Design of Steel Structures - TYS Exp - 239

2016
WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of
Try Yourself Questions

Civil Engineering
Design of Steel Structures
Structural Fasteners
T1 : Solution
For Fe 410 grade of steel:
fu = 410 MPa
For bolts of grade 4.6:
fub = 400 MPa
mb = partial safety factor for the material of bolt = 1.25
Anb = net tensile stress are of 20 mm diameter bolt = 0.78

(a)
202 = 245mm2
4
The bolts will be in single shear and bearing.

Diameter of bolt,
d = 20 mm
The strength of bolt in single shear,
Vsb = Anb
fub
3 mb
= 245
400
3 1.25
103 = 45.26 kN
The strength of bolt in bearing,
Vpb = 2.5 kbdt
fu
mb
(fu will be lesser of fu and fub)
For 20 mm diameter bolt,

Diameter of hole, d0 = d + 2 = 22 mm
Edge distance, e = d0 1.5 = 33 mm
Pitch = 2.5 d = 50 mm
kb is least of
f
e
p
33
50
400
=
= 0.5;
0.25 =
0.25 = 0.5; ub =
= 0.975; and 1.0.
fu
3do 3 22
3do
3 22
410
Hence, kb = 0.5
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Vpb = 2.5 0.5 20 12
400
= 96.0 kN
1.25
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(b)
The strength of the bolt will be minimum of the strength in shear and bearing and is 45.26 kN.
The strength of bolt in single shear = 45.26 kN
The strength of bolt in bearing,
Vpb = 2.5 kbdt
fu
mb
t is minimum of combined thickness of cover plates and thickness of main plate = 10 mm

410
103 = 82.0 kN
1.25
The strength of the bolt will be minimum of the strength in shear and bearing and is 45.26 kN.
The strength of bolt in double shear.
(c)
Vpb = 2.5 0.5 20 10
fub
Vsb = 2 Anb
3 mb
= 2 245
400
3 1.25
10 3 = 90.52 kN
The strength of the bolt in bearing,
Vpb = 2.5 kbdt
fu
mb
t is minimum of combined thickness of cover plates and thickness of main plate = 12 mm

410
103 = 98.4 kN
1.25
The strength of the bolt will be minimum of the stength in shear and bearing and is 90.52 kN.
Vpb = 2.5 0.5 20 12
T2 : Solution
For Fe 410 grade steel,
f y = 250 MPa.
(a) In case of single-V groove weld, incomplete penetration of weld takes place; therefore as per the
specifications,
Throat thickness,
te =
5
5
t = 14 = 8.75 mm
8
8
For shop weld: partial safety factor for material = mw = 1.25

Effective length of the weld, Lw = 175 mm
Strength of the weld,
(b)
Tdw = Lw te
fy
mw
= 175 8.75
250
103 = 306.25 kN < 430 kN
1.25
Hence joint is not safe.

In the case of double-V groove weld, complete penetration of the weld takes place;
16
mm
14
mm
thickness
16
mm
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14
mm
Civil Engineering Design of Steel Structures

Throat thickness, te = thickness of thinner plate = 14 mm
Strength of the weld, Tdw = Lw te
fy
mw
= 175 14
250
103
1.25
= 490 kN > 430 kN which is adequate and safe.

T3 : Solution
For Fe 410 grade steel,
fu = 410 MPa
For shop welding: partial safety factor for material mw = 1.25
Size of weld:
S = 6 mm
Effective throat thickness
= KS = 0.7 6 = 4.2 mm
fu
Strength of weld per mm length = 1 tt
3 mw
= 1 4.2
410
= 795.36 N/mm
3 1.25
Total length of the weld provided = d = 150 = 471.24 mm

Greatest twisting moment = 795.36 471.24
150 mm
150
= 28110408.48 Nmm = 28.11 kNm
2
6 mm fillet
weld
0
15 m
m
T4 : Solution
For Fe 410 grade of steel, fu = 410 MPa
For bolts of grade 4.6, fub = 400 MPa
Partial safety factor for the material of bolt, mb = 1.25
2
d = 245 mm2
4
Given: diameter of bolt, d = 20 mm; pitch, p = 80 mm; edge distance, e = 40 mm
For d = 20 mm, d0 = 20 + 2 = 22 mm
Strength of the bolt in single shear,
Anb = stress area of 20 mm diameter bolt = 0.78
Vsb = Anb
fub
3 mb
= 245
400
3 1.25
10 3 = 45.26 kN
Strength of the bolt in bearing,
Vpb = 2.5 kbdt

Diameter of bolt hole,
fu
mb
d0 = 22 mm
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kb is least of
40
80
e
p
f
400
= 0.975; and 1.0.
=
= 0.606;
0.25 =
0.25 = 0.96, ub =
3d0 3 22
3d0
3 22
410
fu
kb = 0.606
Hence,
Vpb = 2.5 0.606 20 9.1

Hence, strength of the bolt,
Let, P1 be the factored load.
Vsd = 45.26 kN.
P=
Service load,
410
103 = 90.44 kN
1.25
P1
P
= 1
load factor 1.50
The bolt which is stressed maximum is A.

