Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
What Is Chemistry?
Chemistry
is the study of composition, structure,
properties, and reactions of matter
happens all around you everyday
Antacid tablets undergo a chemical
reaction when dropped in water.
Matter is another word for all substances that make up our world.
Antacid tablets are matter.
Water is matter.
Glass is matter.
Air is matter.
2
Branches of Chemistry
The field of chemistry is divided into branches, such as
organic chemistry, the study of substances that contain
carbon
inorganic chemistry, the study of all substances except
those that contain carbon
general chemistry, the study of the composition,
properties and reactions of matter
Chemicals
Chemicals are
substances that have the
same composition and
properties wherever found
often substances made by
chemists that you use
everyday
Toothpaste is a combination
of chemicals.
Units of Measurement
Scientists use the metric system of measurement and have
adopted a modification of the metric system called the
International System of Units as a worldwide standard.
International System of Units (SI) is an official system of
measurement used throughout the world for units in
length, volume, mass, temperature, and time.
1 m = 100 cm
1 m = 39.4 in.
1 m = 1.09 yd
2.54 cm = 1 in.
1L
= 1000 mL
1L
= 1.06 qt
946 mL = 1 qt
1 kg
= 1000 g
1 kg
= 2.20 lb
454 g = 1 lb
The mass of a nickel is
5.01 g on an
electronic scale.
Water freezes:
32 oF
0 oC
The Kelvin scale for temperature
begins at the lowest possible
temperature, 0 K.
A thermometer is used to measure
temperature.
10
0.00086 g =
4 places
8.6
10,000
= 8.6 x 104
12
= 0.0000003 m
= 3 x 107 m
13
4 x 106
4 EXP (EE) (x10x) 6
4 06 or 406 4 E06
Number to enter:
Enter:
Display:
2.5 x 104
2.5 EXP (EE) (x10x) +/ 4
2.5 04 or 2.504 2.5 E04
14
Some Powers of 10
15
Measured Numbers
Measured numbers are the numbers obtained when you
measure a quantity such as your height, weight, or
temperature.
16
17
3 SF
2 SF
2 SF
0.0004 s
1 SF
850 000 m
2 SF
19
Learning Check
Identify the significant and nonsignificant zeros in each of the
following numbers:
A. 0.002650 m
B. 43.026 g
C. 1,044,000 L
20
Solution
Identify the significant and nonsignificant zeros in each of the
following numbers:
A. 0.002 650 m
The zeros preceding 2 are not significant.
The digits 2, 6, 5 are significant.
The zero in last decimal place is significant.
4 SF
B. 43.026 g
The zeros between nonzero digits or at the
end of decimal numbers are significant.
5 SF
C. 1 044 000 L
The zeros between nonzero digits are significant.
The zeros at end of a number with no decimal
are not significant.
4 SF
21
Exact Numbers
Exact numbers are
numbers obtained by counting
in definitions that compare two units
in the same measuring system
8 cookies
6 eggs
1 qt = 4 cups
1 kg = 1000 g
22
23
Learning Check
Select the correct value when 3.1457 g is rounded to:
A. three significant figures
B. two significant figures
24
Solution
Select the correct value when 3.1457 g is rounded to:
A. To round 3.1457 to three significant figures,
drop the final digits, 57
increase the last remaining digit by 1.
The answer is 3.15 g.
B. To round 3.1457 g to two significant figures,
drop the final digits 457.
do not increase the last number by 1 since the first of these
digits is 4.
The answer is 3.1 g.
25
26
27
28
Learning Check
Perform the following calculation of measured numbers. Give
the answer in the correct number of significant figures.
5.00 cm x 3.408 cm =
2.00 cm
Solution:
(3 SF x 4 SF 3 SF )
= 8.52 cm calculator display and correct
significant figures.
29
Learning Check
Add the following measured numbers:
82.409 mg
+ 22.0
mg
Solution:
Add the following measured numbers:
82.409 mg three decimal places
+ 22.0
mg one decimal place
104.409 mg (calculator display)
= 104.4
mg answer rounded to one decimal place
31
Prefixes
32
34
1 cm3 = 1 cc = 1 mL
10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm = 1000 cm3 = 1000 mL = 1 L
36
Equalities
37
Equalities
use two different units to describe the same measured
amount
are written for relationships between units of the metric
system, U.S. units, or between metric and U.S. units
For example,
1m
1 lb
= 16 oz
2.20 lb =
1000 mm
1 kg
and
2.54 cm
1 in.
