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Bridge Girder Design of an EOT Crane Structure

A CAD Approach
Conference Paper November 2007

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Ashish Gohil
Nirma University
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Bridge Girder Design of an EOT

Crane StructureA CAD Approach
A.M. Gohil1 and Y.D. Vora2
1

Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad

2
Government Engg. College, Gandhinagar

AbstractCrane structure, which is made up of bridge girder

and end truck, contributes heavily to the dead weight of the
whole crane. Most of the materials handling equipment
manufacturing industries are manufacturing equipment using
conventional design procedure, which gives heavy weight of
crane structure and other parts. Moreover, for the different
capacities of EOT crane structure, more time is required for
the design and analysis of the structure and other parts. In this
paper problem of reducing the weight of box-girder at the
same time increasing the productivity and to improve quality
of product as required by the Indian Standard is tackled by
preparing a program in Visual Basic 6.0.

design of welded box girders is well standardized using

computer design programs in Visual Basic 6.0 to combine
high strength with lightweight. Software prepared checks all
the possible modes of failure while meeting the stringent
requirement imposed by various Indian Standards.
II. ANALYTICAL CALCULATION OF THE CRITICAL
STRESSES AND THEIR VERIFICATION AS PER INDIAN
STANDARD IS: 807 AND IS: 800

Index TermsBridge Girder, Camber, Duty Factor, EOT Cranes.

I. INTRODUCTION

lectrically-Operated Overhead Traveling (EOT) cranes

are widely used to transport objects in many factories,
ports, and work places. The fundamental motions of an
overhead crane can be described as: object hoisting or
lowering, trolley travel, and bridge traverse [1]. In order to
increase the productivity of the system, it is necessary that
all these motions of the crane should take place at high
speeds under loaded conditions. Under most adverse
conditions crane structure must resist several loads which
include dead weight of bridge girder, end-truck, platform,
trolley, driving system elements etc. and live load to be
handled. If the crane is required to be operated outside the
factories than wind load also plays an important role as there
are cases of derailing and overturning of a crane due to
heavy wind. Hence the crane structure must be robust
enough to sustain these loads and to safely transmit the same
to the foundation.
Crane structure is made up of bridge girder and end-truck
[2]. Bridge girder is that component of a crane structure on
which trolley travels to provide the traversing motion.
Bridge girder can be either double web (box) or single web
design. Box girders are easily adapted to the conditions
encountered in crane design because it is possible to select
flange plate width, web depth, stiffener arrangement, and
plate thickness to meet the exact requirements of each crane
[3]. Full depth stiffeners and additional partial depth
stiffeners, welded to the webs and bearing on the top cover
plate; contribute to the internal strength of these girders. The
256

Fig. 1: Cross-section of Bridge Girder with usual notations

Table 1: Nomenclature

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY, NUCONE 2007

Calculations of forces, bending moment, deflection etc. is

as per the simply supported beam conditions.
The calculation of the state of stress in the box girder has
been executed based on the formulae given below.
1. Tensile Stress

MV

... (1)

Z XX
MH

... (2)

ZYY

fbt = fvbt + f hbt

Permissible bending tensile stress [4],

[f bt ] = 154.5 for t 20

... (3)

... (5)

2. Compressive Stress
Top flange of the box-girder is subjected to the
compressive force. As top and bottom flange are of equal
width,
Vertical bending compressive stress,
= f

vbt
vbc
Horizontal bending compressive stress,

... (6)

= f
... (7)
hbt
hbc
Total bending compressive stress is sum of the above two
values,
f

= f
+ f
bc
vbc
hbc
Maximum permissible compressive stress [4]
f

= 0.66

... (11)

hW tW

250 1 + 0.5(hW 1) 2

... (12)

hW < c ,

[ f s ] p = 92.7 1.3

4. Bearing Stress

fb =

RV
AB

... (13)

[( f

f cb f y
cb

+ (fy )

[ f b ]p

= 185.4

... (14)

5. Equivalent Stress
Equivalent stress,

... (4)