Total number of bolts in the joint, n = 10
F1 =
The direct force,
P1 P1
=
n 10
Pe0 rn
The force in the bolt due to torque, F2 =
rn =
r 2
120
2
(80 + 80)2 +
= 170.88 mm
r 2 = 4 [(1602 + 602) + (802 + 602)] + 2 602 = 164000 mm2
F2 =
P1 200 170.88
= 0.2084 P1
164000
60
cos =
= 0.3511
60 + 1602
The resultant force on the bolt should be less than or equal to the strength of bolt.
2
45.26
P1
P1
2
0.2084 P1 0.3511
+ (0.2084 P1) + 2
10
10
0.2609 P1 45.26
P1 = 173.48 kN
P=
The service load,
P1
173.48
= 115.65 kN.
=
load factor
1.5
200 mm
40 mm
80 mm
80 mm
80 mm
80 mm
40 mm
F1
F2
A
rn
120 mm
(a)
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160 mm
60 mm
(b)
T5 : Solution
Gusset plate
For angles of 8 mm thickness, diameter of rivets using Unwins formula

d = 6.05 t = 6.05 8
2 75 75 8 mm
d = 17.11 mm 18 mm
Let us provide 18 mm diameter rivets
Diameter of hole
dh = d + 1.5 = 19.5 mm
Shearing strength of one rivet in double shearing
Fs = 2
2
dh fs
4
19.52 100 10 3
4
= 59.73 kN
6 mm
= 2
Bearing strength of one rivet

fb = dh t fb
t is minimum of thickness of gusset plate and combined thickness of angles = 6 mm
fb = 19.5 6 300 103
fb = 110.27 kN
Rivet value is minimum of shearing and bearing strength of rivet i.e.,
RV = 59.73 kN
Number of rivets required
Load
150
=
= 2.5 ; 3
Rivet value 59.73
Provide 3 rivets at guage distance from face of angle.

Pitch distance,
p = 2.5 nominal diameter of rivet
= 2.5 18 = 45 mm
Adopt
p = 50 mm
3 18 mm rivets
50 mm
50 mm
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Tension Members
T1 : Solution
fu = 410 MPa, fy = 250 MPa

m0 = 1.1
m1 = 1.25
Avg = (2 125) 10 = 2500 mm2
Avn = (2 125) 10 = 2500 mm2
Atg = 250 10 = 2500 mm2
Atn = 250 10 = 2500 mm2
The block shear strength will be minimum of Tdb1 and Tdb2 as calculated below.
For Fe 410 grade steel:
Partial safety factors for material
Tdb1 =
Avg fy
3 m0
0.9 Atnfu
m1
2500 250 0.9 2500 410

3
=
+
10 = 1066.04
1.25
3 1.1
Tdb2 =
0.9 Avnfu
3 m1
Atg fy
m0
0.9 2500 410 2500 250

3
+
=
10 = 994.27 kN
1.1
3 1.25
Hence, the block shear strength of the tension member is 994.27.

T2 : Solution
For Fe 410 grade of steel: fy = 250 MPa
Diameter of bolt,
d = 18 mm
do = 20 mm
(a)
(From Table 4.2)
10
2
Net area of connected leg = 100 20 10 = 750 mm
2
10
2
Net area of outstanding leg = 75 10 = 700 mm
Total net area = 750 + 700 = 1450 mm2

Since only one leg of the angle is connected, the net area will be reduced depending upon the
number of bolts used for making the connection.
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An =
where ,
=
=
=
Hence, effective net area, An =
(b)
A
0.6 for one or two bolts
0.7 for three bolts
0.8 for four or more bolts or welds.
0.7 1450 = 1015 mm2
10
Net area of connected leg = 100 10 = 950 mm2

