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NEXT WEEK IN BIO153

Tuesday: Lecture 19: Human evolution

Thursday: Lecture 20: Intro to ecology

Friday: Good Friday - no tutorial

Readings: Chapter 34

No labs

Assignment 3 due Mar. 24

l|c

Session ID:

TUTORIAL 9:
EVOLUTION OF THE DOMESTIC DOG

How did Darwin study artificial selection?


How fast did domestic dogs evolve and how did they change?
Can we experimentally test hypotheses about dog evolution?

http://blog.blantonmuseum.org/files/
2012/01/Cave-painting.jpg

DOGS CLEARLY WERE AND ARE IMPORTANT TO PEOPLE

Cave painting from ??

RANDOM NOTE
Tullimonstrum gregarium was a vertebrate, all vertebrates are chordates
- fossil evidence of its gut, has to do with the structure of how both these
Dogs of King Antef
from Egyptian
organisms fossilize, 3-dimensional
element
to its fossilization,
relief (2323 BC. to 2134 BC).
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/mar/18/tully-monster-mystery-of-the300-million-year-old-fossil-finally-solved
Gaston Phebus, illustration from Le Livre
de la chasse (The Book of Hunting), 14th
- 15th centuries, illuminated manuscript

DOGS WERE THE FIRST DOMESTICATED SPECIES


Domesticated from gray wolves over 15,000 years ago, probably
in several locations

Canis lupus

Canis lupus familiaris

WE STILL HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT DOMESTICATION AND DOGS

1. What changes occur during domestication?

2. How quickly could domestication occur?


2-stage process, where wolves approached the human sediments and became to rely on
them, and human began to give them large chunks, encouraging them
-and then the process of artificial selection began (on the dogs brave enough to
approach humans)
so 1) approach human sediments 2) artificial selection

By fugzu - originally posted to Flickr as Cody alias Fez delle Caserosse, CC


BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32932031

DARWIN USED DIFFERENT SOURCES OF DATA TO SUPPORT HIS THEORY

Examples of adaptation,

Structural homology,

The fossil record, and

Biogeography,

Domesticated species

Why do you think domesticated species


would be an important part of his theory?
Darwin did not know about Medellian genetics
- he can show that species can change
- the fact that the traits were heritable, and artificial selection showed him that the
traits were indeed heritable, so then artificial selection and domestication showed him
that if you select for a trait in a population it will appear in subsequent generations,
allowed him to make his arguments without understanding how it actually works
(Mendellian genetics)

ARTIFICIAL SELECTION IS THE SELECTIVE BREEDING OF DOMESTICATED SPECIES

DARWIN ALSO NOTED OTHER CHANGES IN ARTIFICIALLY SELECTED ANIMALS

Drooping ears

piebald coloration, forehead


star don't see commonly in wild populations

wavy hair

rolled, shorter tails

changes in reproductive cycles


What does this mean?

if we didn't select for these traits why do they appear?


- maybe the gene that we select for lies close to the one we're not
-linked genetically to those traits we are selecting for, that' why they're showing up

WE STILL HAVE QUESTIONS ABOUT DOMESTICATION AND DOGS

1. What changes occur during domestication?


we need variation for a.s. to work, large population with a lot of diversity so we
actually choose, look for those that are least aggressive - selections based on
2.can
How
quickly could domestication occur?
a behavioural trait
- what's ur hypothesis then?

By fugzu - Flickr: raskal, CC BY 2.0, https://


commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31447186

DR. BELYAEV BEGAN A STUDY ON FOX DOMESTICATION IN 1959

expect to see friendlier foxes in 2016


-look slightly different too/ change the morphology
-

http://scienceblogs.com/thoughtfulanimal/2010/06/14/monday-pets-the-russian-fox-st/

WHAT WOULD YOU DO?


Suppose you had a fox farm with a large diverse population of
animals available for you to study.

Design an experiment you would conduct to see if you could


re-create dog domestication and investigate the genetics of
tameness using foxes.

What is your hypothesis and what would you expect to


observe? Explain.

How would your experiment further our under- standing of


dog domestication? Domestication in general?

HERE IS WHAT BELYAEV DID

Fox pups (called kits) from the population were scored for
tameness and assigned to classes:

Class 3: flee or aggressive response to experimenter

Class 2: allow petting but no emotional response to


experimenter

Class 1: friendly to experimenter (wag tail, whine, etc.)

Next, scientists bred the most friendly Class 1 foxes (Elite


Class 1 = E1) over many generations.

What would you expect?

THESE ARE THE FOXES TODAY!


clearly they are domesticated!!this was just about 60yrs

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/03/taming-wild-animals/musi-photography

THE RESULTS

Generation

% E1 Kits

10

18

20

35

35

70-80

by 35 generations u almost have a completely domesticated litter

THE RESULTS
Characteristic

Undomesticated
animals with trait
(per 100,000)

Domesticated
animals with trait
(per 100,000)

Frequency increase
(%)

Star on forehead

710

12,400

1646

didn't select for this


Mottled fur

86

450

423

Floppy ears

170

230

35

Shortened tail

140

6900

Curled tail

830

9400

1033

all these genes are linked to the behavioural ones we selected for

WHAT DO YOU EXPECT?


DAYS

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

WEEKS

4 6 8 10 12

DOGS
WILD
FOXES
DOMESTICATED
FOXES

eyes fully open


(Trut, 1999)

response
to sound

window of
socialization

care is provided by humans so mother fox not needed

IN THIS CASE STUDY, WE

described artificial selection and how it relates to


domestication.

showed how genetic variation, inheritance, and selection can


result in phenotypic changes and adaptation in a lineage or
population over time.

demonstrated that selection on one trait can lead to changes in


other traits.

developed hypotheses to investigate an identified question.

predicted outcomes of experiments.

analyzed data and interpret experimental results in light of


research results.

NEXT LECTURE PERIOD


Lecture 19: Human evolution

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