Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

Millennium Development Goals (MDG)

The millennium development goals particularly the eradication of extreme poverty, the hunger
cannot be achieved if questions of population and reproductive health are not squarely addressed.
And that means stronger efforts to promote womens rights, and greater investment in education
and health including reproductive health and family planning. The Millennium development
goals have 8 goals 16 targets and 48 indicators, which are given below:
Goal 1 : Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
Target 1 : Halve between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than
one dollar a day.
Indicators for Monitoring
Proportion of population below $1(PPP) per day.
Poverty headcount ratio (% of population below the national poverty line).
Poverty gap ratio.(incidence X depth of poverty)
Share of poorest quintile in national consumption.
Prevalence of underweight children under-five years age.
Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption.
Target 2 :
Goal 2 :
Target 3 :

Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.
Achieve universal primary education.
Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to
complete a full course of primary schooling.
Indicators for Monitoring
Net enrolment ratio in primary education.
Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5.
Primary completion rate.
Literacy rate of 15-24 year olds.
Goal 3 :
Target 4 :

Promote gender equality and empower women.

Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005
and in all levels of education no later than 2015.
Indicators for Monitoring
Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education.
Ratio of literate women to men 15-24 years old.
Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector.
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament.

Goal 4 : Reduce child mortality.

Target 5 : Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.
Indicators for Monitoring
Under-five mortality rate.
Infant mortality rate.
Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles.

Goal 5 : Improve maternal health.

Target 6 : Reduce by three-quarters, between1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.
Indicators for Monitoring
Maternal mortality ratio.
Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel.
Goal 6 : Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases,
Target 7 : Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Indicators for Monitoring
HIV prevalence among 15-24 year old pregnant women.
Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate.
Condom use at last high-risk sex.
Percentage of population aged 15-24 with comprehensive correct knowledge of
HIV/AIDS.
Contraceptive prevalence rate.
Ratio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10-14.
Target 8 :

Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major
diseases.
Indicators for Monitoring
Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria.
Proportion of population in malaria risk areas using effective malaria prevention and
treatment measures.
Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis.
Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment
short course(DOTS)
Goal 7 :
Target 9 :

Ensure environmental sustainability.

Integrate the principle of sustainable development into country policies and
programmers and reverse the loss of environmental resources.
Indicators for Monitoring
Proportion of land area covered by forest.
Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area.
Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP (PPP).
Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita)and consumption of ozone-depleting CFCs(ODP
tones)
Proportion of population using solid fuels.
Target 10

: Halve, by2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe

drinking water and basic sanitation.
Indicators for Monitoring
Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban
and rural.
Proportion of urban and rural population with access to improved sanitation.

Target 11 : By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100
million slum dwellers.
Indicators for Monitoring
Proportion of households with access to secure tenure.
Goal 8 :
Target 12

Develop a global partnership for development.

: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and
financial system.
Indicators for Monitoring
Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors gross national
income.
Target 13 : Address the special needs of the least developed countries.
Indicators for Monitoring
Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untied.
Target 14

: Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island developing
states.
Indicators for Monitoring
Proportion of total developed country imports from developing countries and LDCs,
admitted free of duties.
Target 15

: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through

national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long
term.
Indicators for Monitoring
Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative, USS.
Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services.
Target 16

: In co-operation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for

decent and productive work for youth.
Indicators for Monitoring
Unemployment rate of 15-24 year-olds, each sex and total.
Target 17 : In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable,
essential drugs in developing countries.
Indicators for Monitoring
Proportion of population with access to affordable, essential drugs on a sustainable
basis.
Target 18: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new
technologies, especially information and communications.
Indicators for Monitoring
Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 population.
Internet users per 100 populations.

Population Aging
Aging
The percentage of population aged 60 years and above is called aging population or elderly
population. It is calculated as population 60 years and above divided by the total population.
Elderly Population

60
100
Total Population

There are also other indicators of aging

Median Age of the Population

Aging Index

Life Expectancy at Birth

Old Age Dependency Ratio

If the median age of the population is increasing the one assume that population is aging.
Aging index is the ratio of the total population above 60 years to total number of young
population for a given year. ThusAging Index

60
100
Population < 15

The higher the aging index, the higher is the elderly population.
Old Dependency Ratio
The old dependency ratio is the ratio of the population above 60 years divided by the population
between 15-64 years. It is calculated
Old Dependency Ratio

60
100
Population of 15 64 years

With the increase in elderly population the dependency ratio will also increase.
Comparison of Elderly Situation in Other Countries (2000)
Age group
60-64
64-69
70-74
75-79
80+
Total

Developed
Country
5.13
4.35
3.93
2.91
3.10
19.42

Srilanka

Bangladesh

3.02
2.34
1.92
1.17
0.83
9.28

2.12
1.56
1.15
0.91
0.34
6.08

Important Features of Elderly Population

In 2001 about 6% of the populations are elderly.