2
10
Net area of outstanding leg = 75 10 = 700 mm2

2
Total net area = 950 + 700 = 1650 mm2

Since only one leg of the angle is connected, the net area will be reduced
= 0.8 for welded joints.
Hence, effective net area, An = 0.8 1650 = 1320 mm2.
3, 18 mm
bolts of grade
4.6
100
mm
ISA 100 75 10 mm
ISA 100 75 10 mm
100
mm
10 mm
10 mm
75 mm
75 mm
(a)
(b)
T3 : Solution
Diameter of bolt,
d = 18 mm
do = 20 mm
For calculating the net area of the angle section, the outstanding leg of the angle may be rotated and the
total section may be visualized as a plate, as shown in respective figures.
ISA 100 75 10 mm
100
mm
60
B
165
g* = 95
18 mm
diameter
bolts at 55 mm
pitch
40
A
40
10 mm
45
30
75 mm
(a)
D
C
E
55 55 55
g* = g1 + g2 t = 60 + 45 10 = 95 mm
Net area along path A B C,
An1 = (B ndo)t = (165 1 20) 10 = 1450 mm2
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Net area along path A - B - D - E,
An2
n p 2
B
nd
t
+
=
o
4g
n = 2, n = 1, p = 55, g = 95
1 552
10
An2 = 165 2 20 +
4 95
= 1329.60 mm2
The minimum of An1 and An2 will be the net area of the section. Since both the legs of the angle
section are connected, no reduction is net area will be made.
Hence, effective net area = 1329.60 mm2.
(b)
125 mm
35
50
ISA 125 75 10 mm
18 mm diameter bolts
For vertical leg: Staggered
at a pitch of
50 mm
For horizontal leg: at a pitch of
100 mm
40
A
35
B
50
10 mm
45
190
75
30
30
C
D
50
75 mm
F
50
H
50
50
g* = 40 + 45 10 = 75 mm
Net area along path A - B - C - D,
An1 = (B nd)t = (190 2 20) 10 = 1500 mm2
Net area along path A - B - E - F,
n = 2, n = 1, p = 50 mm, g = 50 mm
n p 2
1 502
An2 = B nd +
=
10 = 1625 mm2
t
190
2
20
4g
4 50
Net area along path A - B - E - G - H,

n = 3, n1 = n2 = 1, p1 = p2 = 50 mm, g1 = 50 mm, g2 = 75 mm
n p2 n p 2
An3 = B nd + 1 1 + 2 2 t
4g1 4g2
1 502 1 502
+
10 = 1508.33 mm2
= 190 3 20 +
4 50 4 75
The least of An1, An2 and An3 will be the net area of the section. Since both the legs of the angle
section are connected, no reduction in net area will be made.
Hence, effective net area, An = 1500 mm2
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10
T4 : Solution
For Fe 410 grade steel: fu = 410 MPa, fy = 250 MPa
50
100
35
Partial safety factors for material: m0 = 1.1

m1 = 1.25
The shaded area shown in figure will shear out.
Avg = (1 100 + 50) 8 = 1200 mm2
Avn = 1 100 + 50 2 18 8 = 984 mm2
Atg = 35 8 = 280 mm2

1
Atn = 35 18 8 = 208 mm2
The block shear strength will be minimum of Tdb1 and Tdb2 as calculated below:
Tdb1 =
Avg fy
3 m0
0.9Atnfu
m1
1200 250 0.9 208 410

3
+
=
10
1.25
3 1.1
= 218.86 kN
Tdb2 =
0.9Avnfu
3 m1
Atg fy
m0
0.9 984 410 280 250

3
+
=
10
1.1
3
1.25
= 231.34 kN
Hence, the block shear strength of the tension number is 218.86 kN.
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Compression Members
T1 : Solution
Iz of ISHB 250 = 7983.9 104 mm4 and A = 6971 mm2, and tf = 9.7 mm.
2
Iz for plates = 2[Ia + Ap y 1 ]
300 203
= 2
+ 300 20 (125 + 10)2 = 21910 104 mm4
12
Total Iz = 7983.9 104 + 21910 104 = 29893.9 104 mm4

Area of the built-up section = 6971 + 2 300 20 = 18971 mm2
rz =
Iz
29893.9 104
= 125.52 mm
18971
Iy of ISHB 250 @ 536.6 N/M = 2011.7 104 mm4
20 (300)3
12
Y
300 mm
ry =
Iy
11011.7 10
18971
= 76.19 mm
250 mm
20 mm
= 9000 104 mm4

4
4
Total Iy = 2011.7 10 + 9000 10 = 11,011.7 104 mm4
290 mm
Iy of plates = 2
N.A.
z
y1
a
Y
Hence, least radius of gyration will be minimum of rz and ry i.e., 76.19 mm.
T2 : Solution
For steel of grade Fe 410: fy = 250 MPa
Partial safety factor for material: m0 = 1.10
The column ends are restrained in direction and position; K = 0.65.
The properties of ISHB 350 @ 710.2 N/m from IS Hand book No. 1 are as follows.
h = 350 mm, bf = 250 mm, tf = 11.6 mm, tw = 10.1 mm
A = 9221 mm2, rz = 146.5 mm, ry = 52.2 mm
h
350
= 1.4 > 1.2
bf = 250
t f = 11.6 mm 40 mm
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12
From IS 800 : 2007 Table 10,

The buckling curve to be used along ZZ-axis will be curve a, and that about YY axis will be curve b.
Since ry < rz the column will buckle about YY-axis and the design compressive strength will be governed by
effective slenderness ratio y.
Design compr
essive str
ess about Y -Y axis:
compressive
stress
Effective slenderness ratio = y =
KL 0.65 3.5 103

=
= 43.58
ry
52.2
For buckling curve b, the imperfection factor = 0.34.

