in the cell. It is possible to
assign 64 different HSNs. Setting HSN = 0 provides cyclic hopping sequence and HSN = 1 to 63 provide various
pseudo-random hopping sequences.
Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO): Determines inside the hopping sequence, which frequency
the mobile starts do transmit on. The value of MAIO ranges between 0 to (N-1) where N is the number of
frequencies defined in the MA list. Presently MAIO is set on per carrier basis.
Motorola has defined an additional parameter, FHI.
Hopping Indicator (FHI): Defines a hopping system, made up by an associated set of frequencies
(MA) to hop over and sequence of hopping (HSN). The value of FHI varies between 0 to 3. It is possible to
define all 4 FHIs in a single cell.
Motorola system allows to define the hopping system on a per timeslot basis. So different hopping
configurations are allowed for different timeslots. This is very useful for interference averaging and to
randomize the distribution of errors.
11. What are the effects of freq hopping?
(Ans)
1 Handovers:
2 Call setup:
3 Frame Erasure Rate (FER):
12 .Explain in brief what is FER.
FER------- 0 to 4%,
GOOD.
4
to 15% , slightly degraded
Greater than 15%, useless
13. What happens when speech frames discarded in FER?
MS is instructed to resend.
L
BS
L
TS
BC
RXLEV
TC
1.
2.
TX
C/I
ARFCN
RQ
FE
3.
TA
DSC
4.
CHM
5.
L1. Logical channel.----- BCCH
RH
CiMd
MCC
MNC
LAC
RA
CI
TC--
traffic channel
TS -
TX - transmit power
C/I -- Carrier to interference ratio in db
RQ -- Receive bit error rate
FE frame erasure rate.
TA -- Timing advance
CHM --C hannel Mode
RH -- cell reselction Hystresis
CiMdCiphering mode
Llcell BCCH
RX Qual is the basic measure. It reflects the average BER over the certain period of
time(0.5s)
19.
1.
2.
3.
20.
2. Frame erasure
3. Hand over.
What are type of interference occur?
Co- channel interference.
Adj-channel interference.
Near end- Far end interference.
What is ERLANG?
Unit of telephone traffic intensity is called Erlang.
One ERLANG is one channel occupied continuously for one hour.
1E = 64Kbps.
insufficient capacity.
22. What are the technique GSM offers which combat Multipath fading?
Equalization
Diversity
Freq Hopping
Interleaving
Channel coding
23. What are control &traffic channels?
BCH-- 1. BCCH
2 .FCCH
3. SCH
DCCH----
1.SDCCH.
2. SACCH
3. FACCH
25. What are types of bursts?
26.
Normal Burst
Frequency Correction Burst
Synchronization Burst.
Dummy Burst
Access Burst.
What is adjacent channel separation in GSM?
Urban Environment-------- 200khz
Sub Urban Environment ---- 400khz
Open environment ----- 800khz
1watt = 30dbm
28. What are the optimizations you have done during Drive Test?
The relation of downlink FER and RXQUAL was measured during a FH trial. The relation is clearly
different in the hopping case compared to the non-hopping case. The distributions of FER in each RXQUAL
class are presented in Error! Reference source not found. and Error! Reference source not found.. One clear
observation can be made; in the non-hopping case there are significant amount of samples indicating
deteriorated quality (FER>10%) in RXQUAL class 5 while in the hopping case the significant quality
deterioration (FER>10%) happens in RXQUAL class 6. Thus, it may be concluded that in the frequency hopping
networks significant quality deterioration starts at RXQUAL class 6 while in non-hopping network this happens
at RXQUAL class 5.
This improvement of FER means that the higher RXQUAL values may be allowed in a frequency
hopping network. RXQUAL thresholds are used in the handover and power control decisions. Because of the
improvement in the relative reception performance on the RXQUAL classes 4-6, the RXQUAL thresholds
affecting handover and power control decisions should be set higher in a network using frequency hopping
network. In a frequency hopping network RXQUAL classes 0-5 are indicating good quality.
Typically, the share of the RXQUAL classes 6 and 7 may increase after FH is switched on, even if no
other changes have been made. This may seem to be surprising since it is expected that frequency hopping
improves the network quality. However, in most cases the quality is actually improved, but the improvement
is more visible in the call success ratio. The improved tolerance against interference and low field strength in
FH network means that it is less likely that the decoding of SACCH frames fails causing increment in the radio
link timeout counter. Thus, it is less likely that a call is dropped because of the radio link timeout. Instead,
the calls generating high RXQUAL samples tend to stay on. This may lead to increase in the share of RXQUAL 67. However, at the same time the call success rate is significantly improved.
In the Error! Reference source not found., there are presented some trial results of a DL RXQUAL
distribution with different frequency allocation reuse patterns. As can be seen from the figures, the tighter
the reuse becomes, the less samples fall in quality class 0 and more samples fall in quality classes 1-6. Theres
bigger difference in downlink than in uplink direction.
This difference is a consequence of interference and frequency diversities that affect the frequency
hopping network. Because of these effects, the interference or low signal strength tend to occur randomly,
while in a non-hopping network it is probable that interference or low field strength will affect several
consecutive bursts making it harder for the error correction to actually correct errors. The successful error
correction leads to less erased frames and thus improves the FER.
When a new call is established or a handover is performed, the BSC selects the TRX and the
time slot for the traffic channel based on the idle channel interference measurements. The frequency
hopping has a significant effect on the idle channel interference measurement results.
When the frequency hopping is used, the frequency of a hopping logical channel is changed about 217
times in a second. The frequency of the idle time slots changes according to the same sequence.
In a case of the random hopping, this means that the measured idle channel interference is likely to
be the same for all the TRXs that use the same MA-list. If the interference is averaged over more than one
SACCH frame, the averaging effect is even stronger. However, normally the interferers are mobiles located in
interfering cells. In this case, there are probably differences in the measured idle channel interferences
between different time slots in the cell. This happens, because the interfering mobiles are only transmitting
during the time slot that has been allocated to them. This is illustrated in Figure Error! No text of specified
style in document.-1.
If the cyclic hopping sequence is used, there might occur differences on the measured idle channel
interference levels between the TRXs on the same time slot as explained in the following section.
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1. Idle channel interference in a case of the
random RF hopping
33 .what are types of handover?
There are four different types of handover in the GSM system, which involve transferring a call
between:
Cells (Base Transceiver Stations) under the control of the same Base Station Controller
(BSC),
Cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the sameMobile services
Discontinuous reception
Another method used to conserve power at the mobile station is discontinuous reception. The paging
channel, used by the base station to signal an incoming call, is structured into sub-channels. Each mobile
station needs to listen only to its own sub-channel. In the time between successive paging sub-channels, the
mobile can go into sleep mode, when almost no power is used.
All of this increases battery life considerably when compared to analog
: What is Tri-band and Dual-band?
A: A tri-band phone operates at three supported frequencies, such as 900/1800/1900 MHz or 850/1800/1900 MHz. A dualband phone operates at two frequencies, such as 850/1900 MHz or 900/1800