In 2025 about one in 10 persons will be elderly.

In 2050 about one in 5 persons will be elderly.

By 2050 proportion aged under 15 years will be equal to the proportion aged 60 years and above.
Support Ratio
Support ratio is the ratio of the population aged 60 years and divided by the population aged
between 15-64 years. It is calculated
Support Ratio

60
100
Population of 15 64 years

With the increase in elderly population the support ratio will decline.
Care Index
Care index is the ratio of the population aged 60 years and divided by the population aged
between 40-60 years. It is calculated as
Care Index

80
100
Population of 40 60 years

Changes in Life Expectancy

Age
60
65
70
75
80
85

Life
expectancy
61 in 2001
16.1
13.1
10.1
8.4
6.7
5.3

Life
expectancy
67 in 2011
17.6
14.3
11.5
9.1
7.2
5.7

Life
expectancy
70 in 2011
18.5
15.1
12.1
9.6
7.6
5.9

Advocacy
Advocacy
Public policy advocacy is the effort to influence public policy through various forms of persuasive
Communication.
Public policy includes
Statements,
Policies, or
Prevailing practices
Imposed by those in authority to guide or control institutional, community, and sometimes individual
behavior
Framework of advocacy:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Analysis
Strategy
Mobilization
Action
Evaluation

6. Continuity
A. Analysis
Analysis is the first step to effective advocacy, just as it is the first step to any effective action.
Activities or advocacy efforts designed to have an impact on public policy start with accurate
information and in-depth understanding of the problem, the people involved, the policies, the
implementation or non-implementation of those policies, the organizations, and the channels of access
to influential people and decision-makers. The stronger the foundation of knowledge on these
elements, the more persuasive the advocacy can be. Key questions are:

What are the problems

What are the existing policies that cause or relate to these problems and how are they
Implemented?
How would changes in policy help resolve the problems?
What type of policy change is needed?
What are the financial implications of the proposed policy?
Who are the stakeholders associated with the desired policy change?
1. Who are the advocates and supporters?
2. Who are the opponents?
3. Who are the decision-makers?

Strategy
Every advocacy effort needs a strategy. The strategy phase builds upon the analysis phase to direct,
plan, and focus on specific goals and to position the advocacy effort with clear paths to achieve those
goals and objectives.
Establish a working group to develop a strategy and plan activities.
Identify your primary and secondary audiences (pro, undecided, and your competition).
Develop your SMART (specific, measurable, appropriate, realistic and time bound)
objectives.
Prepare an implementation plan and a budget.
Plan for and combine multiple channels of communication, including personal contacts
community media, mass media {print, radio, TV), and new information technologies such as
E-mail and the Internet.
Develop intermediate and final indicators to monitor the process and evaluate the
impact.
Give the proposed policies or policy change an appealing name, easily understood and
designed to mobilize support.
Mobilization
Coalition-building strengthens advocacy. Events, activities, messages, and materials must be designed
with your objectives, audiences, partnerships, and resources clearly in mind. They should have
maximum positive impact on the policy-makers and maximum participation by all coalition members,
while minimizing responses from the opposition.
Develop an action plan describing the situation, intended audience, the audience
impacted by change, advocacy objectives, key activities and timelines, and indicators
to evaluate each activity,
Delegate responsibilities clearly to coalition members to implement and monitor specific events and
activities.
Network to enlarge coalitions and to keep them together
Organize training and practice in advocacy.
Action
Keeping all partners together and persisting in making the case are both essential in carrying
out advocacy. Repeating the message and using the credible materials developed over helps to
keep attention and concern on the issue.

Monitor and respond rapidly to other views and opposition moves. Be flexible.
Establish a means to keep all coalition members informed of activities and the results.
Carry out planned activities continuously and on schedule.
Develop and maintain media support with personal contacts, press releases, press conferences,
and professional assistance.
Do not fear controversy and try to turn it to your own advantage.

Evaluation
Advocacy efforts must be evaluated as carefully as any other communication campaign. Since
advocacy often provides partial results, an advocacy team needs to measure regularly and objectively
what has been accomplished and what more remains to be done. Process evaluation may be more
important and more difficult than impact evaluation.

Establish and measure intermediate and process indicators.

Evaluate specific events and activities
Document changes based on initial SMART objectives.
Compare final results with indicators to measure change.
Identify key factors contributing to policy changes.