Euler buckling stress fcc =
E
KL
r
y
2 2 105
43.582
= 1039.33
The non-dimensional slenderness ratio,

y =
fy
=
fcc
250
= 0.490
1039.33
y = 0.5[1 + (y 0.2) + 2y ]
= 0.5[1 + 0.34 (0.490 0.2) + 0.4902] = 0.669
fcd =
fy / m 0
y + (2y
2y )0.5
250 / 1.1
0.669 + (0.6692 0.4902 )0.5
= 202.11 N/mm2
The design compressive strength, Pd = Aefcd = 9221 202.11 103 = 1863.65 kN
T3 : Solution
For steel of grade Fe 410: fy = 250 MPa
The relevant properties of the angle sections used are as follows:
ISA 110 mm 110 mm 10 mm
A = 2106 mm2, Iz = Iy = 238.4 104 mm4, rz = ry = 33.6 mm, cxx = cyy = 30.8 mm
ISA 130 mm 130 mm 15 mm
A = 3681 mm2, Iz = Iy = 574.6 104 mm4, rz = ry = 39.5 mm, cxx = cyy = 37.8 mm
Let the distance of the centroidal axis zz from the face aa of the section be y .
Taking the moment of the area about the axis aa,
(2106 + 3681 + 2106) y = 2106 (30.8 + 15) + 3681 37.8 + 2106 (180 30.8)
or
or
7893 y = 96454.8 + 139141.8 + 314215.2

y =
549811.8
= 69.658 mm
7893
Moment of inertial about zz-axis (Iz) can be found as follows:

Iz = Iz1 + Iz2 + Iz3
Moment of inertia of angle section 1 about centroidal axis zz,
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13
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Iz1 = 238.4 104 + 2106 (69.658 30.8 15)2

= 358.27 104 mm4
Iz2 = 574.6 104 + 3681 (69.658 37.8)2
= 948.19 104 mm4
Iz3 = 238.4 104 + 2106 (180 69.658 30.8)2
= 1570.85 104 mm4
Iz = (358.27 + 948.19 + 1570.85) 104
= 2877.31 104 mm4
The two angle sections (1) and (3) are placed in such a way that the moment of inertia about yy-axis will be
same as that about the zz-axis. Hence rz and ry will be equal.
Effective length,
Iz
2877.31 104
= 60.37 mm
=
A
2106 + 3681 + 2106
l = KL = 1.0 4800 = 4800 mm
Slenderness ratio,
Minimum radius of gyration, r = rz =
For
K l 4800
=
= 79.5
r
60.37
KL
= 79.5, fy = 250 MPa, and buckling curve ( = 0.49).
r
Euler buckling stress, fcc =

=
2E
(KL / r )2
2 2 105
79.52
= 312.32 N/mm2
fy
250
=
= 0.895
fcc
312.32
= 0.5[1 + ( 0.2) + 2]
= 0.5[1 + 0.49(0.895 0.2) + 0.8952] = 1.071
Design compressive stress, fcd =
fy / m 0
2
250 / 1.1
2
1.071 + 1.071 0.895
= 136.9 N/mm2
Design compressive strength, Pd = Aefcd = 7893 136.9 103 = 1080 KN
Case-I: Longer leg connected back to back of a gusset plate

Relevant properties of ISA 100 75 8 mm
A = 1336 mm2
Izz = 131.6 104 mm4
Iyy = 63.3 104 mm4
z
cy = 18.7 mm
For stut,
Ae = 2 A = 2672 mm2
Iz = 2 131.6 104
= 263.2 104 mm4
Iy = 2 [63.3 104 + 1336 (18.7 + 5)2]
= 276.68 104 mm4
Imin = Iz = 263.2 104 mm4

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10 mm
75 mm
100 mm
T4 : Solution
75 mm
y
18.7 mm
14
rmin =
263.2 104
= 31.38 mm
2 1336
I m in
=
Ae
For sturt effective slendernes ratio,

kL
0.85 3000
= 81.26
=
r
31.38
Euler buckling stress,fcc =
2E
(kL / r )2
2 2 105
= 298.93 N/mm2
81.262
Non-dimensional effective slenderness ratio,

=
fy
fcc
250
= 0.914
298.93
For built-up section, buckling curve = c

Imperfection factor, = 0.49
(for buckling curve c)
= 0.5[1 + ( 0.2) + 2]
= 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (0.914 0.2) + 0.9142] = 1.093
Design compressive stress,
fcd =
fy / m 0
2
250 /1.1
2
1.093 + 1.093 0.914
= 134.29 N/mm2
Load carrying capacity,

P = Ac fcd = 2 1336 134.29
P = 358.83 kN
Case-II: Shorter legs connected on same side of gusset plate,
100 mm
y
18.7 mm
75 mm
Iz = 2 131.6 104 = 263.2 104

Iy = 2 [63.3 104 + 1336 18.72] = 220.04 104 mm4
Imin = Iy = 220.04 104 mm4

rmin =
Imin
=
Ae
220.04 104
= 28.7 mm
2 1336
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15
Effecgive slenderness ratio,

