ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT, RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Term Paper II
Carbon Black Production Plant

Instructor: Prof. C. Visvanathan

Course: ED 78.20 Industrial Waste Abatement and Management
Submitted By
1. Ms. Kunnika
2. Mrs.Prisna
3. Ms. Monta
4. Mr. Pasavi
5. Ms. Jitima
6. Ms. Chanokkamon
7. Ms. Sirikan
8. Ms. Soraya

Changwichan
Pianjing
Thammasatta
Ratchapongsirikul
Khorungkul
Cheawtada
Nawapan
Aroonvilairat

104009
104097
104098
104100
104101
104102
104103
104104

Content
Page
List of Tables
List of Figures

ii
iii

1. Introduction
2. Carbon black production statistics
3. Importance of carbon black industry
4. The carbon black process
5. Major environmental issues
6. Point sources of pollution and their characteristics
7. Industrial waste abatement
8. Possible cleaner production aspects
8.1 Waste segregation
8.2 The process modification of cleaner production
9. Case study of Thai carbon black industry in Thailand
9.1 Waste sampling and monitoring
9.2 Material balance
10. Conclusion
References

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List of Tables
Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Page
Point sources of pollution and its characteristics from
carbon black process
The characteristics of air pollution from carbon black
process
The characteristics of wastewater from carbon black
process
The segregation of wastes in carbon black process
The parameters for air sample
The parameters for water sample
The monitoring program and frequency

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8
12
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List of Figures
Figures
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Page
World carbon black demand
Portions of carbon black production in some countries
The worldwide usage of carbon black
The carbon black manufacturing processes
Heat recovery system from carbon black process
NOx, Sox and particulate matter management
The management of fugitive particulate matter
Schematic diagram of wastewater treatment from carbon
black process
Schematic diagram of waste from carbon black process
Simple material balance

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3
5
8
8
9
10
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14

Carbon Black Industry

1. Introduction
Carbon black is the product of incomplete combustion of petroleum product. The benefits
of it have been known for a long time as the best material to strengthen tire rubber
compounds and to extend tread life. This is why it is used in large amounts by the tire
industry in the production of vulcanized rubber, automotive products and used as a black
pigment for inks, paints, plastic and dry-cell battery.
Carbon black is categorized as acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lampblack
or thermal black, according to the process by which they are manufactured. Lampblack is
the oldest type of carbon black, having been used as a pigment for centuries. Channel
black, produced from natural gas, was introduced in the late nineteenth century and was
the major carbon black used worldwide in the early twentieth century for rubber and
pigment applications; with the exception of a special product made in Germany, it is no
longer produced. Acetylene, furnace and thermal blacks have been produced since the
early twentieth century. Over 90% of all carbon black produced today is furnace black.
Typical carbon black primary particle size ranges from 8 nanometers for furnace blacks to
300 nanometers for thermal blacks. Finer particles increase reinforcement and improve
tensile strength.

2. Carbon black production statistics

The global carbon black market is forecast to grow 4.0 percent per annum through 2008
to 9.6 million metric tons, almost matching projected gains in global rubber consumption
over the same period. However, as carbon black demand from the tire sector is projected
to register below-average annual gains through 2008, the smaller non-tire carbon black
market will exhibit strong growth.
The Asia/Pacific region, excluding Japan, will post strongest gains in carbon black
demand through 2008. The large markets of China and India will post particularly
impressive gains due to a continuing rapid expansion in their respective motor vehicle
and tire industries that will be driven by robust economic growth in both countries.
Worldwide production of carbon black in 1993 was approximately six million tones.
The developed countries will continue to post below average gains. Such as a number of
carbon black plants in the Western Europe closed or reduced capacity. Due to high carbon
black feed stock oil price and a weak domestic market as a result of shifting tire
production to the Asia/Pacific region, Russia and Egypt (Figure 1 and 2).