Continuity
Advocacy like communication is an ongoing process rather than a single policy or place of legislation.
Planning for continuity means articulating long-term goals, keeping functional coalitions together, and
keeping data and arguments in tune with changing situations.
Evaluate resulting situations. If desired policy changes occur,
monitor implementation.
If desired policy changes do not occur, review previous strategy and action, revise, repeat
advocacy process or identify other actions to be taken.

Mega City
Urbanization
Urbanization refers to an increase in the proportion of a population living in urban areas. Urbanization
may be the result of migration from rural areas or differences in fertility and mortality in the urban
areas. The percent of population living in urban areas is given by:
Pu

U
100
P

Where,
Pu
U
P

is the percent of population living in urban areas.

is the population in urban areas
is the total population

Urban Population
Urban population means those populations who live in urban areas whatever the criteria for urban.
Tempo of Urbanization
The concept of tempo of urbanization refers to the change in the degree of urbanization which is
measured by the percent of population having in urban areas, the urban rural ratios and by the city size
distribution.
Mega City
A mega city is the city having 10 million populations or more
950 there was one mega city which is New York, population was 123 million.
975 there were five mega cities; Tokyo, New York, Shanghai, Mexico, Sao paulo.
In 2003 there were 18 mega cities in the world. They are
2003 Population
1
Tokyo, Japan
35 million
2
Mexico City, Mexico
18.7 million
3
New York, United Slates
18.3 million
4
SSo Paulo, Brazil
17. 9 million ..
5
Mumbai, India
17.4 million
6
Delhi, India
14.1 million
7
Kolkata (Calcutta), India
13.1 million
8
Buenos Aires, Argentina
13 million
9
Shanghai, China
12.8 million
10
Jakarta, Indonesia
12.3 million
11
Los Angeles, United States
12 million
12
Dhaka. Bangladesh
11. 6 million
13
Osaka, Japan
11. 2 million
14
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
11. 2 million
15
Karachi, Pakistan
11.1 million
16
Beijing, China
10.8 million
17
Cairo, Egypt
10.8 million
18
Manila, Philippines
10.4 million
Source: UN Population Division. Encarta 2008

By 2015 there will be 21 mega cities in the world and most of them will be from Asia. These are
Country
Country
1 Tokyo, Japan
12 Los Angeles, United States
2 Dhaka, Bangladesh
13 Shanghai, China
3 Mumbai, India
14 Buenos Aires, Argentina
4 Sao Paulo, Brazil
15 Manila, Philippines
5 Delhi, India
16 Beijing, China
6 Mexico City, Mexico
17 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
7 New York, United States 18 Cairo, Egypt
a Jakarta, Indonesia
19 (^Istanbul, Turkey
9 Kolkata (Calcutta), India 20 Osaka, Japan
10 Karachi, Pakistan
21 v^ Tianjin, China
11 t-^lagos. Portugal
By 2050 the population of urban and rural area of Bangladesh will be the same.
Estimating of Mega City Population
Mega city population means urban population multiply by the percent urban major city population, i.e,
Mega city population = Urban population x % Urban major city population
We know,
Total urban population (according to 2001 census) is 28.61 million.
Dhaka city population is 10.71 million.
Let by 2025, urban population will be 61.1 million.
So Dhaka or mega city populations in 2025 will 61.1

10.71
22.8 million.
28.61

Implication of Mega city population if present urban growth continued

1. Housing
2. Water

7. Air pollution
8. Education

3. Electricity

9. Slams (crime, AIDS)

4. Disposal wastage Transportation

10. Urban health

5. Water and sanitation

11. New diseases

6. Gas

Impact of Indoor and Outdoor air pollution on morbidity or diseases

Show that

U t Urban growth

Tt
Total growth

1
R
1 0 e dt
U0

Let,
U t , Rt , andTt be the urban, rural and total population respectively at time t.
U 0 , R0 , andT0 be the urban, rural and total population respectively at time 0 ( base

population).
And U and T be the exponential rates growth of the urban and rural population.
Define the urban rural growth difference (URGD) by d and d = u-r
Then

U t U 0 e ut
Rt R0 e rt

Then

U t U 0 ut rt U 0 t u r

e
Rt
R0
R0

U t U 0 dt

e
Rt
R0

Now the total population at time t

Tt U t Rt
Tt

U 0 dt
e Rt Rt
R0

U 0 dt
e Rt
U t
R0

Hence
U 0 dt
e
R0

U 0 dt
e
Ut
Rt
R0

Tt
Tt
Rt U 0 dt 1 U 0 e dt
e
Rt
1
R0
Rt R0

U
1
t
R
Tt
1 0 e dt
U0
Ut

Denoting the level of urbanization in percentage term URB i.e,

URBt 100

Ut
Rt

It is assume that logistic in symmetrical about 50% level U 0 R0

URBt

100
1 e dt