0.85 3000
kL
= 88.85 mm
=
28.7
r
Euler buckling stress,
fcc =
2E
(kL / r )2
2 2 105
= 250.04 N/mm2
88.85 2
Non-dimensional effecgive slenderness ratio,

=
fy
fcc
250
=1
250.4
= 0.5 [1 + ( 0.2) + 2]
= 0.5 [1 + 0.49 (1 0.2) + 12]
= 1.196
Design compressive stress,
Load carrying capacity,
Percentage change,
fcd =
fy / m 0
2
250 /1.1
1.196 + 1.1962 12
= 122.71 N/mm2
P = Ae fcd
P = 2 1336 122.71 = 327.89 kN
358.83 327.89
=
100 = 8.6%
358.83
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Beams
T1 : Solution
Partial safety factor:
m0 = 1.10
For rolled sections:
LT = 0.21
The relevant properties of ISLB 350 @ 486 N/m are:
Depth of section,
h = 350 mm
Width of flange,
bf = 165 mm
t f = 11.4 mm
Thickness of flange,
Thickness of web,
tw = 7.4 mm
Radius at root,
R1 = 16 mm
d = h 2(tf + R1) = 350 2 (11.4 + 16) = 295.2 mm
Depth of web,
Moments of inertia:
Iz = 13158.3 104 mm4, y = 631.9 104 mm4
Plastic section modulus:
Zpz = 851.11 103 mm3
Elastic section modulus:
Zez = 751.9 103 mm3
Radius of gyration
ry = 31.7 mm
Section of classification:
=
Outstand of flange,
b=
250
=
fy
250
= 1.0
250
bf 165
=
= 82.5 mm
2
2
b
82.5
tf = 11.4 = 7.23 < 9.4
d
295.2
tw = 7.4 = 39.9 < 84
Hence, the section is plastic. Since section is plastic, b = 1.0.

Since
d
tw = 39.9 < 67
Shear buckling check of web will not be required.

Design bending capacity,
Md = b Zpz
fy
m0
= 1.0 851.11 103
250
106 = 193.43 kNm
1.1
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< 1.2 Ze
fy
= 1.2 751.9 103
m0
17
250
106 = 205 kNm
1.1
which is all right.

Hence, the design bending strength = 193.43 kNm.
T2 : Solution
b
tf
Relevant properties of ISLC 200

h = 200 mm
Depth of section,
Width of flange,
b = 75 mm
Thickness of flange,
t f = 10.8 mm
tw = 5.5 mm
Thickness of web,
Centre of gravity,
Cyy = 23.5 mm
Cxx = 100 mm
Plastic section modulus about stronger axis
IPz = 2 b t h tf + h 2tf t h 2tf

f
2 2 w 4
tw
cyy
h tf
h 2tf
= 2 b tf
+ tw
2
8
(200 10.8 ) 5.5 (200 2 10.8 )2

+
= 2 75 10.8
2
8
= 197 103 mm3

Plastic section modulus about weaker axis
IPy = htw z tw + (z tw )2 tf + (bf z )2 tf
5.5
2
2
+ (23.5 5.5 ) 10.8 + (75 23.5 ) 10.8

= 200 5.5 23.5
= 55 103 mm3
T3 : Solution
Assuming this is low shear case, design bending strength is given by
Md =
b z pfy
m0
1.2zefy
b = 1.0 for plastic and compact sections

zp = 2798.56 cm3 = 2798.56 103 mm3
fy = 250 N/mm2
m0 = 1.1
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m0
(From IS 800 : 2007 table 46)

(for Fe 410 steel)
18
Md =
1.0 2798.56 103 250 106

1.1
= 636.04 kNm
1.2 2428.9 103 250 106

1.1
= 662.43 kNm
For simply supported beam, bending moment for UDL is given by
BM =
(Hence OK)
wu l 2
8
wu = factored load
l = span of beam
BM = Md
where,
wu l 2
= Md
8
Md 8 636.04 8
=
l2
7.2 2
wu = 98.15 kN/m
wu =
w =
Factored load,
wu
1.5
w = 65.43 kN/m
T4 : Solution
As there is no factored load term defined in working stress method, so only limit state method has to be
adopted.
In LSM, the section needs to be defined first.
Calculation for thickness of the web,
A = 2bf tf + (D 2tf) tw
9227 = 2 150 17.4 + (450 2 17.4) tw
tw = 9.65 mm
250
ty =
250
=1
250
As per IS 800 : 2007

b
150
= 8.62 < 9.4
tf = 17.4
d
tw
( 450 2 17.4) = 43.02 < 84

9.65
So, the given section is plastic in nature

qu
A
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19
From the plastic analysis of the given propped cantilever beam
qu =
Mp =
Since, for plastic section
11.656 Mp
L2
z pt y
1.1
= 1
zp = Shape factor ze
zp = 1.12
3.039 108
225
zp = 1.51 106 mm3

