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Control LED
Final Project
2016
An Introduction
Prepared by:
Muhammad Nabeel
Ali Sufyan
Ahsan Iqbal
Usama Afzaal
131053
131065
131062
131057
Submitted To:
Maam Mehwish Khan
Table Of Contents
Introduction
Elaborately Explained Components
Resistor
Capacitor
Transformer
Transistor
IC
LED
Wires
Battery
Diode
Sensor
PCB Sheet
Board
Remote
Pros of remote control LED
Cons of remote control LED
Recommendation
Glossary
LED
IC
Integrated Circuit
PCB
TRA
Transformer
AC
Alternating Current
DC
Direct Current
Resistance
Voltage
ISM
IR
Infrared
CFL
AF
Audio Frequency
RF
Radio Frequency
1. Introduction
This particular project attempts to make a bulb which be
easily controlled by a remote. We use the LED rather than a bulb
because of the trend in these days. Most of the people avoid
bulbs because of some circumstances such as there is mercury
contained in the bulb. This is ordinarily not a problem, but if the
bulb breaks clean up is a hassle. Mercury is a dangerous heavy
metal, and proper cleanup and disposal of CFL bulbs is critical.
(The best safety measure is never to put the used bulb in the rest
of your trash). On the other hand, LED lights last longer even if
used with the battery, just like we did. A LED light is also
energy efficient & takes less and less energy to be turned on
even for more time.
LED is an electric component tat emits light when
connected to direct current. It works on electroluminescent
principle and can emit light in visible specter as well as in
infrared and ultraviolet. They have characteristically low energy
consumption, small size, longer lifetime and faster switching
than incandescence lamps and because of that, they have a wide
palette of applicability.
To complete this project, we used different sort of
components, which are really crucial to be included in this
project. Each component have its own importance for instance,
without battery everything is useless. All of the components are
explained below in the report.
A remote control is a component of an electronic device
(In our case it obviously will be the LED lights), used to operate
the device wirelessly from a short distance. Remote control is a
convenience feature for the consumer, and can allow operation
of devices that are out of convenient reach for direct operation
of controls. Commonly, remote controls are Consumer IR
devices, which send digitally coded pulses of IR radiation to
control functions such as power, volume, tuning, temperature set
point, fan speed, or other features.
2. Components
2.1 Resistor
A resistor is an
electrical component that
limits or regulates the
flow of
electrical current in an
electronic circuit.
Resistors can also be used
to provide a
specific voltage for an
active device such as
a transistor.
All other factors being equal, in a DC circuit, the current
through a resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance, and
directly proportional to the voltage across it. This is the wellknown Ohm's Law. In AC circuits, this rule also applies as long
as the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance.
Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The most
common type in electronic devices and systems is the carboncomposition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is mixed
with clay and hardened. The resistance depends on the
proportion of carbon to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower the
resistance.
Another type of resistor is made from winding Nichrome
or similar wire on an insulating form. This component, called
a wire wound resistor, is able to handle higher currents than a
carbon-composition resistor of the same physical size. However,
because the wire is wound into a coil, the component acts as
an inductors as well as exhibiting resistance. This does not affect
performance in DC circuits, but can have an adverse effect in
AC circuits because inductance renders the device sensitive to
changes in frequency.
2.2 Capacitor
Capacitors are
two-terminal electrical
elements. Capacitors are
essentially two
conductors, usually
conduction plates but
any two
conductors separated by an insulator - a dielectric - with
connection wires connected to the two conducting plates.
Capacitors occur naturally. On printed circuit boards two
wires running parallel to each other on opposite sides of the
board form a capacitor. That's a capacitor that comes about
inadvertently, and we would normally prefer that it not be there.
But, it's there. It has electrical effects, and it will affect your
circuit. You need to understand what it does.
At other times, you specifically want to use capacitors
because of their frequency dependent behavior. There are lots of
situations where we want to design for some specific frequency
dependent behavior. Maybe you want to filter out some high
frequency noise from a lower frequency signal. Maybe you want
to filter out power supply frequencies in a signal running near a
60 Hz line. You're almost certainly going to use a circuit with a
capacitor.
Sometimes you can use a capacitor to store energy. In a
subway car, an insulator at a track switch may cut off power
from the car for a few feet along the line. You might use a large
capacitor to store energy to drive the subway car through the
insulator in the power feed.
2.3 Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers
electrical energy between two or more circuits
through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction
produces an electromotive force within a conductor, which is
exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Transformers are used
to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power
applications.
A varying current in the transformer's primary winding
creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer core and a
varying field impinging on the transformer's secondary winding.
This varying magnetic field at the secondary winding induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary
winding due to electromagnetic induction. Making use
of Faraday's Law (discovered in 1831) in conjunction with
high magnetic permeability core properties, transformers can be
designed to efficiently change AC voltages from one voltage
level to another within power networks.
2.4 Transistor
2.5 IC
An integrated circuit (IC),
sometimes called
a chip or microchip, is
a semiconductor wafer on
which thousands or millions of
tiny resistors, capacitors,
and transistors are fabricated.
An IC can function as
an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer memory, or
microprocessor. A particular IC is categorized as either linear
(analog) or digital, depending on its intended application.
Linear ICs have continuously variable output (theoretically
capable of attaining an infinite number of states) that depends on
the input signal level. As the term implies, the output signal
level is a linear function of the input signal level. Ideally, when
2.6 Diode
A diode is a
specialized electronic
component with two
electrodes called
the anode and the
cathode. Most diodes
are made
with semiconductor ma
terials such as silicon, germanium, or selenium.
Some diodes are comprised of metal electrodes in
a chamber evacuated or filled with a pure
elemental gas at low pressure. Diodes can be used
as rectifiers, signal
limiters, voltage regulators, switches, signal
modulators, signal mixers, signal demodulators,
and oscillators.
The fundamental property of a diode is its
tendency to conduct electric current in only one
direction. When the cathode is negatively charged
relative to the anode at a voltage greater than a
certain minimum called forward break over, then
2.6 Sensor
A sensor is a
device that detects
and responds to some
type of input from the
physical environment.
The specific input
could be light, heat,
motion, moisture,
pressure, or any one of
a great number of
other environmental
phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is
converted to human-readable display at the sensor
location or transmitted electronically over a
network for reading or further processing.
A printed circuit
board (PCB) mechanically
supports and electrically
connects electronic
components using conductive tra
cks, pads and other
features etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a nonconductive substrate.
Components - capacitors,
resistors or active devices - are generally soldered on the PCB.
Advanced PCBs may contain components embedded in the
substrate.
Note
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