A conversion factor
may be obtained from information in a word problem
is written for that problem only
Example 1:
The price of one pound (1 lb) of red peppers is $2.39.
1 lb red peppers
and
$2.39
$2.39
1 lb red peppers
Example 2:
The cost of one gallon (1 gal) of gas is $2.89.
$2.89
1 gal gas
43
To solve a problem,
identify the given unit
identify the needed unit
Example:
A person has a height of 2.0 meters. What is that height
in inches?
The given unit is the initial unit of height.
given unit = meters (m)
The needed unit is the unit for the answer.
needed unit = inches (in.)
2. What do I know?
- What information does the problem give me or allow me to solve for?
- This includes information from common sources/tables.
3. What are the relationships between what Im being asked for and what I
know?
- What formulas relate What I know with What Im being asked for?
5. Always solve the problem for the variable of interest BEFORE plugging in any
values!!
Setting Up a Problem
48
Question:
How many minutes are in 2.5 hours?
Solution:
Step 1 State the given and needed quantities.
Given unit:
2.5 hours
Needed unit: min
Step 2 Write a unit plan.
Plan:
hours
min
60 min = 1 h
60 min and
1h
Step 4 Set up problem to cancel units.
Given Conversion Needed unit
unit
factor
2.5 h x 60 min = 150 min (2 SF)
1h
1h
60 min
Learning Check
49
Solution
50
centimeters
Learning Check
51
Solution
52
Plan:
days
Factor 2
min
Solution
53
Solution
54
Needed unit
Learning Check
55
Plan: grams
Percent
factor
pounds candy
pounds sugar
Solution
56
Solution
57
Given
unit
Conversion
factor
Percent
factor
Density
Density
or g/cm3
Note: 1 mL = 1 cm3
58
Calculating Density
59
Learning Check
Osmium is a very dense metal. What is its density in g/cm3
if 50.0 g of osmium has a volume of 2.22 cm3?
1) 2.25 g/cm3
2) 22.5 g/cm3
3) 111 g/cm3
60
Solution
Step 1 State the given and needed quantities.
Given: 50.0 g; 22.2 cm3 Need: density, g/cm3
Step 2 Write the density expression.
D = mass
volume
Step 3 Express mass in grams and volume in mL or cm3.
Mass = 50.0 g Volume = 22.2 cm3
Step 4 Substitute mass and volume into the density
expression
and calculate.
D = 50.0 g = 22.522522 g/cm3
2.22 cm3
= 22.5 g/cm3 (rounded to 3 SFs)
61
Volume by Displacement
62
A solid
completely submerged
in water displaces its
own volume of water
has a volume
calculated from the
volume difference
45.0 mL 35.5 mL
= 9.5 mL
= 9.5 cm3
Learning Check
What is the density (g/cm3) of a 48.0-g sample of a metal if the
level of water in a graduated cylinder rises from 25.0 mL to 33.0
mL after the metal is added?
1) 0.17 g/cm3
25.0 mL
2) 6.0 g/cm3
3) 380 g/cm3
33.0 mL
object
64
Solution
Step 1 State the given and needed quantities.
Given: 48.0 g
Volume of water
= 25.0 mL
Volume of water + metal = 33.0 mL
Need: Density
Step 2 Write the density expression.
Density = mass of metal
volume of metal
65
Solution
Step 3 Express mass in grams and volume in mL or cm3.
Mass = 48.0 g
Volume of the metal is equal to the volume of water
displaced.
Volume of water + metal
Volume of water
Volume of metal
= 33.0 mL
= 25.0 mL
= 8.0 mL
and
1 mL
3.8 g
67
68
Learning Check
The density of octane, a component of gasoline, is 0.702
g/mL. What is the mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane?
A. 0.614 kg
B. 614 kg
C. 1.25 kg
69
Solution
The density of octane, a component of gasoline, is 0.702
g/mL. What is the mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane?
Step 1 State the given and needed quantities.
Given:
Plan: milliliters
Conversion
factor
grams
kilograms
70
Solution
The density of octane, a component of gasoline, is 0.702 g/mL.
What is the mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane?
Step 3 Write equalities and their conversion factors
including density.
density 0.702 g = 1 mL
and
1 kg = 1000 g
Step 4 Set up problem to calculate the needed quantity.
875 mL x 0.702 g x 1 kg = 0.614 kg
1 mL
1000 g
Answer is A, 0.614 kg.
71