North America
21%

Other Regions
16%

Figure 1 World carbon black demand

Western
Europe

Asia / Pacific
45%

18%

US
China
Italy
Spain

1%
2%
2%
3%

CIS*
France
India
Sweden

1% 0%

Japan
Brazil
UK
Portugal

Germany
South Korea
Netherlands
Other countries

15%

20%

Figure 2 Portions of carbon black

production in some countries

3%
3%
3%
4%

15%
4%

5%

19%

3. Importance of carbon black industry

Carbon black is used in tires, rubber and plastic products, printing inks and coatings is
related to properties of specific surface area, particle size and structure, conductivity and
color. Current worldwide production is about 8.1 million metric tons (International
carbon black association). The usage of carbon black was shown in Figure 3 and detailed
as described below:
- Tires and Industrial Rubber Products: Carbon black is added to rubber as both filler
and as a strengthening or reinforcing agent in the industrial products such as tire, belts,
gasket and bushing etc.
- Plastics: Carbon blacks are now widely used in products such as refuse sacks, industrial
bags, photographic containers, agriculture mulch film, stretch wrap, and thermoplastic
molding applications for automotive, electrical/electronics, household appliances and
blow-molded containers.
- Toners and Printing Inks: Carbon blacks enhance formulations and deliver broad
flexibility in meeting specific color requirements.

3
Furthermore, carbon black also designed to transform electrical characteristics from
insulating to conductive in products such as electronics packaging, safety applications,
and automotive parts.

9%

1%

Rubber application
P igment

Figure 3 The worldwide usage of

carbon black
Source: LMC September 2001

Ingredient in deverse
application

90%

4. The carbon black process

The carbon black process is normally classified as a large scale industry due to the large
amount of production, investment and requires many steps of operation. There are two
major processes for carbon black production, the oil furnace process, which account for
90% of total carbon black production, and the thermal process, which account for 10% of
total carbon black production. However, there are other minor processes such as the lamp
process for production of lamp black, the cracking of acetylene to produce acetylene
black, the gas furnace process is being phased out, and the channel black which is not
used anymore in US. These minor processes are contributed less than 1 percent of total
carbon black production.
The description of two major processes is provided below.
1. Oil furnace process - an aromatic liquid hydrocarbon or heavy aromatic oil as
feedstock is heated and injected continuously into the combustion zone of a
natural gas-fired furnace, where it is decomposed to form carbon black. The
production furnace uses a closed reactor to atomize the feedstock oil under
carefully controlled conditions (primarily temperature and pressure) (carbon-black
.org).
2. Thermal process - a cyclic operation which use natural gas, mainly consisting of
methane, is thermally decomposed (cracked) into carbon particles, hydrogen, and
a mixture of other organics.
In this report, the oil furnace process is focused because it covers 90% of the total
carbon black production in worldwide. The oil furnace process is described below.

4
Oil Furnace process
This process has two basic concepts. First, carbon feed stock is converted from fluid to
gas (smoke) by heat and incomplete combustion process. Second, gas (smoke) from
incomplete combustion will be converted to solid (carbon black) by filtering process and
drying process. This technology uses water as a key role for stop reaction and extraction
carbon black. The details of process are described below;
Step 1: Feedstock oil is pumped from the storage tank into the reaction furnace through
oil pre-heaters. At the same time, combustion air is also preheated and supplied to the
reaction furnace. By preheating both feedstock oil and air to a high sensible heat energy, a
high yield of product is obtained.
Step 2: Feedstock oil then is burned in the reaction furnace. The temperature of
combustion is limited at 1320 to 1540C by using water to cool down to inhibit the
complete combustion in the reaction furnace. Then the incomplete combustion oil is
became carbon black fine particle or smoke.
Step 3: Inject the quenching water at the quench zone in the reaction furnace to cool
down the temperature to 500C to stop the incomplete combustion reaction. Carbon black
and by product, tail gas, are formed in this step at the quench zone. The exhaust gases
entraining the carbon particles are further cooled to about 230C by passage through heat
exchangers and direct water sprays.
Step 4: The mixture, carbon black and off gas, then are separated by sending to bag
filters. A cyclone is used for the primary collection system. Then the filtered carbon black
particle is sent to further process, the wet pelletizers.
Step 5: The filtered carbon black then transferred to wet pelletizers to increase bulk
density. Amount of water, molasses and carbon black are mixed with an appropriate ratio.
Then the wet pellets are dried in rotary dryers, which are heated by combusting tail gas.
Step 6: Finally the dried pellets then are conveyed into the product storage tank or in
storage bag.
The major waste from this process will be generated as off gas which comes from bag
filter house. Off gas contains several products of carbon feed stock combustion such as
carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), hydrogen (H2),
nitrogen (N2), particulate matter, steam and heat. The proportion of ingredients of off gas
depend on the type of carbon feed stock. However, due to off gas contain high level of
heat, it is recycled for steam making process. Optional steam will be used for power
generation or sell for another industry. Steam making process has to use water which is
treated to remove mineral (demineralization process). Because of untreated water may
interrupt boiling process and may cause explosion from boiler.
The flowchart of carbon black manufacturing processes is shown in Figure 4.