[ fbt ] = 147.15 for t > 20

[ f bc ] p

c tW
2
250 1 + 0.5(c hW )

Permissible bearing stress [4],

Total bending tensile stress is sum of the above two

stresses,

Bearing stress,

Horizontal bending tensile stress,

f hbt =

hW > c ,

[ f s ] p = 92.7 1.3
For

Bottom flange of the box-girder is subjected to the tensile

force.
Vertical bending tensile stress,
f vbt =

For

... (8)

fe =

... (9)

3. Shear Stress

... (15)

Permissible equivalent stress [4],

[ f e ] p = 224.16 for t 20
[ f e ] p = 216.31 for t > 20

... (16)
... (17)

6. Torsional Shear Stress

Torsional shear stress,

hW

+ tF T

s =
IP

... (18)

7. Longitudianl Direct Stress

Longitudinal direct stress,

fl =

f bt + f b + f bt f b + 3 f s

FHLLL M HLLL
+
AT
Z XX

... (19)

Permissible longitudinal tensile stress [4],

[ f l ]p
[ f l ]p

= 147.15 for t 20

... (20)

= 139.3 for t > 20

... (21)

Shear stress,

RV
fs =
2 AW
Permissible shear stress [4],

8. Duty Factor
... (10)

All the permissible stresses mentioned in remark 1) to 7)

above i.e. Permissible tensile stress, permissible compressive
stress, permissible shear stress, permissible bearing stress,

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY, AHMEDABAD 382481, NOVEMBER 29 DECEMBER 1, 2007

257

permissible equivalent stress & permissible longitudinal

tensile stress should be multiplied by duty factor to get the
final permissible stress. Duty factor is the fraction of a
period during which crane remains in operation during its
whole life period. Duty factors are different for four classes
of cranes mentioned in Ref. [5]
Designed stresses should be below the final permissible
stresses arrived as above.

IV. PROGRAM OUTPUT

9. Rigidity consideration
Deflection is maximum at the center.
Permissible deflection [5],

[ ]p

= l 900

... (22)

Fig. 3: Selection of a program to run

Vertical deflection should be less than permissible

deflection,
For EOT crane, while fabricating the webs of the box
girder plates are given curvature in opposite direction of
deflection to neutralize the effect of deflection due to
loading. This curvature provided is known as camber.

camber = l 1000 [5]

... (23)

III. FLOWCHART FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

Fig. 4: Input to the bridge girder program

Fig. 2: Flowchart for design of a bridge girder

258

Fig. 5: Sectional properties of bridge girder

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CURRENT TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY, NUCONE 2007

Fig. 6: Forces on bridge girder

Fig. 7: Bending moments on bridge girder

V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, software prepared satisfies the safety
consideration as stipulated by various Indian Standards at
the same time section designed gives the minimum weight
of the bridge girder. It is also possible to check the section
of interest so it gives flexibility to the designer. This
ultimately increases the productivity of a designer and also
improves the quality of the company product. More work is
required to incorporate the temperature load which is the
case of a foundry crane. Also seismic loads are excluded
while designing a crane which can play a major role in
locality high prone to earthquakes.
REFERENCES

Fig. 8: Stresses and deflection for bridge girder

[1] Rudenko, N., Materials handling equipment, Envee publishers, New

Delhi, 1979, pp. 20-23.
[2] Alexandrov, M.P., Materials handling equipment, Mir publishers,
Moscow, 1981, pp. 59-77, pp. 253-261, pp. 357-385.
[3] Kazimi, S.M.A., and Jindal R. S., Design of Steel Structure, Prentice
Hall of India, New Delhi, 1988, pp. 407-408.
[4] IS: 800, Code of Practice for Use of Structural Steel in General
Building Construction, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi,
1984, pp. 19-22, pp. 29-35, pp. 44-47, 67-73.
[5] IS: 807, Code of Practice for Design, Manufacture, Erection and
Testing (Structural portion) of Cranes and Hoists, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 1992, pp. 9-24.

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