Therefore,
6
Mp = 1 1.51 10
250
1.1
Mp = 343.182 kN-m
qu =
11.656 343.182
122
qu = 27.78 kN-m
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Plate Girders
T1 : Solution
230 mm
Moment of inertia
3
I =
12
= 25.938 108 mm4
Z =
I
y max
12 mm
(230 8) 11003
12
25.94 108
=
= 4.66 106 mm3
1100 + 12
1100 mm
230 (1100 + 24)
8 mm
Permissible bending stress,

fb = 0.66 fy = 0.66 250 = 165 N/mm2
Moment resisting capacity of section,
M = fb per = 165 4.66 106 = 768.9 kNm
T2 : Solution
As intermediate stiffeners are not provided, only end stiffeners are provided.
Using simple post-critical method,
cr, e = kv
Where,
kv
E
d
tw
=
=
=
=
=
2E
d
12 1 2
tw
5.35 when only end stiffeners are provided

2 105 N/mm2
0.3
1100 mm
8 mm
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Workbook
2 2 105
cr, e = 5.35
12 1 0.3
1100
21
= 51.15 N/mm2
w = Nondimensional web slenderness ratio for shear buckling stress

fyw
3 cr,e
250
3 51.15
= 1.68
b = Shear stress corresponding to web buckling
fyw
=
Shear strength,
V =
=
=
V =
3 w2
250
= 51.14 N/mm2
3 1.682
Avb
dtwb
1100 8 51.14 103
450 kN
T3 : Solution
Assuming Fe 410 steel,
fu = 410 N/mm2, fy = 250 N/mm2
Factored loads,
w = 1.5 60 = 90 kN/m
Factored Moment (M) =
90 15 2
= 2531.25 kNm
8
Factored shear force (V) = =
w l 90 15
=
= 675 kN
2
2
Depth of Web
Optimum depth of web is given by,
1/3
MK
d=
fy
Let transverse stiffeners be provided such that 3d c d
d
200 = 200
tw
k=
where =
d
= 200
tw
1/3
Let
Now,
Mk
2531.25 10 6 200
=
d=
250
fy
d = 1300 mm
d
= 200
tw
1300
d
=
= 6.5 mm
200
200
Provide a web plate of size 1300 mm 10 mm.
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250
=1
fy
tw =
1/ 3
= 1265.15 mm
(Provide tw = 10 mm)
22
Design of flanges
Flange area required to resist the bending moment
Af =
1
Let flange width is taken as
3 rd
bf =
M m0
2531.25 10 6 1.1
= 8568mm 2
=
fy d
250 1300
of depth of girder.
1300
= 433.33 mm
3
(Provide 450 mm)
Af
8568
=
= 19.04 mm 30 mm (say )
450
bf
Provide flange plate of size = 450 30 mm
Flange thickness (tf) =
Flange classification
Outstand of flange (b) =
bf t w
450 10
=
= 220 mm
2
2
b
220
= 7.33 < 8.4
t f = 30
Flange section is plastic.

Also
250
250
= 8.4
= 8.4
= 8.4
fy
250
1300
d
= 130 > 126
=
10
tw
Web is slender and it needs to be strengthen.

Also
d
> 67
tw
Web also requires check for shear buckling.

450 mm
Check of adequacy of flange plates in bending

Plastic section modulus of the girder section is
1360 mm
D tf
Zp = bf t f 2
2 2
= bftf (D tf)
= 450 30 (1360 30)
= 17.955 106 mm4
30 mm
10 mm
30 mm
Moment carrying capacity of flange (Md)

=
Z pf y
m0
17.955 10 6 250
Nmm
1.1
= 4080.68 kNm
> M (= 2531.25 kNm)
(OK)
Check for adequacy of web in shear

Now,
1300
d
= 130 < 200
=
10
tw
where =
250
=1
fy
(Serviceability criteria)
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Workbook
and
d
= 130 < 345 2
tw
23
(Compression flange buckling criteria)
Critical elastic shear stress of web (ce, e)

=
k v 2E
12 1 2
d
t w
where, = 0.3, E = 2 105 N/mm2
Let intermediate transverse stiffeners are provided at 1500 mm
c = 1500 mm and d = 1300 mm
c
1500
= 1.15 > 1
=
d
1300
kv = 4 +
cr, e =
5.35
(c / d )
= 4+
k v 2E
d
12 1 2
tw
5.35
(1.15) 2
=
= 8.05
8.05 2 2 10 5
12 1 0.3
) (130)
= 86.10 N/mm 2
Non-dimensional web slenderness ratio for shear buckling stress,

w =
f yw
3 cr ,e
250
3 86.10
= 1.295 > 1.2
Shear stress corresponding to web buckling,

b =
f yw
3 w2
250
= 86.07 N/mm 2
2
3 1.295
Shear force corresponding to web buckling
Vcr = Avb = dtw b