Raw water

Carbon black feed stock oil

Water for process

Burner oil
Combustion air
Atomizing steam

Treated water

Oil cracking

Steam making

Carbon black separation

Bag house filter

Off gas

pelletization

Water
Molasses
Off gas
Combustion air

Drying

Moisture
Flue gas

Packaging

Finished carbon black

Figure 4 The carbon black manufacturing processes

5. Major environmental issues

In each process of carbon black production, wastes are generated which have impacts on
environment and human health. There is several environmental issues concern about
wastes generation from carbon black industry. Air pollution is a major issue while water,
solid waste and noise pollution are minor concern.
Air pollution
There are several air pollutants from carbon black production that can be summarized as;
- Oil storage tank vent gas
- Vent gas from reactor oil furnace process
- Fugitive emission from all processes
- Pneumatic system vent gas and particulate matter
- Flue gas may contain NOx, SOx, and CO

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Water pollution
- In case of emergency, the scrubber will be taken in the process and the wastewater
will contain particulate matter and acid water.
- High temperature water from cooling tower and equipment cooler unit
- Blow down water from back wash boiler
- Back wash water which contain high concentration of minerals
- Ground washing wastewater
- Domestic wastewater
Solid waste
Solid waste from carbon black process may be classified into 2 categories, which are
general and hazardous waste
- General waste from office and canteen
- Solid waste from process and packaging such as pallet, paper, plastics and
polypropylene bags
- Hazardous waste (carbon black) from wastewater treatment plant
Noise pollution
Noise pollution from carbon black processing may originate from Pneumatic conveyor
blower, Mixer and Dryer.

6. Point sources of pollution and their characteristics

Possible sources of pollution from carbon black industry could be come from several
processes such as oil cracking and carbon black separating process. The air pollution
comes from carbon black process. Wastewater originates from two part, office and
canteen activity, washing and water treatment process in plant area. Solid waste comes
from office, carbon black process and wastewater treatment.
Table 1 Point sources of pollution and its characteristics from carbon black process
Phase/operation
Oil cracking process
1. Oil furnace and Thermal
process

Sources
- Oil storage tank
- CO Heater

- Scrubber
Carbon black separating process
1. Filtering
- Bag filter
- Pneumatic blower
2. Mixing
3. Drying

- Mixer
- Dryer feeder
- Rotary dryer

Pollutant characteristics
- Oil storage tank vent gas
- Thermal problem
- Particulate matter,
combustion gases
- Wastewater
- Vent gases
- Smoke
- Noise pollution
- Particulate matter
- Noise pollution
- Noise pollution
- Particulate matter
- Noise pollution
- Flue gas

Phase/operation
Sources
Water treatment and steaming process
1. Demineralization
- Back wash
2. Steaming
- Boiler

Packaging and storage

1. Packaging unit

- Packing

2. Storage unit

- Warehouse

Pollutant characteristics
- Mineral wastewater
- Blow down water (high
temperature)
- SOx and NOx
- Particulate matter
- Solid waste
- Solid waste

Table 2 The characteristics of air pollution from carbon black process

Emission Standard for
Parameters
Characteristic
boiler and furnace using
fuel oil*,**
3
Particulate
250 mg/m
Not exceed 240 mg/m3
Sulfur Dioxide
912 ppm
Not exceed 950 ppm
Oxides of Nitrogen
115 ppm
Not exceed 200 ppm
Carbon Monoxide
2,000 ppm
Not exceed 690 ppm
* site: http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/en_reg_std_airsnd03.html
** Reference condition is 25 oC at 1 atm or 760 mmHg, at O2 of 7 % and Dry Basis
Table 3 The characteristics of wastewater from carbon black process
Parameters
Characteristics (mg/L)
Standard Values*
pH
6-8
5.5-9.0
Temperature
70-90C
Not exceed 40C
SS
450-1,200 mg/L
Not exceed 50 mg/L
TDS
3,300-3,800 mg/L
Not exceed 3,000 mg/L
BOD
<10 to 40 mg/L
Not exceed 20 mg/L
COD
40 to 450 mg/L
Not exceed 120 mg/L
Oil and Grease
7 to 30 mg/L
Not exceed 5.0 mg/L
* Standard for discharge from industrial sector: Division of Water quality control,
Pollution Control Department, 2007.

7. Industrial Waste abatement

Air pollution
Air pollution generate from two major conditions; Emergency condition and normal condition.
- Emergency condition in case of upset conditions or otherwise when the reactor is
vented, the carbon black manufacturing is stopped and the gases are by-passed. The
amount of carbon black in this vented gas is highest during the initial period of venting
and subsides subsequently. The scrubber system is nowadays being used for cleaning this
vented out gas.
- Normal condition off gas from filtering process will be used for boiler and steam
making. Steam will be use for electric generation inside the plant and some will be sold to
Thai Rayon Company as shown in Figure 5. Flue gas from drying process will be sent to
steaming process. Dry scrubber is installed to trap NOx and SOx from boiler and CO
heater which can reduce the amount of wastewater generation more than wet scrubber
equipment (Figure 6). Particulate matter from pneumatic blower, spread from CO heater,
dryer feeder, spill and leakage will be collected by central vacuum system and disposed in
secured landfill. Clean up and good housekeeping are recommended to avoid workers
exposure.
Heat recovery
Steam generation

Carbon
black
process

Off Gases

Steam
Sell to Thai
Rayon
Company

Boiler

Steam

Power
generator

Condenser

Cooling
tower

Figure 5 Heat recovery system from carbon black process

Process

Off gas

Boiler

Dry scrubber
Stack

Figure 6 NOx, SOx and particulate matter management scheme

Reactor

smoke

Bag Filter

Pneumatic
Blower

Dryer feeder

Central
Vacuum
system

Packaging

Dust
Storage

Disposal
Figure 7 The management of fugitive particulate matter

Water pollution
Water pollution from carbon black process can be divided into 2 categories: process and
domestic wastewater, then they will be separately treated.
The process wastewater from wet scrubber, spill cleaning up mainly containing carbon
black and oil will be collected and treated by physico-chemical process in the wastewater
treatment plant. The treated effluent will be directly discharge from the polishing pond
into the Chaophraya River. Sediment from three settling ponds will be removed and
disposed at secured landfill.
The domestic wastewater from canteen, office will be pre-treated at site by oil and grease
trap or septic tank, and go through aerobic biological treatment and the overflowed water
from polishing pond are discharged into the river as shown in Figure 8.

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Process Waste water

Oil & Grease

Separator unit

Flocculation and
coagulation tank

Domestic
wastewater

Settling pond
I

Pretreatment

Settling Pond
II

Settling pond
III

Aerobic biological
treatment

Polishing pond

Reuse/recycle
Discharge to river
Figure 8 Schematic diagram of wastewater treatment from carbon black process

Solid and hazardous wastes

General solid wastes such as papers, plastics, polypropylene bags, and pallet are collected
for recycle.
Residue from wastewater treatment plant which is carbon black consider as hazardous
waste. It should be disposed in secured landfill with proper lining to prevent leaching of
hazardous substances into groundwater. Sludge from aerobic biological treatment will be
managed and used as fertilizer.

8. Possible cleaner production aspects

Cleaner production for carbon black industry is refer to the continuous of an integrated
preventive environmental strategy to processes, products, and services to increase overall
efficiency, and reduce risks to humans and the environment. The aspects comprise of
waste minimization, pollution prevention or green productivity which is addressed before
the waste will be generated. The cleaner production method can be integrated several
techniques for achieving the objective. It results from conserving raw materials, water
and energy; eliminate toxic and dangerous raw material; and reducing the quantity and
toxicity of all emissions and waste at source during the products process.