= 1300 10 86.07 N = 1118.91 kN
> 675 kN (= V)
Thus V < Vcr
End panel need not to be checked for tension field action.
Connection of flange to web
For each flange to web connection, there will be two weld lengths on either side of the web
qw =
I=
VAf y
2I
bf D 3
450 1360 3
1300 3
d3
(bf t w )
( 450 10)
=
12
12
12
12
= 9.433 1010 8.056 1010 = 1.377 1010 mm4
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qw =
(675 1000 )(1300 10)
1300 30
+
2
2
2 1.377 1010
= 211.89 N/mm = 0.21189 kN/mm
24
Let size of weld (S) = 6 mm

Throat thickness of weld (t) = 0.7S = 0.7 6 = 4.2 mm
Per mm strength of weld (fwd) = (1 t )
fu
3 mw
= (1 4.2)
410
N/mm
3 1.25
(Assuming shop weld mw = 1.25)
= 795.36 N/mm = 0.79536 kN/m

> qw (= 0.21189 kN/mm)
(OK)
Design of bearing stiffener

At support, force to be carried by bearing stiffener = 675 kN
Let bearing length at support (b1) = 500 mm
Load capacity of web (Fw)
=
(b1 + n 2 )t w
m0
250
N
1.1
= 1306.82 kN > V (= 675 kN)
Thus no bearing stiffener is required.
Fw =
1300 mm
f yw
Dispersion length of web

= n2 = 2.5 30 = 75 mm
30 mm
( 500 + 75)10
30 mm
R
500 mm
Design of intermediate transverse stiffener

Intermediate transverse stiffeners are provided to improve the buckling strength of slender web. Due
to diagonal compression of shear, web buckling occurs. The transverse web stiffeners not being acted
by entered load are so designed that the moment of inertia of the stiffener cross-section about an axis
parallel to web is not less than that specified as per Cl 8.7.2.4 of IS 800 : 2007
2007.
If
Is 0.75 dtw3
1.5d 3t w3
c
< 2
Is
d
c2
Here, c =1500 mm, d = 1300 mm
If
1500
c
= 1.15 < 2
=
1300
d
Minimum required, Is =
1.5d 3t w3
c2
Now it is assumed earlier that 3d > c > d
d
< 200
tw
Now,
(From serviceability requirement)
1300
d
=
= 6.5 mm
200
200
c < 1.5 d i.e., 1500 mm < 1.5 1300 (= 1950 mm)
tw, reqd. >
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Workbook
d
< 345
tw
(from compression flange buckling criteria)
1300
d
=
= 3.77 mm
345
345
Thus provide 10 mm thick stiffener.
tw, reqd. =
Is = 1.5
Minimum required,
25
d 3t w3
10 mm
1.5 1300 3 10 3
=
c2
1500 2
6
4
= 1.4647 10 mm
Is provided =
10 (2d s )
12
= d s3
20
3
16 mm
ds
20
ds3 1.4647 106
3
ds = 87.5 mm = 100 mm (say)
Provide 2 nos. 100 10 mm size plate as intermediate stiffeners on each side of the web.
Check for buckling resistance of intermediate transverse stiffeners
Factored shear force (V) = 675 kN
As determined earlier,
b = 86.07 N/mm2
Vcr = b Av = 86.07 1300 10 N = 1118.91 kN

> V (= 675 kN)
Thus buckling check for intermediate transverse stiffener is not required.

Connection of intermediate transverse stiffeners to web
This connection is to be designed for per mm shear along each component of stiffener,
Q=
where,
t w2
kN/m
5bs
tw = Thickness of web = 10 mm
bs = Outstand of intermediate transverse stiffener
= 100 mm
Q=
10 2
= 0.2 kN/mm
5 100
Let size of weld = S

Throat thickness of weld (t) = 0.7S
Per mm strength of weld (Tdw)=
(1 t )fu
3 mw
0.7S ( 410)
3 1.25
(Assuming shop welding, mw = 1.25)
= 132.56 S N/mm = 0.13256 S kN/mm

Thus
Tdw Q
0.13256 S 0.2
S 1.51 mm
Thus provide a weld of size (S) = 6 mm
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Plastic Analysis
T1 : Solution
W
a
A
W
C
Mp
Mp
Mp
Mp
Mp
Mp
Due to symmetry of beam and loading, both spans will collapse simultaneously. Plastic hinges will form at
D and under the loads. Considering only one span.
= a = (L a)
a
La
Internal virtual work = External virtual work

Mp ( + ) + Mp = W
Mp + 2Mp = W
Mp +
2a
= Wa
L a
L +a
= Wa
L a
Mp
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27
Workbook
W=
Mp L + a
a L a
T2 : Solution
B
C
Mp
wu
Mp
Mp
D
L
There are two mechanism. First one is column (AB) failure and another is sway (ABCD) failure.
Case-I: Column (AB) failure
Mp
=
2
External virtual workdone = Internal virtual workdone
Mp + Mp ( + ) =
wu =
1
l
wu
2
2
6Mp
wu
Mp
Case-II: Sway failure