11
For carbon black industry, cleaner production will be focused on eliminate or segregate
wastes and reduce the quantity and toxicity of emission.
8.1 Waste segregation
Wastes from carbon black industry (air, water and solid) generate from several processes
(Figure 9). They can be segregated as describe in Table 4.

PWW3

Raw water

Carbon feed
stock storage

Water
treatment

Combustion
Reactor

Vent gas 1

Bag house
filter

Boiler
Off gas

Vent gas 2

Pelletizers

SWP1

Steam

Blow down
water

PWW2

WWTP for waste

from process
River

SWP3

WWTP for office &

canteen

Pneumatic
conveyer blower

Dryer

Packaging
Carbon black
Spill &
leakage

Fugitive
PM

Flue gas

SWP2

Ground
washing

PWW1
Figure 9 Schematic diagram of waste from carbon black process
Note: PWW = Process wastewater
SWP = Solid waste from process
PM
= Particulate matter

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Table 4 The segregation of wastes in carbon black process
Waste
Waste Air
Off gas
Flue gas
Fugitive particulate matter

Sources

Vent gas1

Bag filter house

Dryer feeder
Pneumatic blower and
dryer feeder
Steaming process

Vent gas 2

Oil reactor

Wastewater
Domestic wastewater

Office and canteen

PWW1
PWW2
PWW 3
Solid waste
General Garbage
SWP 1
SWP 2
SWP 3

Ground washing in process

Boiler blowdown
Water treatment unit

Management
Recycle for steam making
Sent to boiler
Sent to central vacuum system
and disposal
Reduce pollution by dry
scrubber
Reduce pollution by wet
scrubber
Treated by septic tank and
aerobic biological process
Treated by Physico-chemical
process
Reuse in office and canteen

Office and canteen

Sent to municipal collection

system
Carbon black separator unit Sold to recycle shop
Product packaging unit
Wastewater treatment plant Disposed in secured landfills

8.2 The process modification and cleaner production

There are some aspects of carbon black process need to be improved or modified in order
to achieve the cleaner production concept. The recommendation of cleaner production
should be included;
- Replace the wet scrubber with dry scrubber in order to reduce wastewater from
wet scrubber process.
- Replace fuel oil with natural gas for preheating the reactor. The burning of natural
gas emits less air pollution than other fossil fuels.
- Install dry scrubber at steaming process to reduce SOx, NOx as describe already.
- Install insulation system at boiler, pipe of off gas and steam line to reduce heat
loss.
- Reuse water from wastewater treatment plant. Use water from polishing pond to
gardening and washing ground.
- Install particulate matter monitoring device around plant.
- Provide good quality of occupational health and safety equipment for employees
such as masks, head gears, ear plugs and boots.
- Often rehearsal health and safety program and random checking the using of
personal protective equipments in order reduce risk of exposure to chemical
substances and pollutants.
- Effective engineering controls and good housekeeping practices will ensure that
occupational exposures and fugitive dust are minimized.

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-

Due to carbon black is a carcinogenic substance, health surveillance should be

addressed routinely for employees once a years in order to reduce harmful effect
to employees.
A central vacuum system should be considered for routine housekeeping and the
clean-up of localized process leakage such as warehouse or packaging area.
The collector serving the central vacuum pump should be located outdoors.

9. Case study of Thai carbon black industry in Thailand

9.1 Waste sampling and monitoring
9.1.1 Waste sampling
The waste generated from Thai carbon black industry can be classified into three main
groups; solid waste, wastewater and exhaust air. Solid wastes should be collect and
monitoring before disposal. Solid wastes from process and packaging are sold to the
recycle company and domestic waste from office and canteen are sent to the municipal
collection system. While hazardous waste (carbon black) dispose into secured landfill.
Wastewater from the scrubber (in case of emergency situation), wastewater from cooling
tower and equipment cooler unit, blow down water from back wash boiler, and back wash
water must be collected to monitoring. The exhaust gas including particulate matter from
the process is also collected to monitoring.
9.1.2 Sampling location
Sampling locations for solid waste are the waste collection and landfill area.
Wastewater sampling is the water from scrubber, cooling tower and equipment cooler
unit, blow down, back wash and domestic wastewater. Sampling locations for wastewater
are before and after wastewater treatment process and impacts sites in Choaphraya River
in both upstream and downstream direction.
Sampling location for exhaust gas include inside and outside the plant. The inside
location that possibility affect by the leak exhaust gas will be monitored. The exhaust gas
from the process will be collected at the distance 2 and 5 kilometers far away from the
plant.
9.1.3 Parameter
The parameters for water and air monitoring are shown as follow:
Table 5 The parameters for air sample
Parameters
Particulate (mg/m3)

SO2 (ppm)

Location
Inside the plant, 2
km. and 5 km.
from the plant
As above

NOx (ppm)
CO (ppm)

As above
As above

Maximum Value
100-120

Standard
240

400

950

80
1,500

200
690

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Table 6 The parameters for water sample
Parameters
pH
Temperature
SS
TDS
BOD
COD
Oil and Grease

Location
Discharge of WWTP
Discharge of WWTP
Discharge of WWTP
Discharge of WWTP
Discharge of WWTP
Discharge of WWTP
Discharge of WWTP

Maximum Value
6-7.5
< 40C
50 mg/L
2,800 mg/L
15 mg/L
120 mg/L
4.5 mg/L

Standard
5.5-9.0
40C
Not exceed 50 mg/L
Not exceed 3,000 mg/L
Not exceed 20 mg/L
Not exceed 120 mg/L
Not exceed 5.0 mg/L

9.1.4 Monitoring
The frequency of environmental monitoring is shown in table 7.
Table 7 The monitoring program and frequency
Environmental media
1. Discharge of WWTP
2. Surface water
3. Air
4. Sediment

Monitoring frequency
4 times/month
1 time/month
1 time/month
1 time/month

9.2 Material balance

A simple material balance for Thai carbon black manufacturing processes is shown in
Figure 10. The material balance identifies a quantity of input and output of the
manufacturing processes. Emission can be calculated as the difference between input and
output of each listed substance. Accumulation or depletion of substance within the
equipment should be account for the calculation.
Output

Input

Combustion air 2,510.6

metric tons/d

Burner oil 118.3 metric tons/d

Carbon black feed stock oil
715.9 metric tons/d
Water 1,854.2 metric tons/d
Atomizing steam 21.1
metric tons/d

Manufacturing
Process

Carbon black product 415

metric tons/d
Off gas 3,618.9 metric tons/d
Flue gas 788.6 metric tons/d
Moisture 400.5 metric tons/d

Molasses 2.9 metric tons/d

5,223 metric tons/d

5,223 metric tons/d

Figure 10 Simple material balance

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10. Conclusion
Carbon black is the product from incomplete combustion of petroleum product. The
major environmental problems of carbon black industry are air pollution, water pollution,
solid waste and noise pollution. The manufacturing processes of carbon black mostly rely
on high temperature and incomplete combustion. Then air pollution generated from the
process mostly are particulate, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide.
The wastewater generated from the process has high temperature and contains particulate,
suspended solid, total dissolve solid, BOD, COD and oil/grease. The solid wastes
generation consist of pallet, paper, plastics and polypropylene bags from process and
packaging; domestic waste from office and canteen; carbon black residue from
wastewater treatment plant.
In this report, waste abatement and cleaner production of the carbon black process has
been propose to reduce major generated pollutants. New equipment such as dry scrubber
would be installed to reduce air pollution emission from steaming process. Fugitive
particulate matter (mostly carbon black) will be collected and recovery. For domestic
wastewater, aerobic biological treatment would be added. Waste segregation and process
modification will be used in cleaner production strategy.

16

References
http://www.carbon-black.org/what_is.html
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ufacturing.pdf
http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-16860840.html
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http://gestdoc.webmichelin.com/repository/DocumentRepositoryServlet?codeDocument=
1922&codeRepository=MICHCORP&codeRubrique=FB_01_EN
http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/en_reg_std_airsnd03.html
http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/en_reg_std_water04.html#s1
http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serv/en_reg_std_airsnd03.html
http://www.the-infoshop.com/study/fd29486_carbon_black.html
http://www.thermaxindia.com/v2/DivAdmin/Downloads/images/carbon%20black_Enviro
.pdf
http://www.unep.fr/pc//cp/understanding_cp/related_concepts.htm