Mp
Mp
wu
Mp
Mp + Mp + Mp =
Therefore, collapse load =
Copyright
wu =
1
L L w u
2
6Mp
L
6Mp
L
28
T3 : Solution
80 kN
80 kN
50 kN/m
30 kN/m
2m
2m
2m
7m
6m
The beam will collapse if either of span, AB, BC or CD fails

Case-I: When span AB fails
80 kN
Mp
Mp
or
/2
80 kN
80 kN
80 kN
Mp
Mp
/2
Mp
Mp
Mp
Mp
= 2 = 4
Mp + Mp( + ) + Mp = 80 + 80
Mp
3 80
Mp + Mp + +
( )
=
2
2
2
3 80
2
2
Mp = 80 kNm
3Mp =
Case-II: When span BC fails
30 kN/m
Mp
Mp
Mp
Mp
3.5 m
3.5 m
= 3.5

Mp + Mp 2 + Mp = 30 7
2
3.5
2
Mp = 91.875 kNm
4Mp = 30 7
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29
Workbook
Case-III: When span CD fails
50 kN/m
Mp + Mp ( + ) = wL
Mp
3Mp = 50 6 3
2
Mp = 150 kNm
Therefore, plastic moment capacity required for factored load = 150 kNm
Mp
Mp
= 3
T4 : Solution
Beam Mechanism
50 kN
Mp
Mp
Mp
Mp
= 2
Mp + Mp ( + ) + Mp
4Mp
Mp
Combined Mechanism
From deflected figure,
= 50
= 100
= 25 kNm
Mp
= 2
Mp + Mp ( + ) + Mp ( + ) + Mp = 50
10
Mp = 100
4
Mp
= 4.5 = 6
3Mp +
50 kN
Mp
Mp
Mp
Mp
22
Mp = 100
4
Mp = 18.18 kNm
Therefore, plastic moment capacity required = 25 kNm
Copyright

Design of Steel Structures - TYS Exp - 239

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Try Yourself Questions

Anb = net tensile stress are of 20 mm diameter bolt = 0.78

The bolts will be in single shear and bearing.

The strength of bolt in bearing,

Vpb = 2.5 kbdt

(fu will be lesser of fu and fub)

For 20 mm diameter bolt,

Vpb = 2.5 0.5 20 12

Vpb = 2.5 kbdt

t is minimum of combined thickness of cover plates and thickness of main plate = 10 mm

Vpb = 2.5 0.5 20 10

The strength of the bolt in bearing,

Vpb = 2.5 kbdt

t is minimum of combined thickness of cover plates and thickness of main plate = 12 mm

Vpb = 2.5 0.5 20 12

For shop weld: partial safety factor for material = mw = 1.25

Hence joint is not safe.

Civil Engineering Design of Steel Structures

= 490 kN > 430 kN which is adequate and safe.

Strength of weld per mm length = 1 tt

Total length of the weld provided = d = 150 = 471.24 mm

Anb = stress area of 20 mm diameter bolt = 0.78

Strength of the bolt in bearing,

Vpb = 2.5 kbdt

Vpb = 2.5 0.606 20 9.1

Vsd = 45.26 kN.

The bolt which is stressed maximum is A.

The direct force,

The force in the bolt due to torque, F2 =

r 2 = 4 [(1602 + 602) + (802 + 602)] + 2 602 = 164000 mm2

The service load,

Civil Engineering Design of Steel Structures

For angles of 8 mm thickness, diameter of rivets using Unwins formula

Bearing strength of one rivet

Provide 3 rivets at guage distance from face of angle.

fu = 410 MPa, fy = 250 MPa

2500 250 0.9 2500 410

0.9 2500 410 2500 250

Hence, the block shear strength of the tension member is 994.27.

(From Table 4.2)

Total net area = 750 + 700 = 1450 mm2

Civil Engineering Design of Steel Structures

Net area of connected leg = 100 10 = 950 mm2

Net area of outstanding leg = 75 10 = 700 mm2

Total net area = 950 + 700 = 1650 mm2

Net area along path A - B - D - E,

Net area along path A - B - E - G - H,

Civil Engineering Design of Steel Structures

Partial safety factors for material: m0 = 1.1

Avn = 1 100 + 50 2 18 8 = 984 mm2

Atg = 35 8 = 280 mm2

Atn = 35 18 8 = 208 mm2

1200 250 0.9 208 410

0.9 984 410 280 250

Total Iz = 7983.9 104 + 21910 104 = 29893.9 104 mm4

Iy of ISHB 250 @ 536.6 N/M = 2011.7 104 mm4

= 9000 104 mm4

Civil Engineering Design of Steel Structures

From IS 800 : 2007 Table 10,

KL 0.65 3.5 103

For buckling curve b, the imperfection factor = 0.34.

The non-dimensional slenderness ratio,